PERGAMON

Computers and Structures 68 (1998) 4155

Three-dimensional nite element analysis of shear wall buildings

N.K. Oztorun a, E. Citipitioglu b, N. Akkas c, *
Department of Civil Engineering, Gazi University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey c Department of Engineering Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
b a

Received 17 October 1995; received in revised form 1 October 1997

Abstract A three-dimensional nite element computer analysis of multistorey building structures, made of pierced shear walls of open and/or closed cross-sections and at plates, is presented. The computer program developed for this purpose provides a special and powerful mesh generation subroutine. A graphic program is also developed to prepare the data interactively by utilizing a screen graphic option. The structure model can be created or modied very easily with the use of the present mesh generation program. The beams or columns can be added or cancelled with no diculty at all. The plate nite element developed can represent the membrane as well as the bending behaviour of the shear wall and the oor components. The program developed is used to obtain solutions to some realistic structures to determine the bounds of the simplifying assumptions commonly made for the analysis of multistorey building structures. The program is also capable of performing analysis by using conventional simplied models of multistorey structures and of verifying the bounds set for the assumptions. # 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd and Civil-Comp Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Specication of data is the rst contact a user has with a program. It is likely that some users will have no knowledge of the intricacies of nite element formulation, so data specication should be in a format natural to the particular problem in hand. Thus appreciable savings in both computation time and manhours expended accrue if the input data can be scrutinized and any errors detected in some automatic manner before computation begins. For this purpose, error diagnostic subroutines are generally included in most of the nite element programs [14]. For regular meshes, automatic mesh generating routines save time and help to reduce errors. For any general purpose nite element analysis the input data required can be subdivided into three main

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.

classications [17]. Firstly, the data required to dene the geometry of the structure and the support conditions must be furnished. The geometry of each individual element must be specied by listing in a systematic way the numbers of the nodal points which dene its outline. Each element is identied by its element number. With the geometry of the structure dened it is now necessary to specify the boundary conditions. Secondly, information regarding the material properties of the constituent materials must be prescribed. The nal category concerns the loading to which the structure is subjected [810]. Obviously, a consistent set of units must be employed for all input data. Provided that all length and force terms are input in the same respective units, then the resulting displacements and stresses will be similarly dimensioned. Since by far the greatest task in any nite element analysis is generally the preparation of the input data and, in particular, denition of the nodal coordinates

0045-7949/98/$19.00 # 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd and Civil-Comp Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 0 4 5 - 7 9 4 9 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 0 2 0 - 0

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and element topology, any savings in eort that can be made in this area will be important. For this purpose mesh generation programs can be developed. These are generally of two types: 1. Where an electronic digitizer is employed to dene and produce the geometric data. 2. A semi-automatic approach where the structure is divided into a few large zones and the neness of element subdivision within each is specied. The initial data is input in the normal way and the subdivision proceeds automatically. After the geometrical input data has been prepared, it is worthwhile to plot this automatically before attempting a nite element solution. Indeed, a graphical plot of the mesh oers a far better check on the geometric data than the use of error diagnostic subroutines. Since even if no data errors are detected by the diagnostic subroutines and a nite element solution is performed, it is still possible that the coordinate location of some nodal points may be incorrect and that the aspect ratio or distortion of some elements may be unacceptable for an accurate solution. If a sophisticated application is envisaged, a preliminary plot of the mesh can often result in large savings with respect to abortive runs. Graphics programs can also be utilized in the processing of the nal results [3, 4]. Plotting packages have been developed for plotting the deformed shape of the structure, producing stress contours or principal stress vectors, etc. Such plots indicate to the engineer the areas where a closer examination of the stresses is necessary; the computer printout being employed at this stage. Interactive graphics systems are already having an impact in this area also, with programs being developed to allow the engineer to isolate and display critical regions of a structure and to vary the output quantity being plotted. Ultimately it may be possible to dovetail the entire operation, with the data being generated and the results obtained and displayed in one operation, leading eventually to an interactive analysis/design process.

