1

A Dynamic Non-Linear Simulation Model Of Boiler-Turbine

Coordinated Control System And Its Application

Zhongxu Han*
1,
*
2
and Xiaohong Qi*
3
and Zhi Zhang*
1,
*
2
and Min Liu*
4
and Zhelong Piao*
3

*
1
China Electric Power Research Institute and *
2
Beijing SP Zhishen Control Technology Ltd. Co.
No.15, Xiaoying East Road Qinghe, Beijing 100085, China
*
3
Northeast China Electric Power Institute
Jilin, 132012 China
*
4
Beijing Agriculture Institute
Beijing, 100085 China

A non-linear simulation mathematical model is described and analyzed through the method of statespace in this paper.
The transfer function matrix between inputs and outputs is deduced, and some intrinsic connections between this
non-linear simulation model and the linear incremental mathematical model is presented, these connections provide the
theoretical foundation for interpreting the characteristics of unit power plant mathematical models. Finally, a simulation
test at a 600MW unit of BeiLun Power Plant is proceeded, and by comparing simulation curves with actual real time
trends of this 600MW unit, the conclusion shows this non-linear simulation model is validity.

Keywords: non-linear, boiler-turbine coordinated control system, simulation model, state-space

1 INTRODUCTION

Many related references [1-7] in thermal control field
point out that the boiler-turbine coordinated system of
unit controlled object is multivariable system with
characters of nonlinear, slow time-variant parameters
and big lag, these problems bring lots of difficulty to
design and realize the control system. Thus,
constructing the dynamical model of unit power plant is
an important research component in thermal control
field. With the capacity increasing of power system,
more and more unit power plant is demanded to take
part in adjusting power system frequency, these changes
make the duty of modeling dynamical model more
important.

Based on mechanism modeling [8-9], this paper takes
multivariable boiler-turbine coordinated control system
of unit power plant as study background, and uses the
modeling method of congregate parameter
mathematical model, then describes and analyzes the
linear incremental mathematical model by the method
of state-space. These provide the theoretical foundation
and design conception for modeling the effective
mathematical of unit controlled object. When the load
of unit varies during a large scale, the controlled object
presents nonlinear character. Focusing on this change, a
nonlinear dynamical simulation mathematical model
based on Hammerstein model [10] is given in this paper.
Afterwards, through the method of state-space, the
intrinsic connections between the linear incremental
mathematical model and the nonlinear dynamical
simulation mathematical model also is interpreted in
this paper.

2 THE MECHANISM MODEL OF MULTIVARIABLE
BOILER-TURBINE COORDINATED CONTROL
SYSTEM

Based on mechanism model of main steam pressure
controlled object given in paper [9], figure 1 is a
mechanism model of unit generator by adding the
segment of turbine and generator part.

Figure1. The mathematical model for the unit plant

2
Where, M the total fuel flow; KM the proportional
coefficient of the changed values between fuel and
load;

M the lag time that the load change caused by

the fuel changed; DQ: the heat flow of entering into
boiler expressed by dimension of boiler steam flow;
D the boiler steam flow; Cb the preserving
coefficient, corresponding to the boiler steam flow
changing value when the drum pressure varies 1 MPa;
Pb the drum pressure; Rgrthe dynamic resistance of
supper heater; DT : the steam flow in turbine; CMthe
capacity factor of the steam header; PT the turbine
throttle pressure; RTthe dynamic resistance of the
steam header
T the turbine regulated valve scale,
KT : the turbine valve static amplified multiple.

The linear incremental mathematical model shown in
figure 1 can be divided into three subsystems.

