6 Channel Auto Reverse Sequential Disco Running Lights

A Project-Report Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engg.

DEC. 2009

Submitted To:Er.Pooja Nagpal AP in ECE Deptt.

Submitted By:Bhushan Mehta (6127) Deepak Gumber (6129) Deepak Sharma (6130) Kushal Monga (6138)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Jan-Nayak Chaudhary Devi lal College of Engg &Technology,Sirsa

J.C.D.M. COLLEGE OF ENGG. SIRSA

To whom so ever it may concern This is to certify that Mr. Bhushan Mehta, Mr. Deepak Gumber, Mr. Deepak Sharma and Mr. Kushal Monga has satisfactorily completed the project work entitled 6 Channel Auto Reverse Sequential Running Disco Lights in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & communication Engineering of Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra during academic year 2009-10. Er. Pooja Nagpal Project Guide Er. Sukhdeep Kaur Head of Department Er. Pooja Nagpal Lab Incharge Mr. Vineet Goel Principal

ABSTRACT

From 230 V AC a DC supply of + 5 V is obtained. The power supply is given to the other blocks. The pulse generator at a particular frequency generates the clock pulses. The clock pulses are counted by a counter and gives output after every 10 pulses. The counter drives the transistors, which form the triac firing circuit. The transistors fire the triacs and they provide sufficient current to the load. Decorative bulbs are connected as load for each triac. The bulbs are sequentially turned ON and OFF in forward and reverse way. The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC 4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a counter and gives the output after every 10 pulses. It drives the transistors, which in turn fire the triacs . The triac provides sufficient current to the load. IC4017 is the heart of the circuit and its main work is to fire the triacs

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are deeply indebted to ER. SUKHDEEP KAUR (H.O.D.)

in E.C.E. Deptt. At

J.C.D.COLLEGE OF ENGG., SIRSA and incharge of Project Lab for her inspiring and encouraging guidance without which this project work could not have been completed inspire of their busy schedule. They always had time to attend the problem faced by us n our project work. We will always remember their analysis comprehensive solution and critical reviews. They have given throughout the project report.

Bhushan Mehta(6127) Deepak Gumber(6129) Deepak Sharma(6130) Kushal Monga(6138)

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO. 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM IC 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM PIN DIAGRAM OF IC4017 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF IC4017 TIMING WAVEFORM IN 555 TIMER PIN DIAGRAM BT136 TRIACS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT BEL187 NPN TRANSISTOR IN4148 ANDIN4007 DIODE TYPES OF DIODE BLOCK DIAGRAM

TITLE

PAGE NO. 3 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 19 20 21 23 24 25

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 LIST OF COMPONENTS PIN DESCRIPTION OF IC555

TITLE 4-5 17 18 18

SPECIFICATIONS OF 555 TIMER APPLICATIONS OF 555 TIMER

CONTENTS

Chapter 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Applications Chapter 2 PRESENT WORK 2.1 Circuit Diagram 2.2 Components 2.3 Working 2.4 How to build 2.5 Testing the Kit Chapter 3 DETAILS OF COMPONENTS 3.1 LM7805 Voltage Regulator 3.1.1 Description 3.1.2 Pin Diagram 3.1.3 Internal Block Diagram 3.1.4 Features 3.2 Decade Counter IC4017 3.2.1 Pin Diagram 3.2.2 Circuit Diagram 3.2.3 Timing waveform 3.2.4 Features 3.2.5 Applications 3.3 IC555 Timer 3.3.1 Description 3.3.2 Pin Diagram 3.3.3 Pin description 3.3.4 Specification 3.3.5 Applications 3.4 BT136 Triacs 3.4.1 Description 3.4.2 Pin Diagram 3.4.3 Applications 3.5 BEL187 NPN Transistor 3.5.1 Description 3.5.2 Pin Diagram 3.5.3 Advantages 3.5.4 Limitations 1-2 2 3 4 5-7 7-8 8 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 14 15 16 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 20 21 22

3.6 IN4148 and In4007 Diodes 3.6.1 General Description 3.6.2 Diagram 3.6.3 Applications 3.7 Block Diagram 3.7.1 Description of Block Diagram Chapter 4 conclusion and Future scope 4.1 Conclusion 4.2 Future Scope BIBLIOGRAPHY