2. Previous studies Although some approximate methods have been used to establish solutions for laterally loaded frames, the results obtained are not within acceptable limits. These methods frequently provide unsafe solutions and should not be used. The Muto method [11] is one of the techniques used for lateral load analysis. Everard [12] claims that the portal method solution was shown to be totally incorrect when compared with the solutions of computer programs, SAPIV and TAFAP. Rosman [13] presented an approximate

method for the analysis of shear walls with a concentrated load applied at the top of the shear wall and a uniform load acting along the height of the structure. Parme [14] mentions that, although computer programs would enable an engineer to determine readily the interaction between frames and shear walls, there still remains a need for a rapid manual method of determining the proportion of load carried by each element. MacLeod [15] investigated dierent aspects of shear wallframe interaction. He also proposed a method very similar to that given by Rosman [13]. He indicated that the nite element analysis of shear walls would give the most correct solution. Kristek [16] studied a folded plate approach and presented a method in 1979. Smith and Girgis [17, 18] presented an analysis of non-planar shear wall assemblies by means of an analogous frame. They also presented another frame model for the analysis of shear wall systems. They developed two types of frame models instead of using wide column analogy for the analysis of shear walls. Lew and Narov [19] provided an approach to analyze a shear wall as a three-dimensional equivalent frame. Chakrabarti et al. [20] investigated the structural behaviour of prefabricated shear walls. The results are compared with the results of general purpose computer programs. Current practice is to utilize the computer programs [2123] which consider oors to be innitely sti in their own plane. For structures having long and narrow rectangular shapes and L or T shapes in plan, the validity of this assumption should be checked after the analysis by comparing the story sway with the maximum relative in-plane deection of the oor diaphragm under wind and earthquake loads. Hejal and Chopra [24] presented the earthquake response of torsionally coupled buildings for a wide range of the system parameters. They identied the eects of lateral torsional coupling on building motions, arising from lack of symmetry in building plan by comparing the responses with those of corresponding torsionally uncoupled systems [25]. Dario and Ochoa [26] studied the seismic behaviour of reinforced-concrete, slender coupled wall systems and the constitutive elements (i.e. coupling beams and structural walls). Behr and Henry [27] studied the assumptions of the approximate methods. Tso [28] claried the denitions of eccentricity used in two of the approaches to calculate story torsional moments in the design of torsionally unbalanced multistorey structures. Many special purpose computer programs have been developed for the analysis of building structures [21 23]. However, most of the programs do not give special recognition to the fact that building structures are of a very special class of structures from the analytical point of view. Moreover, current design codes do not specify failure criteria explicitly either and they

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are based on stress resultants (internal forces) acting on the member cross-sections. Consequently, there is not much use to compute accurate stress distributions from the design point of view to make the code check. All of the special purpose programs are based on some assumptions in the formulation. In some computer programs such as Super ETABS [23], which analyze the structure in three dimensions, the slab connecting the structural elements, walls or columns is taken to be a single element in its own plane. The realistic threedimensional behaviour of shear walls can not be taken into account properly. The ACI Committee Report [29] contains a review and an evaluation of various structural systems employed in current building practice, with particular reference to their function in resisting lateral loads. During the past 30 years, the nite element method has become the standard procedure for the analysis of all types of complex civil engineering structures. General purpose nite element programs can be used for two- or three-dimensional analysis of complex multistorey shear wall building structures [1 4], but three-dimensional nite element analysis of the shear wall buildings by using general purpose nite element programs is neither practical nor economical. Excessive modelling eort, time of input preparation and computing cost are not justied. 3. The program, mesh generation and data structure A three-dimensional nite element computer analysis of multistorey building structures made of pierced shear walls of open and/or closed cross-sections and at plates is presented. A computer program, named TUNAL, based on the nite element technique is developed. The program automatically evaluates the statically equivalent earthquake loads and, when necessary, modies these loads together with the boundary conditions and sectional properties of the structural components located on the axis of symmetry by considering the symmetric and/or anti-symmetric conditions. The equivalent horizontal earthquake loads, calculated in accordance with the Turkish Earthquake Code [30], corresponding to each storey are calculated and distributed to the nodal points of the oor elements. Storey oor loads are also automatically distributed to the nodal points of the oor slabs in proportion to the oor area surrounding the nodal point. A special rectangular plate nite element with 6 nodal DOF is used in the program. Most of the available general purpose nite element programs consider 5 DOF at the nodal points [1, 2]. The present element is formulated by combining bending and plane stress cases. The element is fully compatible with space nite elements and can be used to analyze both shear walls and oor slabs. The displacement functions of