Subsystem L1: From the change of total fuel flow to the
change of heat flow absorbing by steam and water in
boiler pipelines (which is expressed by steam flow):
S
M
M e
K S
S M
S
= =

) ( G
) (
) ( D
M D
Q
Q
1

Subsystem L2: When the input variables are the
change of heat flow absorbing by steam and water in
boiler pipelines(which is expressed by steam flow)
and turbine regulated value scale, the output variables
are the change of main steam pressure before entering
turbine and available power, the transfer function is
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
(

=
(

s
s D
s G s G
s G s G
s P
s D
T
Q
T
T

22 21
12 11
2

Subsystem L3: From the change of turbine steam flow
to the change of available power, the transfer function is
expressed as follow:
( ) ( ) s T
k
s T
k
S
S D
S
T
D
T 2
2
1
1
N
E
1 1
) ( G
) (
) ( N
E
+

+
= =

3

Subsystem L2 can be described by state-space as
formula (4) and (5):
(

(
(
(
(

+
(

(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
(
(
(

T
Q
b
M
T
b
T
gr b gr b
gr M T M gr M
b
T
D
C
C
K
P
P
R C R C
R C R C R C
P
P

0
1
0
1 1
1 1 1
.
.
4
(

+
(

(
(
(

=
(

T
Q T
b
T
T
T
T
D K
P
P
R
P
D
0 0
0
0 1
0
1
5
Then, the transfer function is deduced as follows [11]:
( )
( )
( )
( )
21 12 22 11 22 11
2
11 21
12 22
1
22 21
12 11
1
1
1 1
1 1 1
det
Adj
A A A A s A A s
A s A
A A s
A s A
A A s
R C
s
R C
R C R C R C
s
A sI
A sI
A sI
gr b gr b
gr M T M gr M
+ +
(

=
(

=
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=

6
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
D
C
K
A s
C
A
C
K
A s
R C
A
R
A sI
K
C
C
K
A sI
R
D B A sI C s G
M
T
b
M
T
T b T
T
b
M
T
T
+
(
(
(
(

=
(

+
(
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
+ =

22 12
22 12
1
1
1
1 1 1
det
1
0 0
0
0
1
0
0 1
0
1

7
Where:
( )
gr T b M gr T b M
T M gr b T b
gr b M gr T b M
gr T
gr b T gr M
gr T
R R C C
s
R R C C
R C R C R C
s
R C C R R C C
R R
s
R C R R C
R R
A sI
1
1
1
s det
2
2 2
2
+
|
|
.
|

\
| + +
+ =

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+ =
8
Further, the following transfer functions are obtained:
( )
( )
( ) 1
1
1 1
det
1
2
11
+ + + +
=

=
s R C R C R C s R C R C
R C C R A sI
s G
T M gr b T b T M gr b
gr M b T
9
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) s G s G
K
s R C R C R C s R C R C
s R C
K
K
R C
s R C
C R A sI
K
K
R C
s
C R
K
A sI
s G
T
T M gr b T b gr b T M
gr b
T
T
gr b
gr b
M T
T
T
gr b M T
T
2 12 1 12
2
12
1
1
1
det
1
det
1
+ =
+
+ + + +
+
=
+
+

=
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
10
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 1
det
1
det
1
2
12
21
+ + + +
=

=
s R C R C R C s R C R C
R
R C R C
R
A sI C
A
A sI
s G
T M gr b T b gr b T M
T
T M gr b
T
b
11
( )
( )
( )
( ) 1
1
1
det
2
22
+ + + +
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
s R C R C R C s R C R C
s R C R
K
R C
s
C A sI
K
s G
T M gr b T b T M gr b
gr b T
T
gr b M
T
12

The transfer function of subsystem L2 can be achieved
by putting formula (9), (10), (11) and (12) into formula
(2):
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) s s G s D s G s P
s s G s D s G s D
T Q T
T Q T

+ =
+ =
22 21
12 11
13
More, the transfer function of mechanism linear
incremental mathematical model shown in figure 1 can
be got:
3
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) s s G S
S M
e
K s G S
S D
s T
k
s T
k
S
T D
S
M
M D
T
T
T

