ENERGETIC PARAMETERS OF INDUCTION MOTORS AS THE BASIS
OF ENERGY SAVING IN A VARIABLE SPEED
Oleg MURAVLEV, Olga MURAVLEVA, Eugenia VEKHTER
Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, Russia, 634050,
Tel.+7 3822 563453, E-mail: mop@tpu.ru, Muravlevaoo@tpu.ru
Abstract: The purpose of the given paper is to consider
energy saving with the help of an induction motor for a vari-
able speed drive modernization. Realization possibility of
energy saving ways at the expense of induction motor mod-
ernization without transversal section change has been shown.
Carried out economical calculations allow to note that ob-
tained electrical losses cost decreases by 10 %, but the in-
creased motor cost as the result of modernization will cover
the expenses for less than five months.
Keywords: induction motor, variable speed drive, energy
saving.
1. ENERGY SAVING POTENTIALITIES
Particular emphasis has been placed on the problem
of energy saving since the middle of seventies of the last
century in USA and West European countries. It is
connected with oil crisis and sharp fuel cost increase. As
a result, state energy saving programs were being elabo-
rated and realized. Oil crisis and accordingly the prob-
lem of energy saving realization in Russia became espe-
cially actual nowadays when the rest of the world has
practically overcome its after-effects. Unjustified low
prices of energy were observed in our country for years
that resulted in negative tendency of energy wastefull-
ness. One way out of the existing situation is as part of
measures in power resources consumption decrease,
their rational using and also elaboration and output of
energy saving production and that one having improved
energetic parameters.
Measure complex in energy efficiency increase of
fuel and energy using has been carried out since 1995 in
Russia. Providing industrial enterprises and other en-
ergy consumers with up-to-date devices of registration,
control and regulation of energy carriers consumption
are considered to be the main ones. Some hundreds of
State Standards, construction regulations and rules pro-
viding effective energy resources using were reconsid-
ered and introduced. There is a need to develop new
energy saving technologies that help to essentially de-
crease energy consumption for the output end product as
well. The Program “Energy Saving in Russia” elabo-
rated in 1997 by President of Russian Federation deci-
sion results from the fact that 400 million tons r.f.
0-7803-9343-0/05/$20.00 ©2005 IEEE.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Reva Institute of Tehnology and Management. Downloaded on October 6, 2008 at 6:59 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
should be realized out of the country power potential by
2010.
Tomsk region is the one with negative average an-
nual temperature therefore energy and fuel consumption
are much higher here than in many other country re-
gions. Many town and region enterprises are oriented to
elaboration and introduction of energy fuel and resource
saving technologies, equipment and devices production
meant to save energy resources. Even insignificant
equipment modernization and improvement of tradi-
tional technological processes under mass production
condition provide vast energy resource saving. However
wide introducing new machines and technologies has its
greatest impact.
The purpose of the given paper is to consider en-
ergy saving with the help of an induction motor for a
variable speed drive modernization.
2. INDUCTION MOTOR MODERNIZATION OF
A VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE FOR ENERGY
SAVING PURPOSES
Energy saving statistics in the world shows the ten-
dency of acceleration of the consumption rates. Among
energy consumers an electric drive is considered to be
the main one. Quick-growing interest to a drive for
industrial technique, to a variable speed drive elabora-
tion and introduction in the systems of thermal supply,
hot and cold water supply of communal economy derive
from this fact. An automated drive market analysis
points to the fact that a variable speed drive based on
induction motor is in the greatest demand. Transition to
these variable drives application should provide up to 60
% energy economy, essential operation resource in-
crease and unachievable earlier functional potentialities.
A modern industrial drive is a complex system con-
sisting of a set of interconnected elements such as the
actuating power mechanism (motor), power supply
(converter), the drive control system. All these elements
are being improved that allows to manufacture more
progressive drives. One of the most important variable
speed drive components is its actuating power part – an
electric motor, a squirrel-cage induction motor in this
case. Nowadays hundreds of firms perform drive elabo-
1
 ration and introduction, but only limited amount of ences of maximum (ηmax) and rated (ηr) efficiency on
enterprises elaborate and manufacture special variable the length for the chosen motor are shown in Fig. 1.
drives.
At present one of the basic tendencies at variable η , о.е .
0,895
induction motor design is efficiency increase for effec-
0,89
tive energy saving. Therefore it is necessary to create
proper techniques for optimal parameters determination, 0,885
maximum energetic characteristics obtaining (effi-
ciency, power factor) and dynamic parameters calcula- 0,88
tion (the period of starting, windings heating etc) when
carrying out investigations in the field of modernization 0,875
and optimization of induction motors. As a result of 0,87
theoretical and experimental investigations it is signifi-
cant to determine the most suitable absolute and specific 0,865
induction motor energetic characteristics based on the 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 l, %
170
requirements to a.c. variable speed drives.
Markedly less cost of induction motor compared to Fig. 1. Dependences of maximum and rated efficiency at
the converters allows to improve their energetic indices different stator core lengths.
due to the increase of active materials mass. In this case
the problem of operation losses decrease in the very Fig. 1 shows how efficiency value is changing
element of the drive where they originate is being quantitatively at length increase. A modified induction
solved. To provide effective energy saving using a vari- motor has higher rated efficiency ηr than that of the
able speed drive with induction motors the following base motor at stator core length change up to 160%,
ways are possible: however, the highest rated efficiency value occurs at
• induction motor improvement without transversal 110÷125%.
section change; Efficiency change is connected with steel losses de-
• induction motor improvement with the change of crease that in its turn is connected with active materials
stator and rotor geometry; mass, magnetic inductions Ba, Bz1, Bδ and stator core
• selection of induction motors of large power of length l change. Over a range of length change where
general industrial production. efficiency increase occurs magnetic induction Ba, Bz1, Bδ
Induction motor improvement and optimization decrease occurs to a greater extend and faster than ac-
when stator and rotor geometry changing gives greater tive materials mass and length increase. At mass and
effect, designed motor will have the best energetic and length increase to a greater extend compared to mag-
dynamic parameters. However, financial expenses on its netic induction decrease steel losses Рst occur (Fig.2).
modernization and production re-equipment for its out- Total electrical losses compensate each other as rotor
put compose substantial sums. Therefore, at the first electrical losses Рe2 increase occur at length increase
stage consider measures which don’t require substantial and stator electrical losses Рe1 decrease.
financial expenses but allow to provide actual energy
250 , W
Р
saving. One possibility is that induction motor im- st