23 24 24 25 26-32 33 33 34

CHAPTER 1 1.1 Introduction

In this Project 6 Channel Auto Reverse Sequentially Disco Running Lights the bulbs get turned off and on sequentially this whole project is divided into 5 different blocks and with the help of each block the output of the project is obtained.These different blocks are Power Supply, Pulse generator, Counter, Triac Firing circuit and load In which the decorative bulbs are connected as a laod. The 3 main ICs are used for making the circuit. IC7805 it is an voltage regulator ic This circuit is a small +5V power supply hence this is used to provide the regulated supply .The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC 4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a counter and gives the output after every 10 pulses. It drives the transistors, which in turn fire the triacs. From 230 V AC a DC supply of + 5 V is obtained. The power supply is given to the other blocks. The pulse generator at a particular frequency generates the clock pulses. The clock pulses are counted by a counter and gives output after every 10 pulses. The counter drives the transistors, which form the triac firing circuit. The transistors fire the triacs and they provide sufficient current to the load. Decorative bulbs are connected as load for each triac. The bulbs are sequentially turned ON and OFF in forward and reverse way. The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC 4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a counter and gives the output after every 10 pulses. It drives the transistors, which in turn fire the triacs . The triac provides sufficient current to the load. IC4017 is the heart of the circuit and its main work is to fire the triacs The CD4017 is a5 stage divide by 10 Johnson counter with 10 decoded outputs and a carry out bit. These counter are cleared to zero by a logical 1 on their reset line. These counter are advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical 0 state. The TRIAC is a three-terminal device similar in construction and operation to the SCR. The triac controls and conducts current flow during both alternations of an ac cycle, instead of only onein the TRIAC the lead on the same side as the gate is "main terminal 1," and the lead opposite the gate is

"main terminal 2." This method of lead labeling is necessary because the TRIAC is essentially two SCRs back to back . And instead of all these main components other components like resistors and capacitors are also having important role in the project. After connecting the whole components according to the circuit diagram the output can be achieved by switch on the supply. From the 230V supply a supply of 9v is taken and that 9v supply is applied to the 7805ic from which 5V regulated supply is obtained, because all the ICs work on low voltage and also the voltage rating of the LEDs is upto 5V. And in this way we get the desired output by using the different components.

1.2 Applications
These are basically used in the Discos, Clubs. In the various parties and different functions.

CHAPTER 2 Present Work

From 230 V AC a DC supply of + 5 V is obtained. The power supply is given to the other blocks. The pulse generator at a particular frequency generates the clock pulses. The clock pulses are counted by a counter and gives output after every 10 pulses. The counter drives the transistors, which form the triac firing circuit. The transistors fire the triacs and they provide sufficient current to the load. Decorative bulbs are connected as load for each triac. The bulbs are sequentially turned ON and OFF in forward and reverse way. The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC 4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a counter and gives the output after every 10 pulses. It drives the transistors, which in turn fire the triacs

2.1 Circuit Diagram

Fig 2.1

2.2 Component List Resistors

R1 47 K R2 100 K Potentiometer R3 56 R4 R9 8.2 K R10 R15 47 All resistors are carbon composition type of watt and tolerance of maximum 5%. Capacitors C1 1000 , 16 V Electrolytic C2 1 , 16 V Electrolytic C3 0.01 Ceramic Diodes, Transistors and Triacs D 1, D 2 IN 4007 D 3 D 10 IN 4148 D 11 D16 LED, Red color, 5mm T1T6 BEL 187, NPN Transistor T 7 T 12 BT 136, 4A/400V ICs IC 1 IC 2 IC3 Miscellaneous Switch (S1) Transformer (T) F 1, F 2 7805, Voltage regulator 555, Timer IC 4017, Decade counter 1 Pole 6 way 230 V / 9 0 9, 500mA Fuse TABLE-2.1

2.3 Working
Dividing the whole ckt in three parts as power supply section, detection section and switching section, we have their detailed working as explained below:

1. Pulse Generator:
A pulse generator can either be an internal circuit or a piece of electronic test equipment used to generate pulses.

Simple pulse generators usually allow control of the pulse repetition rate (frequency), pulse width, delay with respect to an internal or external trigger and the high- and lowvoltage levels of the pulses. More-sophisticated pulse generators may allow control over the rise time and fall time of the pulses. Pulse generators may use digital techniques, analog techniques, or a combination of both techniques to form the output pulses. For example, the pulse repetition rate and duration may be digitally controlled but the pulse amplitude and rise and fall times may be determined by analog circuitry in the output stage of the pulse generator. With correct adjustment, pulse generators can also produce a 50% duty cycle square wave. Pulse generators are generally single-channel providing one frequency, delay, width and output. To produce multiple pulses, these simple pulse generators would have to be ganged in series or in parallel.

