$EVWUDFW-- This paper describes the application of an artificial

neural network (ANN) based algorithm with modular structure

to the fault classification and location of a single-circuit high
voltage transmission line. Different fault types containing single-
phase to ground, two-phase, two-phase to ground and three-
phase are considered. The variation of fault resistance is
considered, too. The operation of proposed strategy is not
dependent on fault inception angle (FIA). A new classification
method is proposed for decreasing of training time and
dimensions of ANN. Using the proposed method, high accuracy
of fault classification is achieved. Fundamental component of
pre-fault and post-fault positive sequence component of currents
and voltages of three phases have been used as inputs to proposed
ANN. The output of the ANN is the estimated fault location. A
two machine power system model is simulated by
PSCAD/EMTDC to obtain the mentioned voltages and currents
values. The neural network toolbox of MATLAB is used for
training and testing of ANN.

,QGH[ 7HUPV--fault classification, fault location, transmission
lines protection, artificial neural network (ANN).
I. INTRODUCTION
TRANSMISSION line is an important component oI the
electric power system and its protection is necessary Ior
ensuring system stability. Transmission line protection
involves three major tasks which are as Iollows:
1) Fault detection
2) Fault classiIication
3) Fault location
Fault detection perIorms an important role in minimizing
damage to equipment due to short circuits and Iast detection oI
Iault in any line conduces to quick isolation oI Iaulty line Irom
service and, hence, protecting it Irom harmIul eIIects oI the
Iault. Fault classiIication determines the type oI Iaults that
may occur on transmission lines, and have knowledge oI Iault
type essentially be required on Iault location procedure. It is to
be noted that, the main purpose oI this article Iocused on Iault
classiIication and Iault location categories and Iault detection
objective has not be contemplated.
When a Iault occurs in an electric transmission line, Iinding
the Iault location is an essential problem in order to make

M. TaraIdar Hagh is with the Department oI Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University oI Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran (e-mail:
taraIdartabrizu.ac.ir).
Kaveh Razi and Hassan Taghizadeh are with Faculty oI Electrical and
Computer Engineering, University oI Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran (email:
kav.razigmail.com; ha.taghizadehgmail.com).
necessary repairs and to restore power as soon as possible. In
locating Iault, inIormation produced Irom classiIication
section could be used Ior accurate Iault location and evaluate
the necessary repairing procedure to be carried out. Usual
methods Ior Iault location are as Iollows:
x The measurement oI time between sending and receiving
an electric pulse reIlected Irom Iault location.
x The measurement oI Iundamental periodic components oI
voltage and currents in terminals oI the line. This method
could be perIormed in one or two terminals oI the line.
The systems that use values measured in both line
terminals give more exact results but need to be
synchronize the measurements in two terminals that
results in complex data acquisition process |1|.
The simplest Iault locator accomplishment is based on
impedance measurement |2|. In long lines, implementation oI
distributed line model is essential due to the complex non-
linear equations oI system. Solving these equations needs
large amount oI calculations that perIorming with numerical
methods and sometimes seems to be impossible. Numerical
methods are not suitable Ior on-line applications |3|. For this
reason in designing oI Iault locator system we consider short
model (series RL) as the line model, which involves error in
system. Furthermore many Iactors inIluence electrical
parameters during Iault and considering all oI them is not
possible such as Iault type, Iault location, Iault resistance, line
status and etc.
To avoid Irom problems above mentioned, neural networks
could be a suitable, Iast and secure method Ior Iault location
and not need some considerations such as identiIication oI
system dynamic, perIorming complex operation to solve the
nonlinear equation oI system, calculate eIIective things in
model and etc. ArtiIicial neural networks aIter training could
estimate nonlinear relationship between input and output and
do not need precise mathematical model. Because oI universal
approximation property in multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural
network, the employed network structure is considered MLP
with back propagation learning algorithm |4|.
Nowadays the progress oI Field Programmable Gate Arrays
(FPGAs) has made it possible to implement oI neural
networks in each size practically. The ability oI parallel
processing oI FPGAs has resulted in perIorming many
multiplication operations in a shorter time than DSPs (Digital
Signal Processors). Virtex4 Iamily Irom XILINX Corporation
such as virtex4-sx series has a high ability in digital signal
processing.
Fault ClassiIication and Location oI Power
Transmission Lines Using ArtiIicial
Neural Network
M. TaraIdar Hagh, K. Razi, and H. Taghizadeh
A
1109
978-981-05-9423-7 c 2007 RPS