provement without transversal section changing should 240

be considered [1]. 230

220

3. INVESTIGATION RESULTS 210

200
At initial stage squirrel-cage induction motor mod- 190
ernization had been carried out through its active length
180
changing. As a base motor the induction motor 100 110 120 130 l, %
140
IIER112M2 with power 7.5 kW produced at Tomsk
electromotor plant was taken. Being oriented to the best Fig.2. Dependence of steel losses at different lengths.
energetic and economic indices the calculations of basic
and modified motors have been performed without Only core length change and, consequently, steel
transversal section geometry changing at rated power losses decrease in spite of some efficiency increase is
(P2r) for optimal length finding. not considered to be the most effective way of induction
External stator core diameter, number of turns in motor improvement. The change of the length and mo-
the phase of stator winding, the number of effective tor winding data (number of turns in the phase of stator
conductors in the stator slot, sectional area of stator winding, sectional area of stator winding) seems to be
winding effective conductor, stator and rotor slot di- more rational.
mensions were left unchanged for solving the problem External stator core diameter, stator and rotor slot
of motor length changing. Stator core length values for dimensions were left unchanged for solving the problem
calculation have been taken into account over a range l of motor winding data change.
= 100÷170%. Calculation results in the form of depend-

Authorized licensed use limited to: Reva Institute of Tehnology and Management. Downloaded on October 6, 2008 at 6:59 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 η , о.е.
0,9
0,88
0,88-0,9
0,86
0,86-0,88
0,84
0,84-0,86
0,82
0,82-0,84
0,8 0,8-0,82
0,78 120 0,78-0,8
0,76
96 0,76-0,78
100 105
110 115 W, turns
120 125 72
130
L, mm

Fig. 3. Dependence of efficiency on the length and number of turns change.

