lMPS War on drugs !

acob ArneLL

Pleasures remain
So does the pain

*C1lCnAL*l afflrm 1he abuse of lllegal drugs oughL Lo be a maLLer of publlc healLh noL crlmlnal
[usLlce
*C1lCnAL*Abuse ls deflned as excesslve use (wordnetwebprincetonedu/perl/webwn) llegal drugs are defined as
chemical substances that are prohibited to be used Public health is defined as 1he sclence and pracLlce of proLecLlng
and lmprovlng Lhe healLh of a communlLy as by prevenLlve medlclne healLh educaLlon conLrol of
communlcable dlseases appllcaLlon of sanlLary measures and monlLorlng of envlronmenLal hazards
(hLLp//wwwanswerscom/Loplc/publlchealLh) Crlmlnal [usLlce ls deflned as Lhe sysLem of law
enforcemenL(hLLp//wwwanswerscom/Loplc/crlmlnal[usLlce) A maLLer of ls a paradlgm shlfL Lo focus
on one sysLem over Lhe oLher
The value is morality because ought is a moral obligation.
Consequentialism is necessary to treat people as ends in themselves.
Cummisky writes:
David, Kantian Consequentialism
The neo-Kantian strategy is clear: 970,9ing p07sons ,s 0nds involv0s 70sp0.9ing p07sons, ,nd
70sp0.9 fo7 p07sons involv0s ,g0n9.0n9070d .ons97,in9s on ,.9ion. We have seen , however,
that this strategy is problematic. Th0 ,n9i,n p7in.ipl0 i9s0lf g0n07,90s , du9y 9o ,dv,n.0 ,
mo7,l go,l: the duty oI promoting the conditions necessary Ior rational beings and making
others` ends one`s own is part oI the very essence oI treating humanity as an end. Sin.0 9h0
fo7mul, of 9h0 0ndini9s0lf p70s.7ib0s , mo7,l go,l, which we have a duty to advance, i9 do0s
no9 p7ovid0 , 7,9ion,l0 fo7 ,g0n9.0n9070d .ons97,in9s whi.h limi9 wh,9 w0 .,n do in 9h0
pu7sui9 of 9h0 mo7,l go,l. Th0 imp07,9iv0 9o 70sp0.9 p07sons 9hus g0n07,90s ,
.ons06u0n9i,lis9 no7m,9iv0 9h0o7y, rather than the desired deontological normative theory.
Thus, the standard is .ons06u9ion,lism
CbservaLlon 1he negaLlve musL defend Lhe abuse of lllegal drugs belng a maLLer for crlmlnal [usLlce noL
of publlc healLh 1he afflrmaLlve burden ls Lo defend a world wlLh drugs belng a maLLer of publlc healLh
noL crlmlnal [usLlce ln Lurn Lhe negaLlve burden ls Lo prove Lhe converse of Lhe resoluLlon LhaL drugs
oughL Lo be a maLLer of crlmlnal [usLlce noL publlc healLh ArgumenLs LhaL don'L prove Lhls clalm are noL
sufflclenL Lo negaLe
CpLlonal** (1hls ls key for 8eclproclLy because Lhe resoluLlon slngles ouL Lhe ground for Lhe aff and Lhls
lnLerpreLaLlon evens Lhe playlng fleld by slngllng ouL ground for Lhe nLC 1hls makes Lhe ground dlvlslon
reclprocal and falr 1hls ls key for predlcLablllLy because Lhe Loplc llLeraLure lndlcaLes Lhe exlsLence of
compeLlLlon beLween crlmlnal [usLlce and publlc healLh LhaL allows for good clash LhaL ls well
documenLed and supporLed ln Lhe Loplc llLeraLure 1hls clash ls Lhe besL for educaLlon because lL ls Lhe
lMPS War on drugs !acob ArneLL

Pleasures remain
So does the pain

mosL wldely advocaLed debaLe ln Lhe llLeraLure)
I contend that the war on drugs b|ends m|||tary and po||ce funct|ons