In some literatures such as |5| and |6| the neural network
that accomplished Ior power transmission line relaying must
be train to learn the Iault inception angles. In this paper with a
procedure that takes place in preprocessing module, Iault
inception angle (FIA) doesn`t have any eIIect on neural
network training procedure.
Development in personal computers allows us to simulate
power electric systems, exactly similar to real systems. In this
paper simulation studies have been carried out using
PSCAD/EMTDC |7| and MATLAB. A large number oI Iault
samples data have been generated using PSCAD/EMTDC
considering wide variations on Iault location, Iault resistance
and Iault type. Using these data, Iault classiIication and
location is carried out by means oI MATLAB that make use oI
its "neural network toolbox" |8|.
II. POWER SYSTEM MODEL
The studied system is a two machine three phase 230 kV
power system that simulated Ior the study oI transmission line
Iault classiIication and location problem. We consider single-
circuit transmission line with length oI 100km in this paper.
The one-line diagram oI the studied system is shown in Fig. 1
and its parameters are shown in Table I. Source1 and source2
are the same, where (phase diIIerence between source1 and
source2) 30 degrees, with source1 leading.


Fig. 1. Simulated power system model

TABLE I
SIMULATED POWER SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Transmission line positive and negative
sequence Impedances (/km)
0.035 j 0.4241
Transmission line zero sequence
impedance (/km)
0.3003 j 1.1434
Source positive sequence impedances () 3.0135 j 43.095
Source zero sequence impedances () 3.0135 j 43.095
Rated power (MVA) 500
Rated voltage (kV) 230
Load angel oI source1 (Degree) 0.0
Load angel oI source2 (Degree) 30

Preprocessing
Modular
ANN
Post-
processing
J , i
Distance of Fault
/ Fault Tvpe

Fig. 2. Proposed Iault classiIier and locator block diagram
III. CONFIGURATION OF FAULT CLASSIFICATION AND
LOCATION SYSTEM USING ANN
Fig. 2 shows the proposed conIiguration oI ANN-based
Iault classiIier and Iault locator system that consists oI three
main sections: preprocessing module, modular ANN and post-
processing. Inputs v and i are instantaneous positive sequence
component oI currents and voltages oI each phases in bus (A)
and these inputs Ior both oI Iault classiIier and locator are the
same. The output oI post-processing block in Fig.2 describes
the distance oI occurred Iault Irom bus (A) in Iault location
procedure, and Ior Iault classiIication scheme this output
indicates which type oI Iaults (single phase to ground, two-
phase, two-phase to ground, three-phase) has been occurred.
Each oI blocks as shown in Fig.2 is explained in the coming
section.
A. Preprocessing
BeIore instantaneous voltage and current signals enter to the
neural network, a process is done on the measured values v
R
,
v
S
, v
T
, i
R
, i
S
and i
T
which are the instantaneous voltage and
currents in each oI the phases R, S and T. The i
0
is
instantaneous zero sequence component oI currents in same
bus as is shown in Fig. 3. A Iull cycle Fast Fourier TransIorm
(FFT) is used to determine the Iundamental components oI
mentioned voltages and currents which are shown by J
R
, J
S
,
J
T
, I
R
, I
S
, I
T
and I
0
. The V
i
/V
i(pI)
and I
i
/I
i(pI)
where i R, S and
T, are per unit values and are calculated by dividing the
Iundamental component oI voltage and current in Iault time V
i

and I
i
(post-Iault), to the pre-Iault Iundamental voltage V
i(pI)