2. Counter
In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. In practice, there are two types of counters:

Up counters, which increase (increment) in value Down counters, which decrease (decrement) in value

3. Triac Firing Circuit

From 230 V AC a DC supply of + 5 V is obtained. The power supply is given to the other blocks. The pulse generator at a particular frequency generates the clock pulses. The clock pulses are counted by a counter and gives output after every 10 pulses. The counter drives the transistors, which form the triac firing circuit. The transistors fire the triacs and they provide sufficient current to the load.The triacs are fired with the help of IC4017 this IC is the heart of the circuit The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC 4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a counter and gives the output after every 10 pulses.This ic drives the transistors which in turn fires the triacs The triac provides sufficient current to the load.

4. Power Supply
Simple 5V power supply for digital circuits This circuit is a small +5V power supply, which is useful when experimenting with digital electronics. Small inexpensive wall tranformers with variable output voltage are available from any electronics shop and supermarket. Those transformers are easily available, but usually their voltage regulation is very poor, which makes then not very usable for digital circuit experimenter unless a better regulation can be achieved in some way. The following circuit is the answer to the problem. This circuit can give +5V output at about 150 mA current, but it can be increased to 1 A when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit has over overload and therminal protection.

5. Load
If an electric circuit has a well-defined output terminal, the circuit connected to this terminal (or its input impedance) is the load. (The term 'load' may also refer to the power consumed by a circuit; that topic is not discussed here.)In this case the decorative light bulbs are used as a load

2.4 How to build

First of all read the given manual thoroughly and study the circuit given in figure. Also have a look at PCB and components supplied along with the kit. Each component has to be soldered in its position on PCB. Identification of resistors is done by color coding. The color band on each resistor corresponds to its exact value. There are different methods in which values are defined on capacitors. But usually values are specified numerically on them. Refer basic electronics section of the manual for details of resistors and capacitors identification methods.

 Can you make out the whole working of the circuit and are you able to identify each component separately as to where each of them has to be placed. If yes, only then proceed further to actually mounting and soldering the parts. Not ICs but their sockets are to be soldered on PCB. This is to make mounting and dismounting of ICs easy while troubleshooting. Start from left most corner of PCB and soldered the components one by one on their correct position on PCB. Before soldering any component see that you have placed it as its right position and with correct polarity. Give due attention to diodes and electrolytic capacitors as they are polarity dependent. Do the soldering of other components in same manner while keeping in mind that components will long and sensitive leads like capacitors and transistors are soldered last.

2.5 Testing the kit

1. After done with soldering of components, externally connect transformer as shown in diagram. 2. Connect AC mains power supply to transformer. LEDs will glow instantly on each power on operation. 3. If the LEDs will not glow effectively then change the resistance by using variable resistance. 4. Its not at all necessary to connect devices in same fashion as shown.

3.1 Pin Diagram of LM7805(VOLTAGE REGULATOR)

Fig 3.1

3.1.1 Description
This circuit is a small +5V power supply.The circuit will provide a regulated voltage to the external circuit which may also I am required in any part of the external circuit or the whole external circuit.The best part is that you can also use it to convert AC voltage to DC and then regulate it ,simlpy You need a transformer to make the AC main drop down to a safe value i.e 12-15 volts and then us a rectifier to convert AC into DC. This circuit can give +5V output at about 150 mA current, but it can be increased to 1 A when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit has over overload and

therminal protection. The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely handle the input voltage feed to circuit. The circuit is very easy to build for example into a piece of veroboard. If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by replacing the 7805 chips with another regulator with different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip family 3.1.2 Pinout of the 7805 regulator IC.

3.1.3 Internal Block Diagram:

Fig 3.2

3.1.4 Features
Output Current up to 1A Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V Thermal Overload Protection Short Circuit Protection Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

3.2 IC 4017 Decade Counter

The CD4017 is a5 stage divide by 10 Johnson counter with 10 decoded outputs and a carry out bit. These counter are cleared to zero by a logical 1 on their reset line. These counter are advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical 0 state. The configuration of CD4017 permits medium speed operation and assures hazard free counting sequence. The 10 decoded outputs are normally in the logical 0 state and go to the logical 1 state only at eir respective time slots. Each decoded outputs remains high for 1 full clock cycle. The carry out cycle completes a full cycle for every 10 clock input cycle and is used as a ripple carry signal to any succeeding stage.The 4017 decade counter has ten outputs which go HIGH in sequence when a source of pulses is connected to the CLOCK input and when suitable logic levels are applied to the RESET and ENABLE inputs.