Content|on 1 1he drug war other|zes drug users and se||ers

Th0i7 .h,7,.907iz,9ion jus9ifi0s 9h0 viol0n9 im,g07y ,s vi0wing us07s ,nd s0ll07s ,s ,n
0n0my 9h,9 w0 mus9 07,di.,90

(Sus,n L, PhD, Visiting Assistant ProIessor oI History, Bucknell University, "The Struggle oI Mankind Against its Deadliest Foe," Muse,
Journal oI Social History 34.3 (2001) 591-610, AD: 7/5/09) jl
AIter about 1918, however, these negative images expanded enormously: d7ug us0 w,s in.70,singly .h,7,.907iz0d as not just a
serious medical or social problem, but ,s , mons97ous, imm0ns0ly pow07ful, .iviliz,9ion9h70,90ning 0vil, p07h,ps
9h0 wo7s9 m0n,.0 in ,ll his9o7y. In popul,7 dis.ou7s0, d7ugs b0.,m0 another version oI what David Brion Davis has
called 9h0 G70,9 Am07i.,n En0my. Davis, in several works, examined the rhetoric oI anti-Catholic, anti-Mason, and anti-Mormon
groups, and that oI believers in the Slave Power conspiracy during the middle years oI the nineteenth century. H0 found 9h,9 9h0i7
im,g0s of 9h0 "0n0my" .onfo7m0d 9o , v07y simil,7 p,9907n, ,nd sugg0s90d that the recurrence oI 9h0 s,m0
7h09o7i.,l 0l0m0n9s in 9h0s0 diff070n9 .oun907subv07siv0 mov0m0n9s 70fl0.90d impo79,n9 fund,m0n9,l
,nxi09i0s in Am07i.,n .ul9u70. 6 Rupert Wilkinson, analyzing writings on "American character" several decades later, also Iound
recurring themes, which overlap those Iound by Davis. Wilkinson id0n9ifi0d fou7 f0,7s 9h,9 p07v,d0 ,ss0ssm0n9s of
Am07i.,n .h,7,.907 ,nd .ul9u70: "9h0 f0,7 of b0ing own0d (including Iears oI dependence and oI being controlled and
shaped by others); 9h0 f0,7 of f,lling ,p,79 (a Iear oI anarchy and isolation); 9h0 f0,7 of winding down (losing energy,
dynamism, Iorward motion); ,nd 9h0 f0,7 of f,lling ,w,y f7om , p,s9 vi79u0 ,nd p7omis0." 7 In this essay I show that anti-
d7ug 70fo7m07s ,nd poli9i.i,ns us0d m,ny of 9h0s0 s,m0 0l0m0n9s in 9h0i7 7h09o7i., ,nd sugg0s9 9h,9
wh,90v07 9h0i7 .on.07ns ,bou9 so.i,l 70fo7m o7 publi. h0,l9h, 9h0i7 |End Page 592| s9o.k 9h0m0s link 9h0m 9o
, l,7g07 Am07i.,n 7h09o7i.,l 97,di9ion. In their Iears oI conspiracy and secrecy, their tales oI seductive enemies and hapless
victims, their exaggerated estimates oI the enemies' power, and the non-compromising stance toward them, these writers expressed
traditional cultural concerns through a traditional American story-line. I believe that such a perspective may help account Ior both the
intensity and persistence oI IearIul images oI drugs and drug problems in twentieth-century America, and add depth to interpretations oIIered
by earlier historians.

CLherlzaLlon leaves Lhe CLher ln a poslLlon where lL ls more llkely Lo be aLLacked or vlolaLed
,a|ese |n 2003 (Malese Mlchelle uehumanlzaLlon 8eyond lnLracLablllLy Lds Cuy 8urgess and Peldl 8urgess ConfllcL 8esearch
ConsorLlum unlverslLy of Colorado 8oulder osLed !uly 2003 hLLp//wwwbeyondlnLracLablllLyorg/essay/dehumanlzaLlon/)

