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32
) and
gasoline (
8
18
). Like methane and hydrogen is a lighter than air type of gas and
can be blended to reduce vehicle emission by an extra 50%. atural gas
composition varies considerably over time and from location to location. Methane
content is typically 70-90% with the reminder primarily ethane, propane and carbon
dioxide.
At atmospheric pressure and temperature, natural gas exists as a gas and has low
density. Since the volumetric energy density (joules/m
3
) is so low, natural gas is
often stored in a compressed state () at high pressure stored in pressure
vessels. To store in liquefied state (L), cryogenic tank is used and temperature at
-162 must be maintain to avoid natural gas from evaporated. t became the
drawbacks for cryogenic tank because the boil off of L can cause excessive
pressure built up in cryogenic tanks and boil off natural gas will be vent to the
atmosphere to maintain the pressure inside the tank.
Typical Composition of Natural Gas
ryogenic tanks also required large space compare to pressure vessels. t shows
that, L more suitable for heavy duty vehicles such as trucks and buses and not
suitable for cars. n Malaysia, were widely used as fuel driving system in public
transportation especially for buses and taxis. To store , pressure vessels must
be used to hold and store high pressure of compressed natural gas () at
pressure of 200 bar (2.06 x 10
7
Pa).
contents hemical formula % content
Methane
70-90%
Ethane
2
6
0-20%
Propane
3
8
0-20%
Butane
10
0-20%
arbon Dioxide O
2
0-8%
Oxygen O
2
0-0.2%
itrogen
2
0-5%
ydrogen Sulphide
2
S 0-5%
Rare as A,e,e,Xe Trace
Currently the leading nations adopting CNG around
the world is as follows;
orId Standing Country VehicIes FueIIing Stations
1 Argenti na 1.5 mi ll ion 1,00
2 Brazil 1.1 Mi ll ion 1,200
3 Pakistan 1.0 Mi ll ion 1,000
tal y 0. Mi ll ion 500
5 ndi a 0.25 Mi lli on 200
6 USA 130,000 1,300
7 ran 115,000 10
8 hi na 97,000 360
9 Ukrai ne 67,000 150
10 Egypt 63,000 100
U8E8
. EnvironmentaI Effect
atural as i s the cl eanest readil y avail able transport f uel.
atural gas vehi cles do not cause respiratory ill ness and produce
f ar less greenhouse gases.
Electri c Vehi cles are not so green.
Ethanol production is not energy effi cient and utilises l and that
could produce food.
atural gas will not destroy surroundi ng ecosystems should an
accident occur.
Volatil e Organic ompounds (VO s) in Petrol eum product s pose
a risk to publ ic health and the Ozone.
2. Safety
atural gas as a f uel f or vehicl es i s f ar less hazardous than
conventional petroleum products such as petrol and LP.
oncentrated natural gas is not f lammable.
atural gas dissipates rather than pooling around a leak.
ompressed natural gas storage cylinders have a very high f actor
of safety.
ompressed atural gas equipment and facili ties must meet the
highest safety standards.
. Economics
Because of its abundance and reduced processing requirements, the price
of natural gas i s very low ompared to petrol, a vehicle running on
using a domesti c compressor would be paying about 26% f or the
equi valent of 1 l iter of petrol or about 19% f or the equivalent of 1 liter of
LP which has much less energy per liter than petrol. LP pri ces generally
f luctuate in response to world crude oi l prices. By rel yi ng on our national
natural gas resources consumers can expect consi stent, low f uel
prices which are not subj ect to international f luctuati ons.
. InevitabIe
The Worldwide rise of natural gas as a vehicle f uel is not onl y inevitable, i t
is already underway. atural gas offers a range of advantages to Australia
over traditional petroleum f uels and alternati ve fuels.
atural gas is cheap, abundant, high octane, easily combusti ble, and
widely availabl e throughout Australia through an extensive pipeline
distribution i nf rastructure.
t i s renewable in the form of bi ogas production. The harnessing of
biogas production resulting f rom human dumping and waste wil l help
reduce the emi ssion of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere f rom
such sources.
As a f uel, natural gas offers signif i cant environmental and publ ic
heal th advantages through reduced vehi cular greenhouse gases
emi ssi ons including particul ate emi ssions.
Use of natural gas as a vehi cl e f uel off ers Paki stan independence
f rom oi l producing countries and oil market f luctuations resulting
f rom international political and market influences.
atural gas off ers a cheaper alternative to any other avail able
vehicle f uel . Most signi f icantly Paki stan natural gas reserves are not
subject to the inf luences that result in f luctuating oil pri ces.
atural gas i s produced by decomposing organic materials and is a
by-product of human waste treat ment and dumping. This ef fectivel y
makes natural gas a renewable f uel and natural gas vehicl es
greenhouse neutral .
Vehicle and Engine manuf acturers are increasing production and
marketing of natural gas vehicles. These incl ude onda, Toyota,
suzu, Vol vo, Ford, VW, Mitsubi shi, Fi at, ummins and Mercedes
Benz.
RABACK8
ompressed natural gas vehicles require a greater amount of space for fuel storage
than conventional gasoline powered vehicles. Since it is a compressed gas, rather
than a liquid like gasoline, takes up more space for each gasoline gallon
equivalent (E). Therefore, the tanks used to store the usually take up
additional space in the trunk of a car or bed of a pickup truck which runs on .
This problem is solved in factory-built vehicles that install the tanks under the
body of the vehicle, leaving the trunk free (e.g. Fiat Multipla, ew Panda,
Volkswagen Ecofuel, Volkswagen addy Eclogue, and hevy Taxi - which sold in
countries such as Peru). Another option is installation on roof (typical on buses),
requiring, however, solution of structural strength issues. -powered vehicles are
considered to be safer than gasoline-powered vehicles.
REFERENCE8
1. www.cleanenergyfuels.com/pdf/Fuel_Matrix-sp.pdf
2. J. K. Parker, "A Freshman Engineering Design Project. 2002, Alabama, US
3. Q. S. hen, J. Wegrzyn, V. Prasad, "Analysis of Temperature and Pressure
hanges in Liquefied atural as (L) ryogenic tanks, 200, Y, US
. ice Academy, "V Technical Training V haracteristics and Safety
2006, Malaysia
5. ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
"atural as Vehicle Statistics: V ount - Ranked
umerically as at December 2009". nternational Association for atural as
Vehicles. Retrieved 2010-0-27.
6. ) Envocare: Environment, Recycling, Ethical nvestment, Alternative Energy
7. ) "hugging along: After 13 years, apa Valley Wine Train rolls to a profit -
Jim Doyle - ovember 22, 2002". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved
2008-11-09.
8. http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/background.asp
9. courtesy BAF Technologies