As variable values the number of effective conductors Energy losses cost per year is calculated by the fol-
in stator slot (us) and conductor cross section of stator lowing formula [2]:
winding (qef) were taken, in so doing the limited criteria Сe = t⋅Pe⋅Р2r⋅(1+0,04 - ηr)/ηr,
were slot fill factor (kf = 0,7÷0,75) and stator current where Pe is electrical energy price, real prices by the
density (J = (5÷6)⋅106А/m2). Stator core length values end of 2004 (rbs/кWh) are taken, t is operation hours
for calculation has been taken over a range l = amount per year, 0,04 is relative losses in consumer
100÷130%. The range of changing stator winding turns mains.
was taken W = 60÷110%, based motor possessing W =
108 turns and ηr = 0,875.
12000
Сe, rbs
Fig. 3 shows dependence of efficiency change at
the change of winding data and motor active length.
When changing the number of turns of stator winding as 11000
they are reduced there occurs a drastic decrease of effi-
ciency values up to 805 and 0,819 in the motors with the 10000
length 100% and 105% correspondingly. The motors
over a range of the length change l = 110÷130% possess
higher efficiency values than that of the base motor, for 9000
example W = 96 ηr = 0,876 ÷ 0,885 and W = 84 at l =
125÷130% they show ηr = 0,879 ÷ 0,885. At further 8000
reducing the number of turns value ηr decreases sig- 100 110 120 l,130
%
nificantly below than that of the base one. The increase
of turns number above the base one tends to value ηr Fig. 4. Dependence of electrical energy cost at different
decrease. Based on the above mentioned information it stator core lengths.
is appropriate to consider the motor with the length over
a range of 110÷130% at the decrease of winding turns Dependences of electrical energy losses cost Сe are
number by 10% that corresponds to W = 96 turns. Func- obtained on the basis of the calculated data (Fig. 4).
tion extremum (Fig.3) marked with dark colour corre- The period of recoupment necessary for expenses
sponds to the given values of length and turns. Effi- compensation connected with motor length change is
ciency value increases 0,7-1,7% in so doing and makes calculated by the following formula
up 0,876 ÷ 0,885. Тad = ΔPIM /Δ Сe,
The data of Tab. 1 constitute the most complete in- where Δ Сe is electrical losses cost connected with
formation where for each value of stator core length the stator core length and turns number change ΔPIM, rbs,
number of turns values having the best energetic pa- ΔPIM is motor price increase after length increase and
rameters are chosen. Let’s make calculations of energy turns number ΔPIM, rbs.
losses cost for optimal values l and W selection from
function extremum area (Fig.3).

Authorized licensed use limited to: Reva Institute of Tehnology and Management. Downloaded on October 6, 2008 at 6:59 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Tab. 1. Initial data of calculation results.

L,% 100 105 110 115 120 125

W, turns 108 108 108 96 96 96
Us 36 36 36 32 32 32
del, mm 0,636 0,636 0,636 0,709 0,709 0,709
Bδ,Т 0,697 0,665 0,633 0,681 0,653 0,627
J1,
А/mm2 5,8 5,8 5,8 5,54 5,39 5,32
Kf 0,734 0,734 0,734 0,722 0,722 0,722
Р1, кW 8,85 8,9 8,91 9,045 9,059 9,09
Р2, кW 7,7 7,78 7,8 7,97 8,007 8,044
Рst,W 244,2 231,8 221,8 268,9 256,8 246,8
∑Р, кW 1,154 1,121 1,11 1,076 1,052 1,046
0,87 0,874 0,876 0,881 0,884 0,885
cos ϕ 0,859 0,897 0,913 0,872 0,9 0,912
Map, kg 36,57 38 39,64 41 42,58 44
IM cost 2550 2677,5 2805 2932,5 3060 3187,5
Сer. 15184,4 14912,6 14737,085 14516,3 14260 14218
Δ Сer 0 271,796 447,31507 668,072 924,404 966,425
Тadr. 0 0,4691 0,570068 0,57254 0,55171 0,65965

Dependences of electrical energy losses cost Сe are 4. SUMMARY

obtained on the basis of the calculated data (Fig. 4).
The period of recoupment necessary for expenses From the results obtained it may be concluded that
compensation connected with motor length change is Realization possibility of energy saving ways at the
calculated by the following formula expense of induction motor modernization without
Тad = ΔPIM /Δ Сe, transversal section change has been shown.
where Δ Сe is electrical losses cost connected with The analysis of the results shows the possibility of
stator core length and turns number change ΔPIM, rbs, the modified induction motor application at this point.
ΔPIM is motor price increase after length increase and In so doing the values of stator core length and the
number of stator winding turns to which the best ener-
turns number ΔPIM, rbs.
getic parameters correspond as optimization result are
determined.
Тad,
0,3 year Carried out economical calculations allow to note
that obtained electrical losses cost decreases by 10 %,
but the increased motor cost as the result of moderniza-
0,2 tion will cover the expenses for less than five months.
Besides power factor increase and reliability raise due to
total heat load decrease reduces the period of recoup-
0,1 ment.

0 5. REFERENCES
100 110 120 l,130
%
1. Muravlev O.P., Muravleva O.O. Induction vari-
Fig. 5. Dependence of the period of recoupment at different able speed drive as the basis of efficient energy saving //
stator core lengths. In Proceedings The 8-th Russian – Korean International
Symposium Science and Technology KORUS 2004 –
The best Сe and Тad values are obtained at stator
TPU, -Vol.1-pp.264-267, 2004.
core length l = 105%, then they are practically const at l
2. General purpose induction motors / Е.P. Boiko,
= 110÷120%, additional period of recoupment exceeds
Yu.V. Gaintsev, Yu.M. Kovalev at all. Edited by V.M.
less than five months in so doing.
Petrov and A.E. Kravchik. – M: Energy – 488pp., 1980.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Reva Institute of Tehnology and Management. Downloaded on October 6, 2008 at 6:59 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.