Whlle de|nd|v|duat|on and the format|on of enemy |mages are very common Lhey form a dangerous
process LhaL becomes especlally damaglng when lL reaches Lhe level of dehumanlzaLlon
Cnce certa|n groups are st|gmat|zed as ev|| mora||y |nfer|or and not fu||y human the
persecut|on of those groups becomes more psycho|og|ca||y acceptab|e kestra|nts aga|nst
aggress|on and v|o|ence beg|n to d|sappear noL surprlslngly dehumanlzaLlon lncreases Lhe llkellhood of vlolence and
may cause a confllcL Lo escalaLe ouL of conLrol Cnce a v|o|ence break over has occurred |t may seem even
more acceptab|e for peop|e to do th|ngs that they wou|d have regarded as mora||y
unth|nkab|e before art|es may come to be||eve that destruct|on of the other s|de |s
necessary and pursue an overwhe|m|ng v|ctory that w||| cause ones opponent to s|mp|y
d|sappear 1hls sorL of lnLoLhesea framlng can cause lasLlng damage Lo relaLlonshlps beLween Lhe confllcLlng parLles maklng lL more
lMPS War on drugs !acob ArneLL

Pleasures remain
So does the pain

dlfflculL Lo solve Lhelr underlylng problems and leadlng Lo Lhe loss of more lnnocenL llves lndeed dehuman|zat|on often paves
the way for human r|ghts v|o|at|ons war cr|mes and genoc|de Ior examp|e |n WWII the
dehuman|zat|on of the Iews u|t|mate|y |ed to the destruct|on of m||||ons of peop|e9 Slmllar
aLroclLles have occurred ln 8wanda Cambodla and Lhe former ?ugoslavla lL ls LhoughL LhaL Lhe psychologlcal process of dehumanlzaLlon mlghL
be mlLlgaLed or reversed Lhrough humanlzaLlon efforLs Lhe developmenL of empaLhy Lhe esLabllshmenL of personal relaLlonshlps beLween
confllcLlng parLles and Lhe pursulL of common goals
1h|s has [ust|f|ed the war on drugs wh|ch emp|r|ca||y |s a fa||ure

Subpo|nt A 1he b|end|ng of m|||tary and po||ce funct|ons creates v|o|ence

I|rst 1he d|scourse of the war on drugs b|ends m|||tary and po||ce [ur|sd|cat|on th|s |ssue
a||ows mu|t|p|e nat|ons to [o|n the war on drugs
(uomlnlc Corva 8lopower and Lhe MlllLarlzaLlon of Lhe ollce luncLlon ACML ACME: An International E-
Journal for Critical Geographies, 2009, 8 (2), 161-175. unlverslLy of WashlngLon ueparLmenL of Ceography
hLLp//wwwacme[ournalorg/vol8/Corva09pdf)
Powever the |anguage of the 1986 Ant|Drug Abuse Act frames the product|on and
consumpt|on of ||||c|t drugs as a transnat|ona| danger and uses lnLernaLlonal legal
frameworks4 Lo [usLlfy Lhe exLenslon and exporLaLlon of Lhe pollce sLaLe Lo Lhe posLcolonlal
world 8y parLlLlonlng global space lnLo spaces of producLlon and dlsLrlbuLlon (as well as
ldenLlfylng Lhe uS as Lhe maln space of consumpLlon) the stage was set to transnat|ona||ze
the m|||tar|zat|on of the po||ce funct|on lL also meanL rescallng Lhe domesLlc LerrlLorlallzaLlon
of blopower Lo produce a LransnaLlonal reglme of accounLablllLy ln Lhls dlscourse global
socleLy musL be defended Lhrough Lhe responslblllzaLlon of governmenLs of counLrles ldenLlfled
by Lhe uS as ma[or drugproduclng or drugLranslL zones 1hose sLaLes lnclude ln prlnclple
every slgnaLory Lo Lhe un prohlblLlon LreaLles3 Powever as we shall see the states to be he|d
accountab|e are accountab|e to the US government (lncludlng lLs domesLlc pollce forces) for
reproduc|ng as c|ose|y as poss|b|e the except|ona||y pun|t|ve approach to the|r cr|m|na| [ust|ce
sub[ects that character|zes the pena| state