+
=

+
=

12 N
11 N
2
2
1
1
E
) ( G
) ( ) ( G
) (
1 1
) ( N
E
E
14
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) s s G S M
e
K s G s P
T
S
M
M T

+ =

22 21
) ( 15

The matrix form is:

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
(

=
(

s
s M
s P
s N
T T
E
s W s W
s W s W
22 21
12 11
16
Where:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) s G
e
K s G
s G
s T
k
s T
k
e
K s G
s T
k
s T
k
S
M
S
M
M
M
22 22
21 21
12
2
2
1
1
12
11
2
2
1
1
11
s W
s W
1 1
s W
1 1
s W
=

=
+

+
=

+
=

When the input variables are the change of heat flow
absorbing by steam and water in boiler pipelines (which
is expressed by steam flow) and turbine regulated value
scale, the output variables are the change of main steam
pressure before entering turbine and available power,
the former matrix is the transfer function of whole unit
boiler-turbine coordinated control system.

3 DEDUCING PROCESS OF THE NONLINEAR
DYNAMICAL SIMULATION MATHEMATICAL
MODEL OF UNIT POWER PLANT

3.1 The Structure of Nonlinear Dynamical
Simulation Mathematical Model of Boiler-Turbine
Coordinated Control System

The nonlinear dynamical simulation mathematical
model of unit power plant presented in this paper is
obtained basing on the linear incremental mathematical
model.

In early stage research, the author once presented this
nonlinear dynamical simulation mathematical model in
paper [12], and applied it into the simulation test of
Distributed Control System (DCS),because of the
limiting at that time, the theoretical description of this
nonlinear mathematical model wasnt given out.
Through a series of engineering practice[71314]in
recent years, and focusing on this nonlinear dynamical
simulation mathematical model ,the author outlines this
nonlinear model from the side of control theory, and has
new realization and improvement to this nonlinear
dynamical simulation mathematical model of controlled
object.

Figure 2 is the structure of this nonlinear dynamical
simulation mathematical model of boiler-turbine CCS
discussed in this paper.
Figure2. The non-linear mathematical model for the
unit plant

Using the mathematic method of mechanism modeling
and some nonlinear modeling methods such as
Hammerstein [10] and Veina [10], some suitable
nonlinear factors are taken into account and some
nonlinear algorithms such as function algorithm and
multiply algorithm and divide algorithm are applied to
this nonlinear dynamical simulation mathematical
model, which has been adopted by many 300MW and
600MW DCS simulation test.

3.2 Mathematical Deducing Process

From figure1, follows can be obtained
( ) D D
s C
P
Q
b
b
=
1
17
( )
TB
M
T
D D
s C
P =
1
18
( ) ( ) D f P P D
T b 1
/ = 19
( )
B T TB
D D D + = 20
( )
T T T
f P D
2
= 21

After arranging parameters order, following formula
can be achieved:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
B T T T b
M
T
T b Q
b
b
D f P D f P P
s C
P
D f P P D
s C
P
+ =
=

2 1
1
/
1
/
1
22
In order to simplify the problem, only take into account
the phenomenon that the bypass doesnt open.
Supposing D
B
0, then:
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
(

(
(

+
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

T
Q
b
b
T
b b
M
M
T
M
b
T
f
D
C
P
P
D f C D f C
D f C
C
f
D f C
P
P

2
1 1
1
2
1
.
.
0
1
0 0

1 1
1 1
23
( )
(

=
(

b
T
T T
T
P
P
f D
P
0
0 1
2

24
4

Further, the transfer function of former formula can be
obtained as follows:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
21 12 22 11 22 11
2
11 21
12 22
1
22 21
12 11
1
1 1
1
2
1
1
1 1
1 1
det
Adj
A A A A s A A s
A s A
A A s
A s A
A A s
D f C
s
D f C
D f C
C
f
D f C
s
A sI
A sI
A sI
b b
M
M
T
M
+ +
(

