Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals

1830: Professor Joseph Henry transmitted the first practical electrical signal. 1934: The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent United States government agency. 1969: The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) of the U.S. DoD was the world's first operational packet Switched network. 1970: ALOHAnet was developed at the University of Hawaii.

1985: Federal Communication Commission (FCC). Authorized license-free spread spectrum wireless equipment in three ISM bands. 1997: Federal Communication Commission (FCC). Authorized license-free spread spectrum wireless equipment in three U-NII bands.

 First wireless packet-switched network. First network to connect to the ARPANET in 1972. Star topology using 9600 Baud modems. Shared signal system using carrier sense

The ALOHAnet used two 100 kHz "channels" at 407.350 MHz and 413.475 MHz.

multiple access.

900 MHz band, (900 to 928 MHz range) 2.4 GHz band, (2.4 to 2.483 GHz range) 5 GHz band, (5.725 to 5.850 GHz range)

5.15 to 5.25 GHz 5.25 to 5.35 GHz 5.725 to 5.825 GHz

The Federal Communications Commission The International Telecommunication Union Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers The Wi-Fi Alliance International Organization for Standardization

Charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable. Regulate radio signals that are used in wireless networking.

A global hierarchy for management of the Radio Frequency spectrum Worldwide. There are five Regions Worldwide. Within each region, local government RF regulatory bodies manage the RF spectrum for their respective countries.

Commonly known as IEEE, is a global professional society with more than 350,000 members. Mission is to foster technological innovation and excellence for the benefit oh humanity. Creating the standards that we use to communicate. i.e. the 802.11 standard.

An organization that creates certification programs to verify interoperability among hardware based on IEEE standards and recommendations. Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA 2.0) Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM) Certification Overview Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) The rest are listed on pages 9-10

Widely known as ISO, is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. A non-governmental organization, its ability to set standards that often become law, either through treaties or national standards, makes it more powerful than most non-governmental organizations. The IEEE 802.11-2007 standard defines communication mechanisms at only the Physical layer and MAC sublayer of the Data-Link layer of the OSI model. OSI Model

CORE LAYER

Distribution Layer

Access Layer

Access Layer:
The layer in which users connect to the rest of the network. The access layer usually includes a relatively large number of low- to medium-speed access ports. This is the layer where many wireless devices and protocols reside.

Access Layer

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Network Server

Admin Host Wired Network

Network Printer

Access Point

Clients Wireless Network

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The Distribution Layer distributes network traffic between related access layers, it is often the layer in which you define subnets. For wireless think bridging.

Distribution Layer

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Point-to-Point Links Antenna #2 Antenna #1 Building #2

Building #1

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The Core Layer facilitates the efficient transfer of data between interconnected distribution layers. The core layer typically functions as the high-speed backbone of the enterprise network.
Core Layer

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Network Server

Admin Host

Network Printer

Access Point

Network Core

Poor Speed and Resiliency Clients Wireless Network

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A carrier signal is a modulated signal that is used to transmit binary data.

Frequency is how often a wave repeats itself. Wavelength is the actual length of the wave,
typically measured from peak to peak. Height or power are two terms that describe the amplitude of a wave.

Phase refers to the starting point of a wave in

relation to another wave.

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Current State- the current value (current

state) of the signal is used to distinguish between 0s and 1s.

State transition- the change (or transition) of

the signal is used to distinguish between 0s and 1s.

The Doors

Method of manipulating a signal so that it can represent Multiple pieces of data.

Three types of Keying Methods

Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation that represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave). When more than two phases are used, it is referred to as Multiple Phase-Shift keying (MPSK).

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