SMOKING culture

david lin . emmanuel chong . pauline ng

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Timeline of tobacco smoking

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 Timeline of tobacco smoking
5000BC Americaʼs first cultivation of Tobacco plant

1492 Columbus discovers tobacco smoking & takes it to Europe

Early 1500s First introduced to Egypt by Turks

1500 - 1600 Tobacco introduced to China via Japan/Philippines

1500 - 1600 Spaniards & Portuguese ships tobacco to East Africa

1600 Tobacco is first grown commercially in America

1614 7000 tobacco shops open in Europe

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1650 Europeans grow tobacco in S Africa & used as form of currency

1700 African slaves used to work in Tobacco plantations

1761 First study (John Hill), warns that snuff users risk nasal cancer

1788 Tobacco arrived in Australia with the first fleet

1828 In Spain, cigarette smoking becomes popular

1833 Phosphorus stricken matches introduced in UK commercially

1840 First woman to smoke publicly in France is Chopinʼs mistress

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"All along the sea routes ... wherever they
had trading posts, the Portuguese began
the limited planting of tobacco. Before the
end of the sixteenth century they had
developed these small farms to a point
where they could be assured of enough
tobacco to meet their personal needs, for
gifts, and for barter."

-- Jerome Edmund Brooks, "The Mighty Leaf; Tobacco

through the Centuries." Boston, Little, Brown (1952)

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antique snuff box

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1847 Phillip Morris opens shop in England & sells hand rolled cigs

1858 Treaty of Tianjin allows duty free cigs imports into China

1862 First federal tobacco tax introduced to help finance war

R.A. Patterson founded "Lucky Strike", named for the 1849

1871
California Gold Rush

1875 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company founded

1881 Invention of the cigarette machine

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Following the advice of his minister Cardinal Richelieu, Louis XIII of France levies
a tax of 30 sols on every pound of tobacco. Two centuries later Napoleon III would
observe: "This vice brings in one hundred million francs in taxes every year. I will
certainly forbid it at once – as soon as you can name a virtue that brings in as
much revenue." Government monopolies prove so lucrative they persist in several
European countries late into the twentieth century.

-- BAT History of Tobacco

http://www.bat.com/oneweb/sites/uk__3mnfen.nsf/0/a2e50d5591dd653d80256bf400033194?OpenDocument

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Pipe Smoking

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1900 China almost entirely penetrated by foreign cigarettes

1901 UK Imperial Tobacco & British American Tobacco Founded

1908 N.Y passes Sullivan Act, forbidding women to smoke in public

1st strong link made between lung cancer & smoking

1912
(Dr.Isaac Adler)

Birth of modern cigarette: RJ Reynolds introduced the Camel

1913
brand in America

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 Philip Morris introduces Marlboro, a women's cigarette that is "Mild as
1924
May"

73 billion cigarettes sold in US

1924

China state takes monopoly of industry & all foreign companies have
1950
to leave

1950 First major reports on smoking & health in America & UK

1964 US reports correlation between smoking and lung cancer

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Lady Bracknell : [Pencil and note-book in hand] I feel
bound to tell you that you are not down on my list of
eligible young men, although I have the same list as the
dear Duchess of Bolton has. We work together, in fact.
However, I am quite ready to enter your name, should
your answers be what a really affectionate mother
requires. Do you smoke?

Jack: Well, yes, I must admit I smoke.

Lady Bracknell: I am glad to hear it. A man should

always have an occupation of some kind. There are far
too many idle men in London as it is.

- The Importance of being Earnest, Act 1 Part 2 (Oscar Wilde)

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Winston Cigarettes Advertisement

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1981 Japan reports dangers of passive smoking

Americaʼs cigarette sales by top 5 companies per annum = 275

1990
billion, Malboro selling 134 billion

1994 Macdonaldsʼ ban smoking in all its 11,000 restaurants

China is thelargest producer of cigarettes in the worldaproducing

1997 almost two and one half times the 720 billion pieces produced in
the United States

2002 Africa is leader in drafting a WHO Convention on Tobacco Control

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2001 India Supreme Court bans smoking in all public places

Smoking bans implemented in countries such as Ireland,

2004
Netherlands, Malta, and various cities in the US

Countries such as Bulgaria, Italy, Cuba, Bangladesh, Sweden and

2005
more US cities join in smoking ban

England, Brunei, Australia, Israel & Dubai are some countries that
2007
started implementing smoking bans

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 * "Cigarettes are addictive;"
* "Tobacco smoke can harm your children;"
* "Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease;"
* "Cigarettes cause cancer;"
* "Cigarettes cause strokes and heart disease;"
* "Smoking during pregnancy can harm your baby;"
* "Smoking can kill you;"
* "Tobacco smoke causes fatal lung disease in non-
smokers."