and current I
i(pI)
in related phase. The I0 is the magnitude oI
Iundamental harmonic oI zero sequence components oI
currents we have used it Ior detection oI Iaults which
involving earth. The I
0
enters a level detector, that its output is
a logical signal (G). By this way, iI earth Iault happens G1
and otherwise G 0.
B. Modular ANN
In a modular artiIicial neural network all system input-
outputs are able to divide to the separable sections. In our
model diIIerent types oI Iaults divided to the independent
sections and Ior each Iault, one independent network
considered. By this procedure learning oI the entire problem is
not required by each neural network and each oI them just
trains speciIied own problem, and tend to neural networks
proIiciency. For instance in Fig. 4, ANN-I only trains Iaults
involving earth Ior classiIication purpose, and ANN-4 which
only trains to Iault location oI three-phase Iaults has been
shown in Fig. 5.
This paper surveys Iour Iault types as Iollows:
Single phase to ground (L-G), two phases (L-L), two phases
to ground (L-L-G) and three phases (L-L-L)
C. Post-processing
In Iault classiIication procedure the output oI the post-
processing stage is type oI occurred Iaults. The output oI this
stage is location oI occurred Iaults as well as. So, the output oI
the ANN is scaled to the distance oI Iault Irom bus (A) at
(km).
1110 The 8
th
International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC 2007)

R
v
T
v
R
i
S
v
T
i
S
i
0
i
R
J
T
J
R
I
S
J
T
I
S
I
0
I
) ( PF R
R
J
J
) ( PF S
S
J
J
) ( PF T
T
J
J
) ( PF R
R
I
I
) ( PF S
S
I
I
) ( PF T
T
I
I

Fig. 3. Preprocessing module block diagram
IV. ANN STRUCTURES
A. Fault Classification
The Iault classiIication plays an important role in modular
neural network based Iault location. Fig. 4 shows the proposed
method main block diagram Ior classiIication oI transmission
line Iaults using ANN. This method makes use oI signals V
i
,
V
i(pI)
, I
i
and I
i(pI)
(which iR, S and T) in addition to two
separate ANNs. Two separate ANNs are considered Ior Iault
classiIier which one is Ior Iaults involving earth and another is
Ior Iaults not involving earth. This would result in decreasing
oI training time and dimension oI each ANN. Signal 'G,
explains the existence oI Iaults involving earth and causes to
activate the appropriate ANN. For example iI G 1, only
ANN-I will be activated and the inputs switch to ANN-I.
Obviously, in this condition ANN-II has been deactivated and
all oI its outputs are zero. This procedure decreases the
number oI learning patterns Ior each ANN. For example,
ANN-I will only train single phase to ground and two phases
to ground Iaults while ANN-II trains only two phases and
three phases Iaults. The proposed method makes use oI
V
i
/V
i(pI)
and I
i
/I
i(pI)
, where iR, S and T, signals which comes
Irom the outputs oI pre-processing module. The 'L-G, 'L-L,
'L-L-G and 'L-L-L outputs explain the single phase to
ground, phase to phase (two phases), two phases to ground
and three phases Iaults respectively. For example, iI the phase
to phase Iault occurs we have L-G 0, L-L 1, L-L-G 0
and L-L-L 0, and so on.
B. Fault Location
The overall scheme oI proposed ANN-based Iault locator is
shown in Fig. 5. As shown in Fig. 5, the proposed Iault locator
consists oI Iour ANNs to Iour types oI Iaults, in the other
hands each Iault type trained by one neural network.
The (L-G), (L-L), (L-L-G) and (L-L-L) signals come Irom
the Iault classiIier and depend on to the occurred Iault to
activate the related network. Fig. 6 shows the input-output oI
each oI ANN oI Fig. 5 in details. The output oI each ANN
(Distance), is a real number and shows the distance oI Iault (in
km) Irom measuring bus (e. g., bus A in Fig. 1).
A multi-layer perceptron (MLP) with back-propagation
training algorithm and LevenbergMarquardt optimization
method have been considered Ior each oI ANN-i, i1, 2, 3, 4.
Fig. 4. ANN based Iault classiIier


Fig. 5. ANN based Iault locator
A
N
N

(faults
nvolving
earth)
) ( PF R
R
J
J
) ( PF S
S
J
J
) ( PF T
T
J
J
) ( PF R
R
I
I
) ( PF S
S
I
I
) ( PF T
T
I
I
A
N
N

(faults not
nvolving
earth)
) ( PF R
R
J
J
) ( PF S
S
J
J
) ( PF T
T
J
J
) ( PF R
R
I
I
) ( PF S
S
I
I
) ( PF T
T
I
I
G
L-G
L-L-G
L-L
L-L-L
The 8
th
International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC 2007) 1111