=
(

=
(
(
(
(
(

(
(

+
=

25
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) (
(

+
(
(

0
1
0 0
0
0 1
det
1

0 0
0 0
0
1
0 0
0
0 1

11 21
12 22
2
1
2
1
b
T
b
T
C
A s A
A A s
f A sI
C
A sI
f
D B A sI C s G

( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
(
(
(
(

(
(

0
1
0
1
det
1
0
1
0 0
det
1
12 2
12
12 2 22 2
12 22
A f
C
A
C
A sI
C
A f A s f
A A s
A sI
T
b
b
b
T T

26
Where:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
b M
T
T
b M
T M b T b
b M b M
T
b M
T
C D f C
f
s f
C D f C
f C D f C f C
D f C D f C D f C D f C
f D f
s
D f C D f C
f D f
A sI

+
(
(

+ +
+ =

+
+
(
(

+
+ =
1
2
2
1
2 1 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 1
1 1
2 1 2
/ /
s
1 1
1 1
s det

27
Then:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) | | 1 / / /
/ 1
1 1
det
1 1
det
1
2 1 2
2
2 1
2
1
12 11
+ + + +
=

=
s f C D f C f C s f C D f C
f
D f C C A sI
A
C A sI
s G
T M b T b T M b
T
M b b


28
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) | | 1 / / /
1
1 1
det
1 1
det
1
2 1 2
2
2 1
1
2 12 2 21
+ + + +
=

=
s f C D f C f C s f C D f C
D f C
f
C A sI
A f
C A sI
s G
T M b T b T M b
M
T
b
T
b


29
More, the transfer function of nonlinear dynamical
simulation mathematical model shown in figure 4 can
be deduced as follows:
( ) ( ) ) (
11
s M
s
e K s G s P
M
M T
=

30
( ) ( )
( ) ) ( ) ( G
) (
1 1
) (
21 N
2
2
1
1
E
E
s M
s
e K s G s
s D
s T
k
s T
k
s N
M
T
M D
T
=

+
=

31

Its matrix form is shown as follow:
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) s M
s
e K s G
s T
k
s T
k
s
e K s G
s N
s P
M
M
M
M
E
T

(
(
(

+

=
(

1 2
2
2
1
1
11
1 1
32

4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NONLINEAR
DYNAMICAL SIMULATION MATHEMATICAL
MODEL AND LINEAR INCREMENTAL
MATHEMATICAL MODEL

First of all, the relationship between pressure difference
of steam pipeline and steam flow of pipeline is[9,15]:
2
- kD P P
T b
= 33
Using increment to describe the former formula:
D R D kD P P
gr T b
= = 2 - 34
Formula (33) and (34) show that resistance
gr
R
of
steam pipeline has relation to steam flow D. With the
increasing of D,
gr
R is also increasing, which can be
reflected by ( ) D f
1
in nonlinear dynamical simulation
mathematical model shown in figure 2, and which is
neglected in the linear incremental mathematical model
shown in figure 1. When the variable is small enough
on working point, the linear incremental mathematical
can be considered reasonable.

Then, in nonlinear dynamical simulation mathematical
of CCS, D
T
is defined as follow:
( )
T T T
f P D
2
= 35
Using increment to describe the former formula:
( )
( )
T
T
T
T T T T
d
df
P f P D

+ =
2
2
36
Comparing turbine dynamical flowing resistance K
T

with regulated value static state amplifying coefficient
R
T

( )
T T
f R
2
/ 1 = 37
( )
T
T
T T
d
df
P K

2
= 38
The result of compare can be interpreted as: the linear
incremental mathematical model shown in figure 1 is
linearization of nonlinear dynamical simulation
mathematical model on some special working point.