- Messages placed on Canadian produced cigarette boxes (1994)

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 Some World Statistics

• Total men who smoke : 1 Billion

• Total women who smoke : 250 Million
• Total children exposed to passive smoking
at home : 40%
• Total cigarettes smoked a day : 15 Billion
• Total cigarettes sales by Big 5 : $108.2
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Smoking Culture
around the world

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 16th century, a spanish doctor
claimed tobacco alleviated hunger,
acted as a relaxant & a painkiller,
and was even a cancer cure

Tobacco believed to be a panacea in the past

Smoking in seen as sexy &

cool in many European
countries, such as France

Smoking in Europe

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 FRANCE
public places, including offices & schools
extend to restaurants, dance clubs and some bars in 2008

UK
next summer, smoking not allowed in enclosed workspaces in England
Scotland, N. Ireland & Wales follow suit with new laws

ITALY
smoking prohibited in workplaces including bars & restaurants
enclosed & separatedly ventilated rooms are permitted

Stricter Legislation
in Europe

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 “Illegal inhaling in France
is still so frequent on
Metro platforms, in
waiting areas & dining “Smoking was part of the
spots that asking culture of French cafes”
someone to douse their
cigarette is considered a
bad form - & even an act
of aggression >40% of French smoked

Smoking Bans in public

places but ignored by
smokers (2003)

Smoking in France

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 Full Smoking Ban for
public places in effect
from February 2007
Intense lobbying led to extension
for cafes for 11 months

Many non-smoking Parisians

opposed the ban, claiming it was
killing the cafe culture

Smoking in Paris

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Smoking in China
Ads in China tout smoking as a cure-all for
diseases & ailments
---
Government-run tobacco industry clearly
promotes smoking as a way to improve health
---
In fact, smoking can make you smarter &
happier

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Smoking in China
2/3 of all the young men smoke
---
few of the young women become smokers
---
20% of world’s population
---
consume 30% of world’s cigarettes
---
Chinese Government is the world’s
largest producer of cigarettes
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Smoking in China
some past exciting news from the Chinese
government
---
cigarettes, according to China’s tobacco
authorities:
- excellent way to prevent ulcers
- reduce risk of Parkinson’s disease
- relieve schizophrenia
- boost brain cells
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Smoking Ban in Israel

Israelis fume over smoking ban on army bases

Mutiny is brewing in the Israeli army

anger directed towards the Knesset for a law
making smoking illegal in all indoor areas on
army bases

Soldiers vow to ignore Knesset’s

widely ridiculed law

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 Smoking in the US
researchers found that black girls
in comparison to white girls far
more likely to think that “not
smoking” enhance their self image

smoking was not equated with style

Black
youths
were
about
being
black
&
proud

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Smoking in Las Vegas, Nevada
“City of Sins”
“City that never sleeps”

Gambling & Vices

smoker fits in perfectly

All morality
thrown out of
the window

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Smoking in California
“Sun City”
Beach Culture

Young & Beautiful is the

way to go!!!
smoking not a wise social choice

Smoking is viewed
upon as an epidemic

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Smoking in Singapore
college students + blue collar workers = majority of SG smokers
mostly start at adolescent age / NS period

government increased & still increasing taxes for tobacco

shift towards economy brands
---
contraband cigarettes account for 20% of consumption

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Smoking in Singapore
college students + blue collar workers = majority of SG smokers
mostly start at adolescent age / NS period

government increased & still increasing taxes for tobacco

shift towards economy brands
---
contraband cigarettes account for 20% of consumption

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Smoking in Singapore
college students + blue collar workers = majority of SG smokers
mostly start at adolescent age / NS period

government increased & still increasing taxes for tobacco

shift towards economy brands
---
contraband cigarettes account for 20% of consumption

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 % of Singaporeans who smoke (by gender)
30

20

10

0
Males Females Total

1998 2004

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 % of Singaporean Students & Smoking
30