A
N
N
R
R
J
J
S
S
J
J
T
T
J
J
R
R
I
I
S
S
I
I
(PF) T
T
I
I
Distance
(PF)
( PF)
(PF)
(PF)
( PF)

Fig. 6. Fault locator with input/output details

V. ANN INPUT/OUTPUT DATA SET
A. Training data
Samples Ior ANN training in Iault condition have been
generated with electromagnetic transient program
PSCAD/EMTDC. The training data set oI an ANN should
contain the necessary inIormation to generalize the problem.
Faults Ior 357 training patterns Ior each Iault type have been
deIined by:
x Fault distance: 0 _ F _ 100 km with F 5 km, that is
to say, Iaults in 21 diIIerent positions.
x Fault resistance: 0 _ R
I
_ 80 with R
I
5 , that is
to say, 17 diIIerent Iault resistances Ior each Iault.
For putting all above values in interval (0, 1) all oI them
divided by 100 and then applied to the neural network. In
attention to process that perIormed in preprocessing unit, Iault
inception angle doesn`t have any eIIect on network
perIormance and Iault location system.
Statistical description oI the relation between the values in
the inputs to the ANN (relative voltage and currents) and the
outputs (distance) with respect to Iault resistance is shown in
Fig. 7. In this Iigure single phase to ground Iault type (R-G) is
considered, as shown the non-linearity oI Iault conditions
aIIected by Iault distance and resistance.
B. Test Data
For testing the neural network, 25 samples generated in
diIIerent distances and with variant resistances Ior any type oI
Iault. These data are tested by both Iault classiIication and
Iault location systems which are shown in Table IV.
VI. TRAINING AND TESTING
Activity Iunctions oI the same layers in all networks are
similar and are as Iollows:
x Input layer: linear Iunction, (called purelin (P) in
MATLAB/Neural Networks toolbox)
Fig. 7. Fault voltages versus current values relative to the pre-Iault state Ior
single-phase to ground Iault R-G

x Each oI hidden layers: limited sigmoid Iunction
between (-1,1), (called tansig (T) in
MATLAB/Neural Networks toolbox)
x Output layer: limited sigmoid Iunction between (0,
1), (called logsig (L) in MATLAB/Neural Networks
toolbox).
A. Training and testing of the fault classifier
The procedure which is utilized on proposed Iault classiIier
scheme based on ANN is at sort that all oI classiIier`s ANNs
just have one hidden layer with one neuron. Dimension oI
related ANNs, activity Iunction oI neurons and training and
testing results oI the networks Ior each type oI Iaults are
presented in Table II. In this table the maximum and average
error values oI latest training epoch are in percentage and
calculated by Iormula as Iollows:
100


() u

Line of Length
Distance Actual Distance Trained Latest
Error
(1)
As shown in Table II the Iaults which involving earth are
single phase and two phases to ground Iaults, also the Iaults
which not involving earth are two phase and three phase
Iaults. Testing oI the Iault classiIier is carried out on 25 test
samples oI each Iault type. Obviously, high accurate
perIormance and reliability oI Iault classiIier is observable
Irom Table II.
TABLE II
TRAINING AND TESTING RESULTS OF FAULT CLASSIFICATION FOR EACH TYPEOF FAULTS
Faults Type
Activation
Functions
Neurons
Per layer
Number
oI Epochs
Maximum
Error ()
Average
Error ()
VeriIication
Error
ClassiIication Error Ior
50 diIIerent test data
Faults involving earth (ANN-I) P-T-L 6-1-2 30 6.565 e-07 1.869 e-011 0 0
Faults not involving earth (ANN-II) P-T-L 6-1-2 29 8.682 e-08 3.991 e-013 0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
VR / VR(PF)

R

/

R
(
P
F
)
Distance = 0 km
Distance = 10 km
Distance = 40 km
Distance = 70 km
Distance = 100 km
ncreasing of fault resistance (Rf)
1112 The 8
th
International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC 2007)