p9ion,lS0.ond, 9h0 blu7 of poli.0 ,nd mili9,7y fun.9ions ,llows fo7 n,9ions 9o 0n907
o9h07 n,9ions wi9h d7ug issu0s wi9hou9 in907n,9ion,l 70sis9,n.0 9his .,us0s w,7s ,nd .h,os.
Yoshik,zu, 2002 (SakamoLo rofessor LmerlLus aL Lhe unlverslLy of 1okyo 1he ollLlcs of 1errorlsm
and 'ClvlllzaLlon' Pow Lo 8espond As A Puman 8elng"
hLLp//wwwlwanamlco[p/[pworld/LexL/clvlllzaLlon01hLml)
AL Lhe same Llme Lhe slLuaLlon was such LhaL lf Lhe unlLed SLaLes had soughL offlclal approval of lLs use of force lL ls cerLaln LhaL 8ussla and
Chlna would have casL Lhelr voLes ln favor Lhus sLrengLhenlng Lhe legallLy of uS alr sLrlkes 8uL Lhe unlLed SLaLes dld noL seek un offlclal
approval because LhaL would have Lled lLs hands ln subsequenL mlllLary operaLlons 1hls ls yeL anoLher example of Amerlcan unllaLerallsm
glvlng prlorlLy Lo a mlllLary opLlon of lLs own deslgn raLher Lhan Lo Lhe quesLlon of lnLernaLlonal law 1hls lmplles LhaL there |s an
|mportant d|fference between the |awfu| use of force based on approva| from Lhe unlLed naLlons and
the |nternat|ona| commun|ty on Lhe one hand and the m|||tary course the Un|ted States has acLually
lMPS War on drugs !acob ArneLL

Pleasures remain
So does the pain

taken on Lhe oLher 1he use of force ln and of lLself ls noL Lhe lssue WhaL we must quest|on |s the way
m|||tary act|on |s taken lour years ago l wroLe as follows Lhough wlLh dlrecL reference Lo humanlLarlan lnLervenLlon PereLofore
lf Lhrough a serles of Lrlals and errors progress ls made on Lhe lnLernaLlonal accepLance of common norms and ruleslL ls posslble LhaL mulLl
naLlonal collaboraLlon wlll lncreaslngly assume Lhe characLer of pollce acLlon raLher Lhan mlllLary acLlon (SouLalka no [ldal 1he Age of
8elaLlvlzaLlon 1997) ln oLher words as c|v|| soc|ety cannot be ma|nta|ned w|thout po||ce of some sort we need
an apparatus at the |nternat|ona| |eve| that w||| perform po||ce funct|ons Some people quesLloned wheLher Lhe
SepLember 11 lncldenLs should be classlfled as acLs of war or as crlmes Clearly Lhe acLs were crlmlnal ln naLure 8uL lL ls also clear LhaL ln
deallng wlLh crlmes Lhere musL be an agency wlLh coerclve power able Lo arresL and Lry Lhe suspecLs If the current US po||cy a|ms
at emp|oy|ng beyond nat|ona| boundar|es such coerc|ve force |n the form of war aga|nst the non
state actors |ocated |n a terr|tory where no author|tat|ve government ex|sts and no regu|ar |ega|
arrangements for extrad|t|on app|y the d|st|nct|on between cr|mes and war wou|d not have much
re|evance for a|| pract|ca| purposes 1he more press|ng quest|on concerns what are the cond|t|ons an
|nternat|ona| po||ce act|on must meet as d|st|nct from convent|ona| m|||tary act|ons AL leasL Lhe
followlng Lwo condlLlons musL be fulfllled