20

10

0
Ever tried Smoking At least 1/30 days Everyday, past 30days

2000 2006

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 % of Singaporeans who smokes by ethnic group & gender (Males)
50.0

37.5

25.0

12.5

0
Chinese Malay Indian

1998 2004

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 % of Singaporeans who smokes by ethnic group & gender (Females)
10.0

7.5

5.0

2.5

0
Chinese Malay Indian

1998 2004

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Smoking in
the Movies
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 Since era of silent films, smoking has
been a major part in film symbolism

Sensuality & Sexuality commonly

represented by women smoking

Many famous characters are visualized

in a thick mist of smoke in movies

Film Culture in the US

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 Pop culture between WW1 & Vietnam
war portrayed smoking positively

Cigarettes are ever present in movies

in that era

Smoking in movies - 40s & 50s

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Mosaic
of
Smoking
Actors
in
Movies
(insert
video)
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Smoking in Cartoons

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 Disney bans smoking in its family films
---
mounting pressure on Hollywood to kick
its smoking habit
---
films that glamorize smoking risk stricter
ratings

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Smoking in Comics

Villains associated with a cloud of smoke

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Comics Code 1989

Defined substance abuse as "the use of illicit drugs and the self-destructive
use of such products as tobacco . . . ."

Further stated that smoking "tobacco will not be depicted in a glamorous

way."…. "in each story, the abuser will be shown to pay the physical,
mental and or social penalty for his or her abuse."

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 The Thing

Characters that Constantine

Nick Fury
habitually smoke

Wolverine

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Women & Smoking

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In the Early 20th century, smoking began
with those who were paid for staging
their sexuality - Actress, Gypsies,
Whores

violation of traditional roles

Women who smoke in public risk social disapprobation

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During the 1920s, in the US, women in colleges
commonly smoked as a statement of gender equality

Through the 1920s - 1930s, more women entered the

workforce and are more financially independant

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The female smoker market: the slim % of superslim filters, innovative carbon filters,
pastel coloured filter tubes & luxury hinge lid packaging...

Female smoking are growing across developing regions & this is a growth area for
tobacco manufacturers

Female smokers as % % Change

Region
of female population (2001 - 2006)
Latin America & Carribean 25.9 18.1

Eastern Europe 24.1 14

Western Europe 24 4.5

World 21.3 16.1

Australia 20.6 -1.5

Africa & Middle East 20.2 20

North America 17.6 -2.8

Asia Pacific 14.2 21.7

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Intercultural Communications
Theories

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women & smoking

women are taking less of a feminine role in

society, making themselves more masculine

Used the act of smoking cigarettes to

break out of the mold of male domination

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women & smoking

attitudes towards women

increasingly important roles taken up by

women

adoption rate is higher amongst women

compared to men

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women & smoking
changing attitudes towards women

women are having a more powerful voice

women sexual rights movement have

gained women more equal rights

diminishing sexual inequality

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Non Verbal Communication

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 smoking in films

image portrayed by hero:

bravery, courage, manliness, mysticism

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 smoking in cartoons
baddies smoke. heroes cannot smoke

smoking in comics
Comic Magazine Association tightened
its censorship of comics

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 disgusting images on cigarette packets
---
explicit messages to instill fear in smokers

Verbal & Non Verbal

Communication 60
 Contrasting Values
California vs Vegas
different lifestyles & perception
towards life & health

Whites perceive smoking to be cool

Blacks do not think its the black style

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stereotype of gentry ( upper social class in 18th Century Europe)

customary to smoke during tea break or after dinner

(cigar/smoking room)

rude not to smoke

Stereotyping & Etiquette

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medical students smoke more than normal college students

going against the stereotype

Camel used doctors in their ads to promote

their cigarettes in the 1940s & 1950s

Occupational Stereotyping
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 Kinesics

facial expression & eyes - used in movies to portray charactersʼ expressions

& moods more effectively
---
for example
the flintstones winston advertisement (family based cartoon)
---
posture - relaxed & classy

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difficult to factor smoking in general on either ends of
continuum as it depends largely on context

Individualism vs Collectivism
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Adolescents pick up smoking due to
- social norms & peer pressure (collectivistic)
- rebellion against parents (individualistic)

A person deciding to quit smoking due to

- health reasons (individualistic)
- concerns about family passive smoking (collectivistic

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Any Burning Questions ? 67
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