B. Training of the fault locator
All networks oI the Iault locator have three hidden layers
but number oI neurons in hidden layers is diIIerent Ior any
type oI Iaults. The number oI neurons in each layer is
determined by try and error to Iind an acceptable case.
Details oI the network learning Ior each Iault types can be
Iound in Table III. In this table maximum and average errors
oI latest training epoch are in percentage and obtained by
equation (1).
C. Testing of the fault locator
Testing results oI single-phase to ground Iault is shown in
Table IV. The Iirst and second columns show the distance and
resistance oI actual Iaults, respectively. The third column
shows the results oI neural network output. This column
shows the estimated Iault distances (Irom bus A in Fig. 1)
which are very close to the actual Iault distance in Iirst
column. The Iourth column shows the absolute error in
percentage that is obtained by Iollowing equation:
100


() u

Line of Length
Distance Actual Distance Estimated
Error Absolute (2)

Table IV show the above-mentioned results Ior two-phase-
ground, two-phase and three-phase Iaults, too. The results
show accurate perIormance oI proposed artiIicial neural
network based Iault locator on determination oI Iault distance
Ior various kinds oI Iaults.

TABLE III
LEARNING RESULTS OF FAULT LOCATION FOR EACH TYPE OF FAULTs
Fault Type
Activation
Functions
Neurons
Per layer
Maximum
Error ()
Average
Error ()
RG-Fault P-T-T-T-L 6-10-8-8-1 0.026964 6.0711e-004
ST-Fault P-T-T-T-L 6-8-8-8-1 0.042846 1.0716e-005
RSG-Fault P-T-T-T-L 6-10-8-8-1 0.058261 3.9771e-004
RST-Fault P-T-T-T-L 6-10-10-8-1 0.33 8.8926e-004

TABLE IV
TESTING RESULTS OF RG, RSG, ST AND RST FAULTS FOR 25 SELECTED TEST DATA
Testing results of
RG-fault
Testing results of
RSG-fault
Testing results of
ST-fault
Testing results of
RST-fault
Actual Fault
Distance
(km)
Resistance
()
Estimated
Fault Distance
(km)
Absolute
Error
()
Estimated
Fault
Distance (km)
Absolute
Error
()
Estimated
Fault
Distance (km)
Absolute
Error
()
Estimated
Fault
Distance (km)
Absolute
Error
()
4 18 4.1334 0. 1334 4.0758 0.0758 4.0521 0.0520 3.9616 0.03836
8 10 8.0209 0.0209 8.0162 0.0162 7.9173 0.0827 7.7272 0.27279
11 22 10.841 0.1592 11.039 0.0390 11.062 0.0618 11.182 0.1825
14 70 13.746 0.2542 13.938 0.0624 14.107 0.1071 14.493 0.49258
19 63 19.131 0.1311 19.013 0.0134 19.003 3.1966e-03 19.285 0.28488
22 42 21.967 0.0327 22.017 0.0167 21.983 0.0174 22.031 0.03129
26 27 25.93 0.0697 25.98 0.0201 26.136 0.1358 25.966 0.03392
28 38 27.932 0.0681 27.979 0.0206 28.131 0.1306 27.931 0.06850
33 48 32.938 0.0624 32.985 0.0152 33.046 0.0460 32.987 0.01267
37 54 36.964 0.0362 36.982 0.0185 36.986 0.0135 36.976 0.02357
41 62 40.968 0.0319 41.021 0.0207 40.979 0.0214 40.951 0.04862
46 3 46.202 0.2024 46.017 0.0174 45.989 0.0107 46.007 7.06e-03
49 78 48.869 0.1307 48.889 0.1106 49.051 0.0511 49.082 0.08222
53 21 52.973 0.0265 52.984 0.0162 52.992 7.8715e-03 52.971 0.028594
57 33 57.192 0.1917 57.036 0.0356 57.009 9.3823e-03 56.975 0.024733
61 1 61.098 0.0985 60.999 1.2354e-3 61.011 0.0111 61.001 1.1402e-3
64 59 64.114 0.1144 64.025 0.0253 63.995 4.9394e-03 63.983 0.017438
66 41 66.193 0.1934 66.035 0.0353 65.968 0.0322 65.995 5.3753e-03
71 16 71.108 0.1078 71.105 0.1051 70.897 0.1026 70.888 0.11207
73 69 73.015 0.0148 73.016 0.0164 73.025 0.0251 73.031 0.03132
77 29 76.942 0.0581 76.935 0.0645 76.993 6.932e-03 76.932 0.067598
82 12 81.668 0.3324 81.779 0.2211 82.012 0.0121 82.033 0.032566
88 55 87.989 0.0106 87.976 0.1457 88.028 0.0280 87.85 0.14976
93 74 93.096 0.0956 93.146 0.3408 92.86 0.1403 92.865 0.13542
97 8 96.738 0.2624 96.659 0.0238 97.009 8.7952e-03 97.383 0.38283
The 8
th
International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC 2007) 1113