p9ion,l Fin,lly, A s0p,7,9ion of mili9,7y ,nd poli.0 is k0y 9o s9opping 9o9,l w,7.
H,b07m,s, 2007 (!urgen rofessor of hllosophy and lnLernaLlonal 8elaLlons aL lrankfurL 1he ulvlded
WesL p 3233)
In 9h0 f,.0 of 0n0mi0s who ,70 glob,lly n09wo7k0d, d0.0n97,liz0d, ,nd invisibl0, only p70v0n9ion
,9 other op07,9iv0 l0v0ls .,n b0 of h0lp. N0i9h07 bombs no7 missil0s, n0i9h07 figh907 j09s no7
9,nks, ,70 of ,ny h0lp h070. Wh,9 will h0lp is 9h0 in907n,9ion,l .oo7din,9ion of flows of
info7m,9ion ,mong n,9ion,l in90llig0n.0 s07vi.0s ,nd p7os0.u9o7i,l ,u9ho7i9i0s, 9h0 .on97ol of
flows of mon0y, ,nd, in g0n07,l, 9h0 d090.9ion of logis9i.s n09wo7ks. Th0 .o770sponding ~s0.u7i9y
p7og7,ms in suppo79 of 9h0s0 go,ls .on.07n .ivil 7igh9s wi9hin s9,90s, no9 in907n,9ion,l l,w.
9h07 d,ng07s ,7ising f7om s0lfin.u770d poli.y f,ilu70s .on.07ning 9h0 nonp7olif07,9ion of
,9omi., .h0mi.,l, ,nd biologi.,l w0,pons ,70 in ,ny .,s0 b09907 h,ndl0d 9h7ough n0go9i,9ions
,nd insp0.9ions 9h,n 9h7ough w,7s of dis,7m,m0n9, ,s 9h0 mu90d 70spons0 9o No79h o70,
illus97,90s. ( 32-33)


Subpo|nt C 1he war on drugs has norma||zed the mean|ng of war

1he war on drugs has norma||zed warfare mak|ng |t an |nternat|ona| too| for b|opower Corva
4
(uomlnlc Corva 8lopower and Lhe MlllLarlzaLlon of Lhe ollce luncLlon ACML ACME: An International E-
Journal for Critical Geographies, 2009, 8 (2), 161-175. unlverslLy of WashlngLon ueparLmenL of Ceography
hLLp//wwwacme[ournalorg/vol8/Corva09pdf

PardL and negrl are noL lnsenslLlve Lo Lhe blopollLlcal aspecLs of Lhe war on drugs uslng lL as a paradlgmaLlc example of how Lhe war funcLlon and Lhe pollce funcLlon are lncreaslngly lndlsLlngulshable ln Lhe conLexL of Lmplre
1hey do seem to cons|der the emergence of the war on drugs as a s|gn|f|cant process for mak|ng war ln
general a g|oba| reg|me of b|opower And l recognlze LhaL MoltltoJe addresses some of Lhe shorLcomlngs ln mplte's muchcrlLlqued aspaLlal modes of analysls (see Sparke 2003 for example)
especlally wlLh respecL Lo Lhe uneven geographles of sLaLe power l argue LhaL PardL and negrl's focus on Lhe war on AcM Ao lotetootloool Iootool fot ctltlcol Ceoqtopbles 2009 8 (2) 161173 169 Lerror9 opens up aL leasL
three |mportant po|nts about how the m|||tar|zat|on of the b|opo||t|ca| po||ce funct|on has been
art|cu|ated ln geographlcally uneven ways wlLh neollberal globallzaLlon 1hese processes have been
des|gned and cata|yzed by the US state they have normo/ited #war" as a ||bera| d|scourse of
lMPS War on drugs !acob ArneLL

