Participles as adjectives

Falling rain Salted butter

Present participles (-ing) and past participles (-ed*) can work as adjectives. -ing usually conveys an active meaning or a cause, and -ed generally represents a passive meaning or an effect. the noun modified by -ing does something (a confusing problem = the problem confuses) ; the noun modified by -ed suffers the action (confused workers = the workers are confused) *for regular verbs. Irregular forms include en (broken), t (slept), and d (laid), among others amazed man receiver of feeling or emotion amazing man agent/source of feeling or emotion passive active That man is amazed by/with/at her beauty. frightened boy vs frightening boy That man amazes everybody.

ask students to do the same with these two examples

she was disappointed vs she was disappointing ***ask students if they understood this well ****probe students to talk, if they do not, prompt them -ing can also imply for the purpose of (function) Swimming trunks = trunks for the purpose of swimming Mixing desk ask students to do the same with these two examples

Washing machine -ed can also imply a natural quality/ state (no agent) Spotted chicken = chicken that has spots Rotten eggs Spoilt milk check if students understood everything -ing can also depict an ongoing state or activity Roasting chicken = chicken that is still roasting Exploding fireworks ask students to do the same with these two examples Dripping tap -ed can also depict a completed state (with implicit agent) Roasted chicken = chicken that is completely roasted (it is not roasting anymore) the chicken did not roast itself, and it was not a natural process either (someone roasted it). Broken eggs Spilt milk check if students understood everything ask students to do the same with these two examples ask students to do the same with these two examples

Exercise: Underline the participle each picture describes best , and then create sentences with both participles (when possible) *feelings and emotions charmed/charming man ing

surprised/surprising lady ed

entertained/entertaining dog ing

interested/interesting girl

ing

bored/boring baby ed

frightened/frightening skeleton ing

annoyed/annoying character ed

enlightened/enlightening being ed/ing

exhausted/exhausting child ed

*completed or natural state/quality vs ongoing or function fallen/falling tree en (completed)

roasted/roasting chicken ing (ongoing)

ripened/ripening tomatoes ing (ongoing)

frozen/freezing yogurt en (completed)

spotted/spotting turtle ed (natural quality/state)

slept/sleeping bag ing (function)

striped/striping skunk ed (natural quality/state)

heard/hearing aid ing (function)