VII. CONCLUSIONS
This paper proposed a Iault location strategy based on
ANN. The presented method is not depended on Iault
inception angle. Modular ANNs, are considered with three
hidden layers and then those are tested with 25 various
distance and resistance oI Iaults Ior each type oI Iaults. The
single-phase to ground, two-phase, two-phase to ground and
three-phase Iaults are considered. Maximum absolute error Ior
single-phase to ground Iault was 0.3324 and it was 0.1403
Ior two-phase, 0.3408 Ior two-phase to ground and 0.4926
Ior three phase Iault. The results show valuable operation oI
proposed ANN based Iault locator in estimation oI Iault
location Ior diIIerent types oI Iaults.
A model oI single-circuit 230 kV transmission line with 100
km length simulated by PSCAD/EMTDC and the obtained
data oI voltages and currents Ior each oI three-phases Ior pre-
Iault and post-Iault are obtained. The obtained results are used
Ior training oI ANN using "MATLAB/neural network
toolbox".
VIII. REFERENCES
|1| J. Gracia, A. J. Mazon, and I. Zamora, 'Best ANN structures Ior Iault
location in single-and double-circuit transmission lines, IEEE Trans. on
Power Deliverv, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 2389-2395, Oct. 2005.
|2| A. Wiszniewski, "Accurate Iault impedance locating algorithm," in IEE,
Proc.C, vol. 130, 1983, pp. 311-314.
|3| S. E. Westlin and J. A. Bubenko, "Newton-Raphson technique
applied to the Iault location problem," in IEEE PES Summer Meeting,
1976, Paper no. A 76 334-3.
|4| Haykin, Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Ioundation. New York:
Macmillan, 1994.
|5| Mahanty, R.N., and Dutta Gupta, P. B.: 'Application oI RBF neural
network to Iault classiIication and location in transmission lines`, IEE
Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 151, No. 2, pp. 201-212, March 2004.
|6| Sanaye-Pasand, M.; Khorashadi-Zadeh, H.; Malik, O.P.;"High speed
accurate transmission line distance protection using ANNs"
IEEE power engineering societv summer meeting, Vol. 1, pp. 127-132,
July2001.
|7| PSCAD/EMTDC User`s Manual, Manitoba HVDC Research Center,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
|8| H. Demuth, Neural Network ToolBox For Use with MatLab. Natick,
MA: The MathWorks, 1998.
IX. BIOGRAPHIES
Mehrdad Tarafdar Hagh received his M. Sc.
with Iirst honor and PhD. both in power
engineering Irom University oI Tabriz, Iran in
1992 and 2000, respectively. He joined Iaculty
oI electrical and computer engineering oI
University oI Tabriz in 2000. He has published
more than 70 papers in power system and
power electronics related topics. His interest
topics include power system operation,
FACTS and power quality.

Kaveh Razi was born in Tabriz, Iran, on
October, 1981. He received the bachelor oI
engineering science degree in electronic
engineering Irom Islamic Azad University oI
Tabriz, on January, 2005.
He is currently pursuing the M.Sc. degree in
power electric engineering Irom the Faculty oI
Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University oI Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
His research interests are in the areas oI power
system protection and control, artiIicial
intelligence and power electronic.

Hassan Taghizadeh received the B.Sc.
degree in electrical engineering Irom the
Islamic Azad University oI Tabriz, Iran, on
January, 2005. He is currently pursuing the
M.Sc. degree in department oI electrical and
computer engineering at the University oI
Tabriz, Iran.
His current research interests are artiIicial
intelligence with application to power system
and power electronic.

















1114 The 8
th
International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC 2007)