the plate element are developed using Hermitian interpolation functions. Corners of the element are considered to be rigid. Accordingly, rotations of the edges connected to the same nodal point are assumed to be equal and inplane shear strains, hence the shear stresses at the corners of the element are equal to zero. The eect of the rigid corner assumption is to make the element relatively sti for representation of the plate shear deformations; however, due to cubic displacement functions used in the derivation, the element is extremely good for representing inplane deformations also. The formulation and the stiness terms of the nite plate element used in TUNAL are given in detail in Refs [31, 32]. Numerical solutions were obtained for some simple plane stress and plate bending problems with known analytical solutions to determine the capabilities of the plate nite element developed. The element is capable of achieving extremely accurate results with a relatively small number of elements. An example building is shown in Fig. 1 with dierent nite element models and with a typical deformed shape. This example is used to investigate the eect of the aspect ratio of the element on the results. Number of elements representing the oors between the axes of shear walls varies between 8 and 36 and the aspect ratio of the elements varies betveen 1/6 and 6/1 in the example problem considered. The dierences between the results on displacements and stresses of the structures, having the same geometry and the same boundary conditions but modelled by a dierent number of elements, is less than 4% for all the cases considered. Three-dimensional computer analysis of building structures using general purpose nite element programs is, in general, neither practical nor economical. Excessive modelling eort, time for input preparation and computation cost are not justied. Furthermore, capacities of commonly available computer programs are limited. For example, SAP90 can, in theory, handle upto 16,000 equations [2]; but in practice, a three-dimensional structure with no more than 6000 equations only can be analyzed with this worldwide used program depending on the number of elements, nodal points, loading conditions, band width etc. On the other hand, TUNAL's capacity is limited simply by the capacity of the computer available. All variables are in double precision and, theoretically, a structure with 750,000 equations can be analyzed. The program has been used for the analysis of structures with unknowns more than 125,000 and the half-band width larger than 2500. In addition, component based input and output options provide a powerful control on the analysis and save time. The stiness matrices of the nite elements in local and global coordinate systems are obtained analytically and the stiness terms are dened in various subprograms for the elements in the following directions:

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Fig. 1. An example building with dierent nite element models and typical deformed shapes to investigate the eect of aspect ratio.

1. 2. 3. 4.

perpendicular to global x-direction; perpendicular to global y-direction; perpendicular to global z-direction; for general orientation of the plate elements.

Matrix multiplication, numerical integration and stiness transformation are not required. Run time of the

computer program and the round of errors are, thus, minimized. Five pre- and post-processing computer programs have been written. The system macro ow diagram is presented in Fig. 2. Functions of some of these preand post-processing programs are summarized here for clarity. Thousands of nodes and elements are required

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Fig. 2. Macro ow diagram of TUNAL and pre- and post-processors.

to prepare an appropriate model for the nite element analysis. The maximum number of nodes considered in TUNAL during the present study was 5365. A special mesh generation program, MESHGEN, has been developed. This program reads the values of variables from a data le named AXES.DAT and produces les to be used by the nite element program TUNAL, DXF (a program preparing three-dimensional les for the drawing program ACAD) and PLOT (a graphic program developed to prepare the data interactively by utilizing a powerful screen graphic option). The input data of a storey of the building structure with repetitive storey planes having a very large number of DOF requires no more than a couple of lines of input. The model can be created or modied easily. The beams or columns can be added or cancelled easily by typing a couple of characters. The user will not have to deal with the nodal points and the elements. It is sucient to specify the structural components required such as moment distribution on any shear wall, or a slab or a column. The following output les are automatically produced by MESHGEN. . BB.DAT includes general information such as number of joints, number of elements, number of joints subjected to concentrated loads, etc. . PLATE.DAT includes connectivity array of plate elements together with the material property number and axis number which is perpendicular to element face for each element and material properties of each dierent material. . FRAME.DAT includes connectivity array of frame elements together with the sectional property number and direction of the element and material and

. .

sectional properties of each dierent type of section. TRUSS.DAT includes connectivity array of truss elements together with the sectional property number and material and sectional properties of each dierent type of section. SPRING.DAT includes the boundary spring rigidities and the joint numbers of the springs where the springs are attached to consider the elastic behaviour of the soil optionally. POINT.DAT includes numbers and coordinates of the nodal points. LOADS.DAT includes joint numbers and the components of the loads which are applied to the dened joint, support conditions and external displacement components (optional).