Two opinions needed to illustrate: (1) the efficiency of
boiler usually is different on different load, so the same
total fuel with same heat has different impact on steam
flow when the load is different. In order to reflect this
physical phenomenon, K
M
in figure 2 can be replaced
by nonlinear function algorithm, which is applied in
recent simulation test, its result shows that can embody
the control ability of adjusting system with nonlinear
inputs character controlled object. (2) The preserving
coefficient C
b
is a function of enthalpy of superheat
steam and drum pressure P
b
. The freezing method used
in deducing process of formula (32) also can be suitable
for this condition. In this paper, taking C
b
as constant is
just for simplifying problem, which has little impact on
the result of formula (32). From viewpoint of
5
conception, just C
b
can be taken as function of P
b
.

5 COMPARE OF SIMULATION TEST WITH
REAL-TIME TREND CURVE

Figure 3 is the simulation test result curve of BEILUN
600MW unit power plant, the nonlinear dynamical
simulation mathematical model shown in figure 2 is
adopted by this controlled system.


Figure3. 600MW unit power plant simulation test curve


Figure4.600MW unit power plant real-time trend curve

Figure 4 is the real-time trend curve of this 600MW
unit power plant, state feedback control system based
on incremental state observer is applied to this unit
control system [14], and the incremental state observer
is based on the linear incremental mathematical model
shown in figure 1.
By comparing simulation curves with actual real time
trends of this 600MW unit, the result shows this
non-linear simulation model is validity.

6 CONCLUTION

The connection of non-linear simulation mathematical
model and linear incremental mathematical model of
unit power plant is discussed and analyzed through the
method of statespace in this paper, and the transfer
function of nonlinear dynamical mathematical model is
presented first time, these provide the theoretical
foundation for interpreting the characteristics of unit
power plant mathematical models.

Formula (32) has important impact on later research: (1)
which embody the diversification of unit power plant
mathematical model form; (2) transfer function is
considered as research tool of linear system, this paper
gives transfer function of some nonlinear systems using
the method of state-space, then describes and analyzes
the mathematical method of these non-linear system;(3)
From formula (32) we can see that the pole of nonlinear
mathematical model of unit power plant isnt constant,
which means that the mathematical model of controlled
object is different when the regulated value is at
different opening scale or the load of unit is
different.( this viewpoint is important to the theory
research and engineering practical of boiler-turbine
coordinated control system) (4) which show a new
model construction for applying system identification to
model controlled object.

Generally, for the same side of the same physical
phenomena, its different mathematical models of using
different method should be instinct unanimous, which is
a law of nature. The research in this paper has important
reality impact on interpreting the relationship of
nonlinear dynamical simulation mathematical model
and linear incremental mathematical model of unit
power plant. The result of theory and engineering
practice shows that the linear incremental mathematical
model shown in figure 1 is suitable and validity when it
is adopted as incremental state observer of controlled
object, and the nonlinear dynamical simulation
mathematical model of unit power plant shown in
figure 2 is also effective for testing and checking the
control characters of coordinated control system..

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6
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Power Press, 1995.

Biographies

Han Zhongxu was born in 1957, He received the B.S.
degrees in automatic control and instrument for thermal
industry from Northeast Electric Power Institute of
China in 1982. Currently he is a professor with Electric
Power Research Institute of China. His major research
interests include modeling of power plantdistribute
computer control system and application of modern
control theory.

Qi Xiaohong was born in 1975, She received the B.S.
degree in thermal power engineering in WuHan Hydraulic
and Electrical University in 1997. Currently, She is an
engineer and applying for Master degree in Electric
Power Research Institute of China.

Zhang Zhi was born in 1971. He received the B.S.
degrees in automatic control for industry from Harbin
Industry University of China in 1993. Currently he is an
engineer with Electric Power Research Institute of
China.

Liu Min was born in 1979. He received the B.S.
degrees in automatic control and instrument for thermal
industry from Northeast Electric Power Institute of
China in 2003 Currently he is applying for Master
degree in Beijing Agriculture Institute of China

Piao Zhelong was born in 1978, he received the B.S.
and M.S. degrees in thermal power engineering from
Northeast Electric Power Institute of China in 2002 and
2005 respectively.