Pleasures remain
So does the pain

transnat|ona| |ntervent|on (Lhlnk anama's reglme change ln 1989) and as norma||zed pract|ces of
m|||tar|zat|on they may p|ay a funct|ona| ro|e |n the current uneasy art|cu|at|on of the war on terror
and neo||bera| g|oba||zat|on It |s not much of a stretch to say that the form of b|opo||t|ca| |mper|a||ty
that cata|yzed and pref|gured the US war on terror |s the US war on drugs Lhe laLesL uS
ambassadors Lo AfghanlsLan and aklsLan were boLh prevlously ambassadors Lo Colombla10 1h|s po|nts
towards a more |ns|d|ous aspect of war as a reg|me of b|opower |n the age of g|oba||zat|on Lhe mlllLarlzaLlon of Lhe
pollce funcLlon has gone vlrLually unconLesLed noL only by Lmplre's arlsLocracy buL by norLhern lnLellecLuals who have recenLly begun Lo recognlze Lhe expanslon of sLaLe coerclve power LhaL has accompanled processes of
neollberal sLaLe resLrucLurlng (eck 2003) SouLhern volces on Lhe lefL such as Lhose of Lduardo Caleano and Lvo Morales musL be surprlsed when Lhey flnd LhaL Lhe mosL promlnenL norLhern crlLlques of Lhe drug war have been
ralsed for a decade or more by Lhe neollberal llkes of MllLon lrledman Cary 8ecker Lhe 8and CorporaLlon Lhe CaLo lnsLlLuLe and @be cooomlst

1he number of peop|e affected from these #wars" |s emp|r|ca||y substant|a| the war on terror a|one
proves
(Dav|d 8andall and Lm||y Gosden 62006 the number k|||ed |n the war on terror 1he Independent
September 10 2006 http]]www|ndependentcouk]news]wor|d]po||t|cs]62006thenumberk|||ed
|nthewaronterror41S397htm|)
Th0 "w,7 on 9077o7" - and by terrorists h,s di70.9ly kill0d , minimum of 62,006 p0opl0, .70,90d
4.5 million 70fug00s ,nd .os9 9h0 US mo70 9h,n 9h0 sum n00d0d 9o p,y off 9h0 d0b9s of 0v07y
poo7 n,9ion on 0,79h. If 0s9im,90s of o9h07, un6u,n9ifi0d, d0,9hs - oI insurgents, the Iraq military during the
2003 invasion, those not recorded individually by Western media, and those dying Irom wounds - are included, then the toll .ould 70,.h
,s high ,s 180,000. The extraordinary scale oI the conIlict's impact, claiming lives Irom New York to Bali and London to Lahore,
and the extent oI the death tolls in Iraq and AIghanistan, has emerged Irom an Independent on Sunday survey to mark the IiIth anniversary oI 11
September. It used new, unpublished data supplied by academics and organisations such as Iraq Body Count and ProIessor Marc Herold oI the
University oI New Hampshire, plus estimates given by other oIIicial studies. The result is the Iirst attempt to gauge the Iull cost in blood and
money oI the worldwide atrocities and military conIlicts that began in September 2001. As oI yesterday, the numbers oI lives conIirmed lost are:
4,541 to 5,308 civilians and 385 military in AIghanistan; 50,100 civilians and 2,899 military in Iraq; and 4,081 in acts oI terrorism in the rest oI
the world. The new Iigure on civilian deaths Irom Iraq Body Count, a group oI British and US academics, is especially telling. Just two and a halI
years ago, its estimate oI the number oI civilian dead in Iraq passed 10,000. Today, it says, that Iigure has gone beyond the 50,000 mark - a huge
leap largely attributable to terrorist acts and the breakdown oI civil authority.

Cn|y by end|ng the cr|m|na| [ust|ce po||c|es that fue| the war on drugs can we end th|s
norma||zat|on of war Corva S

(uomlnlc Corva 8lopower and Lhe MlllLarlzaLlon of Lhe ollce luncLlon ACML ACME: An International E-
Journal for Critical Geographies, 2009, 8 (2), 161-175. unlverslLy of WashlngLon ueparLmenL of Ceography
hLLp//wwwacme[ournalorg/vol8/Corva09pdf)
War as a reg|me of b|opower noL only has an uneven geography |t |s reproduced as a ||bera| strategy
through the m|||tar|zat|on of the state's po||ce funct|on 1he uneven geography of state
power has ln Lurn fac|||tated the transnat|ona||zat|on of the m|||tar|zed po||ce funct|on Lo places
where lLs blopollLlcal llberallsm has been and conLlnues Lo be wldely conLesLed 1he b|opower of the drug war rests on
two pr|nc|p|es I|rst that #drugs" are a g|oba| secur|ty threat to norma| hea|thy bod|es and
econom|es Second that th|s threat |s so mass|ve that narcot|csre|ated po||ce funct|ons
shou|d more c|ose|y resemb|e warfare agalnsL enemles noL clLlzens and LransnaLlonal ln scope 1hese prlnclples can be
conLesLed ln Lurn many dlfferenL ways by many dlfferenL acLors 8uL the necessary nexus for the conso||dat|on of
these pr|nc|p|es has been and cont|nues to be the US state at the federa| |eve|noL a
decenLered hegemonlc neLwork of blopower As loucaulL sLaLes power as a pure llmlL seL on freedom ls aL leasL ln our socleLy Lhe general
lMPS War on drugs !acob ArneLL