4. Results Results of a shear wall building structure are presented. The main objective is to investigate the eect of foundation exibility and oor stiness on the design parameters. Finite element models of the structure are generated and analyzed using TUNAL program. A three-dimensional shear wall building structure which is planned to be constructed in Turkey is analyzed. Dierent types of oor plans of the structure are shown in Figs. 35. Only half of the structure is modelled by utilizing the symmetric behaviour of the structure about the axis of symmetry. The eect of the oor torsion is not considered in this example, although it can be taken into account if necessary. Lateral earthquake loads are applied to half of the

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Fig. 3. First type of plan view of the example problem.

structure in the y-direction. Boundary conditions considering the symmetric behaviour about the y-axis are automatically generated by the computer program. Vertical loads are considered to be 12.0 kN/m2 for the evaluation of the equivalent static earthquake loads. Three dierent types of oor plans are modelled. The rst type of plan geometry is used for the rst 16 oors including the foundation mat. The rst type of oor section of the structure is composed of 16 shear walls in the x-direction and 11 shear walls in the ydirection as shown in Fig. 3. Then four of the upper oors are represented by the second type of plan geometry as shown in Fig. 4. The remaining two oors at the top are represented by the third type of oor geometry as shown in Fig. 5. The change in plan along the elevation can be taken into account very easily. Fig. 6 shows the nite element modelling of the rst oor. Fig. 7 shows the nite element model of the

shear wall PY7 of the second type of plan (i.e. the rst shear wall in the y-direction of storeys 17 and 20). Note that the nodal point and element numbering of the system is automatically produced by the computer program. Both the input and the output can be obtained on a component basis. This plot option is provided for theoretical studies and generally is not required in practice. Deformed shape is plotted in Fig. 8, which also shows the change in the plan along the elevation. Thickness of each shear wall is equal to 20 cm. A twenty-two storey structure is modelled by 14 cm thick oor slab plates. The height of the rst storey is equal to 4.11 m and the heights of the remaining storeys are equal to 2.79 m. Equivalent lateral earthquake loads are calculated properly in accordance with the Turkish Earthquake Code. Lateral loads are automatically generated by the program and applied in y direction to the nodal points of the slab elements.

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Fig. 4. Second type of plan view of the example problem.

Two nite element models are prepared to see the eect of the boundary conditions. (a) The foundation of the structure is modelled with nite elements representing mat foundation and linear boundary springs are provided at the nodes of the nite elements which represent the mat foundation to consider the elastic behaviour of the soil. In-plane motion of the structure at the foundation level is prevented. Eect of the soil rigidity is investigated using this model. Modulus of subgrade reaction of the soil is considered as 24.0 MN/m3. This value approximately corresponds to the modulus of subgrade reaction of Ankara clay. A few analyses have been performed to investigate the eect of the soil properties, but only one of the numerical results of the analysis is presented in this study.

(b) Nodal springs and the nite elements representing the mat foundation are not provided in the second nite element model. The boundary conditions at the bottom of the shear walls are modelled to be completely constrained in each degree of freedom. Both models are executed rst for a structure having rigid slab plates in the plane of the plate, and then the same model is executed with slab plates having normal stiness of 14 cm thickness. In total four analyses have been performed for the structure. The models analyzed can be summarized as follows: (i) elastic foundation, exible slab in the plane; (ii) elastic foundation, rigid slab in the plane; (iii) rigid foundation, exible slab in the plane; (iv) rigid foundation, rigid slab in the plane.

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Fig. 5. Third type of plan view of the example problem.

All six degrees of freedom for the rigid oor assumption are taken into consideration. This way, the results can be evaluated at the corresponding degrees of freedom. The rigidity of the elements representing the storey oors is increased by dening two thicknesses for each element. First thickness value is used for the terms corresponding to plane stress and the second one is for the plate bending part of the equations. The following are investigated. 4.1. A. Innitely rigid or exible oor assumption In earlier works, multistorey building structures were represented by models assuming innitely rigid or exible oors. In the case of modern high-rise buildings, oors are, in general, neither innitely exible nor rigid. In this study innitely rigid and exible oor assumptions are investigated and the results are com-

pared with those of a slab with appropriate rigidity. Practical bounds are established for the assumed conditions. 4.2. B. Shear stresses around shear walls Localized stresses in the oor diaphragms around the shear walls having open and/or closed cross-sections may become very critical in the design of oor slabs around the shear walls. A technique which enables the computation of localized stresses in the analysis is developed in the study. 4.3. C. Pierced shear walls of open and/or closed crosssection There are many approximations developed for the analysis of building structures containing pierced shear

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Fig. 6. Finite element model of the rst storey oor.

walls. The validity of these assumptions and their bounds have not yet been thoroughly investigated. The eect of the openings on the stiness and on the localized stresses in shear walls is investigated as a part of this study. Bending moment, shear force and axial load diagrams at a vertical axis passing through the midpoint of the width of each shear wall are obtained. It is observed that the rigid oor assumption of such a building with complicated geometry and shear wall location may have a signicant eect on the shear distribution along the height of the shear walls. Consequently, the in-plane rigid oor assumption may change the shear force distribution along the height signicantly, especially at the lower levels of shear

walls. It is seen that the sign of the shear distribution along a shear wall may change depending on the rigidity and location of shear wall. Behaviour of the shear walls is dierent. Some of the walls have a tendency to exhibit a cantilever behaviour and some of them show shear wall behaviour, but behaviour and displacements of the shear walls are forced to be compatible at the levels of storey oors by the slab plates. Therefore, a signicant change on the shear distribution on the walls may occur [31, 32]. A sudden jump in the shear distribution generally occurs between the bottom of the wall and the rst oor elevation. This eect may continue along a couple of storey elevations on some shear walls. This change causes tensile and compressive stresses in the oor slabs. Additional axial tensile

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Fig. 7. Finite element model of the shear wall PY7 of the second type of oor.

the sign of the jump in the forces occurring in a shear wall dier depending on the assumptions on the inplane rigidity of the slab and/or on the rigidity of the soil. For the analysis under consideration, 322 frame elements are used. The total number of elements is 4735, the number of nodal points is 3740, the area in the plan is 343.664 m2, the number of equations is 22440, and the half band width is 1080. The boundary spring rigidities at the nodal points of the foundation are dened to represent the soil rigidity. The program can automatically evaluate the statically equivalent earthquake loads and modify these loads together with the boundary conditions and sectional properties of the structural components located on the axis of symmetry by considering the symmetric and/or anti-symmetric conditions. The vertical load applied on the storey oors is equal to 12.0 kN/m2 and the lateral earthquake load coecient is dened as 0.13. Equivalent horizontal earthquake loads for each storey are calculated in accordance with the Turkish Earthquake Code [30]. Modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio are equal to 210 GPa and 0.17, respectively. All of the link beams have 20 cm width and 69 cm depth. The horizontal loads correponding to each storey are calculated by the program and the storey loads are distributed to the nodal points of the oor elements considering the symmetric loading conditions. Storey oor loads are automatically distributed to the nodal points of the oor slabs in proportion to the oor area surrounding the nodal point. Horizontal earthquake loads are applied in the y-direction for the example considered. The deformed shapes of the building considered under horizontal earthquake loads are presented in Fig. 8. The vertical loads are not considered in this analysis. Maximum and minimum deections and rotations are given in the following Table 1. 5. Conclusions A three-dimensional nite element technique is developed for the elastic analysis of shear wall building structures which are constructed using tunnel forms. Shear walls and at plates constitute the vertical and horizontal load bearing elements in these structures. In general, structural members are exactly the same in all of the oors, except that the rst oor above the foundation may be of dierent height. Mat (raft) foundation is used due to the fact that space between the shear walls is rather small for the strip foundation. A special purpose nite element computer program named TUNAL is developed for the analysis. Rectangular plate nite elements having 6 DOF per node are incorporated. This element is formulated by combining bending and plane stress cases. The

stresses require additional reinforcement and must be considered in the design. These stresses may exceed the allowable tensile load carrying capacity of the oor slabs and cause cracking of the slab plate. In this case, the punching shear reinforcement must be provided during the design. Additionally it is seen that the internal stresses may change along the shear walls suddenly at the oor levels where the properties of the oor plan are changed. Horizontal shear distribution along the shear wall PY2 in the y-direction is shown in Fig. 9. This wall possesses uniform cross sectional properties along the height of the building. The shear wall PY6 of the rst type of oor continues as PY5 at storeys 1720 and as PY6 at storeys 21 and 22. A very signicant jump in shear forces and in in-plane forces is seen at the elevations corresponding to the change in the plan geometry. The magnitude, the location and