Pleasures remain
So does the pain

form of lLs accepLablllLy" (loucaulL 1978 86) Jere th|s acceptab|||ty |s |ocated however has mattered a
great dea| for the transnat|ona||zat|on and m|||tar|zat|on of the po||ce funct|on 1he
w|despread cu|tura| st|gmat|zat|on of #drugs" |n the US has cata|yzed to a s|gn|f|cant degree
the th|cken|ng of the po||ce funct|on parLlcularly LhroughouL Lhe uS and LaLln Amerlca As |ong as #drugs" are
embedded |n the US b|opo||t|ca| economy of transnat|ona| eor the US narco|ndustr|a|
comp|ex w||| augment the m|||tar|zat|on of ||bera| democrat|c statesoc|ety re|at|onsh|ps
through the po||ce funct|on throughout the wor|d (albelL ln an uneven and conLlngenL fashlon)

Subpo|nt D A pub||c hea|th approach so|ves for drug abuse
Lducat|on approaches to drugs succeeds tobacco campa|gns prove
(Meg k|ordan ubllc educaLlon campalgns reduce Lobacco use Campalgn of 1obaccofree klds CcLober 13 2010
hLLp//wwwLobaccofreekldsorg/research/facLsheeLs/pdf/0031pdf)
;idence suggests that the public education component is a critical piece dri;ing the success of comprehensi;e tobacco pre;ention programs A 2005 study published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent
Medicine pro;ides powerful e;idence that state-sponsored anti-tobacco media campaigns are working to change youth attitudes about tobacco and to reduce youth smoking The study found strong associations
between exposure to state-sponsored TV anti-tobacco ad;ertisements and general recall of anti-tobacco ad;ertising, anti-smoking attitudes and beliefs, and smoking pre;alence Specifically, only 19 percent of
students with greater exposure to state-sponsored anti-tobacco ad;ertisements reported smoking in the past 30 days, compared to 27 percent of students in markets with no exposure to state-sponsored anti-
tobacco ads Additionally, students that had greater exposure to state-sponsored anti-tobacco ads were significantly less likely to report most or all of their friends were smokers, were less likely to say they would
ne;er get addicted to cigarettes, were more likely to percei;e the harms of smoking one or more packs a day, and were more likely to report that they definitely would not be smoking in fi;e years, compared to
students with less exposure to the ads12 A study published in the June 2006 issue of Health Education Research found that increased exposure to state sponsored anti-tobacco media campaigns increases
smoking cessation rates, e;en after controlling for other factors that may affect smoking cessation Specifically, researchers found that the quit rate among
aduIt smokers increased by about ten percent in communities exposed to higher IeveIs of state
anti-tobacco advertising (about two additional exposures per person per month)13 The only national counter-marketing campaign is the American Legacy Foundation's hard-hitting
media campaign, truth The truth campaign, which is targeted at youth and includes tele;ision and radio ad;ertising, grassroots efforts, and an interacti;e web site, has also been associated with large declines
in smoking pre;alence among high school students14 A study pubIished in the March 2005 issue of the American Journal of
Public Health found that 22 percent of the decIine in youth smoking prevaIence between 1999 and
2002 is attributabIe to the truth campaign Furthermore, the study found that in 2002, there were
approximateIy 300,000 fewer youth smokers as a resuIt of truth