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Fig. 8. Deformed shape of the example problem with elastic foundation.

resulting model is fully compatible with space nite elements and can be used to analyze shear wall and oor slabs. Rectangular nite elements are based on cubic Hermitian displacement functions. Elements based on these functions represent inplane deformations very satisfactorily. Pre- and post-processing programs which are part of TUNAL allow the utilization of minimum amount of input data by eliminating element and node numbering and numerical and graphical display of output on the screen as well as in the forms of lists or plots. Since the program developed gives the stress distributions along the structural components in local and/or global coordinates, re-

inforcements can be calculated easily. Convergence studies are performed on four structures using several models to check the performance of the rectangular nite elements. Acceptable results are obtained with coarse meshes and good convergence observed on the models tested. Utilization of general purpose nite element programs such as SAP90 seems to be impractical for the analysis of such structures due to the large amount of input required and the limitation of the total DOF. Pseudo-3D analysis programs such as ETABS or general purpose programs can be utilized with reasonable input and computer time by assuming innitely rigid

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Fig. 9. Shear distribution along the shear wall PY2.

oor slabs in their plane. The rigid oor assumption does not allow the computation of in-plane forces. Consequently, eect of in-plane forces must be neglected in design. One of the main objectives of this study is to investigate the magnitude of in-plane forces in the oor slabs. The rigid oor slab is represented by taking increased thickness for plane stress part of the
Table 1 Deections and rotations for the building considered Deections (m) Max. Min. Rotations (rad) Max. Min. Dx 0.000342 0.000788 yx 0.0032463 0.0017740 Dy

rectangular plate element incorporated in TUNAL. Thus, in order to simulate rigid oor assumption, regular and increased in-plane stinesses are considered for oor slab nite elements. The eect of foundation exibility is also investigated. Flexibility of the foundation must be considered in the design of shear wall structures. The nite el-

Dz 0.01256 0.01293 yz 0.0002036 0.0002503

0.07976 0.00000 yy 0.0018475 0.0036477

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ement model of the mat (raft) foundation together with linear vertical springs at the nodes representing soil exibility can be generated in the framework of TUNAL. The eect of the change of oor plan in upper stories is also investigated. The following are the conclusions: 1. It is customary to assume that oor slabs are innitely rigid in their plane. The present study revealed that regular and sti oor slab assump-

tions resulted in some changes in the distribution of story shears among the shear walls. However, the most important conclusion is the realization of signicantly high in-plane forces acting on the oor slabs at lower and upper stories. These forces are very critical in the design because they produced tensile stresses around 3.5 MPa or more, as seen in Fig. 10. It is not possible to determine these inplane forces in the oor slabs with rigid oor

Fig. 10. Inplane stress distribution along the oor slabs in the y direction. (A) For storey 22, axes K12B12. (B) For storey 1, axes M15A15.

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2.

3.

4.

5.

assumption. The in-plane forces are not currently considered in the design of oor slabs. Shear wall building structures constructed by tunnel forms normally contain total shear wall area between 4 and 8% of the oor area in each principal direction. Floor slabs seem to be more critical than the shear walls due to large shear wall area. Failure of the oor slabs rather than shear walls is expected under extreme earthquake conditions. As pointed out by earlier research work, foundation exibility is important in the behaviour of shear wall structures. In this study it is observed that the exibility of the foundation has signicant eect on the distribution of story shears among shear walls and the in-plane forces in the oor slabs. Separation of box, U and other types of shear walls in x- and y-directions into dierent walls in the pseudo-three-dimensional programs produces signicant errors because longitudinal shear force along the shear wall junctions as well warpings in torsion are not taken into consideration. An improved simplied method for the analysis seems to be inappropriate. Three dimensional nite element analysis as presented in this study is the proper method of solution. The increasing capacity and speed of computers together with appropriate software shall make the nite element approach a very convenient design tool.

Acknowledgements This research is supported by The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey through project no. INTAG 515.

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