3.2.1 Pin Diagram

Fig 3.3

3.2.2 Circuit Diagram:

Fig 3.4

3.2.3 Description:
The decade counter is also known as a mod-10 counter. A decade counter counts from 0 to 9 and then resets to zero. The counter output can be set to zero by pulsing the reset line low. The count then increments on each clock pulse until it reaches 1001 (decimal 9). When it increments to 1010 (decimal 10) both inputs of the NAND gate go high.

The result is that the NAND output goes low, and resets the counter to zero. D going low can be a CARRY OUT signal, indicating that there has been a count of ten

3.2.4 Timing Waveform:

Fig 3.5

3.2.4 Features
Voltage supply range 3V to 15V High noise immunity 0.45Vdd Low power 10V

Fully static operation

3.2.6 Applications
Instrumentation

Alarm system Remote metering

3.3

IC LM 555 Timer

3.3.1 Description The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits.

Fig 3.6 The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and multivibrator applications. The IC was designed by Hans R. Camenzind in 1970 and brought to market in 1971 by Signetics (later acquired by Philips). The original name was the SE555 (metal can)/NE555 (plastic DIP) and the part was described as "The IC Time Machine"[1]. It has been claimed that the 555 gets its name from the three 5-kohm resistors used in typical early implementations,[2] but Hanz Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary[3]. The part is still in wide use, thanks to its ease of use, low price

and good stability. As of 2003, it is estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every year[3]. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package Ultra-low power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and TLC555.[5] The 7555 requires slightly different wiring using fewer external components and less power. The 555 has three operating modes:

Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot". Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bouncefree switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc

Astable - free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation, etc.

Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bouncefree latched switches, etc.

3.3.2 Pin Diagram of 555 IC

Fig 3.7

3.3.3 Pin Description:

Nr. Name 1 2 3 GND TRIG OUT Ground, low level (0V)

Purpose

A short pulse high-to-low on the trigger starts the timer During a timing interval, the output stays at +VCC

RESET A timing interval can be interrupted by applying a reset pulse to low (0V)

CTRL

Control voltage allows access to the internal voltage divider (2/3 VCC)

THR

The threshold at which the interval ends (it ends if U.thr 2/3 VCC)

DIS

Connected to a capacitor whose discharge time will influence the timing interval

V+, VCC The positive supply voltage which must be between 3 and 15 V

TABLE-3.1

Parameters
Temperature Min. Temperature Max. 0 deg c 70 deg c

3.3.4 Specifications:
These specifications apply to the NE555. Other 555 timers can have better specifications depending on the grade (military, medical, etc).

Supply voltage (VCC)

4.5 to 15 V

Supply current (VCC = +5 V) 3 to 6 mA Supply current (VCC = +15 V) 10 to 15 mA Output current (maximum) Power dissipation Operating temperature 200 mA 600 mW 0 to 70 C

TABLE-3.2 3.3.5 Applications

 Precision timing Pulse generation Sequential timing Time delay generation Pulse width modulation Pulse position modulation Linear ramp generator TABLE-3.3

3.4 BT136 (Triacs) 3.4.1 Description

The TRIAC is a three-terminal device similar in construction and operation to the SCR. The TRIAC controls and conducts current flow during both alternations of an ac cycle, instead of only one. The schematic symbols for the SCR and the TRIAC are compared in figure 3-23. Both the SCR and the TRIAC have a gate lead. However, in the TRIAC the lead on the same side as the gate is "main terminal 1," and the lead opposite the gate is "main terminal 2." This method of lead labeling is necessary because the TRIAC is essentially two SCRs back to back, with a common gate and common terminals. Each terminal is, in effect, the anode of one SCR and the cathode of another, and either terminal can receive an input. In fact, the functions of a TRIAC can be duplicated by connecting two actual SCRs as shown in figure 3-24. The result is a three-terminal device identical to the TRIAC. The common anode-cathode connections form main terminals 1 and 2, and the common gate forms terminal 3. SCRs are unidirectional (one-way) current devices, making them useful for controlling DC only. If two SCRs are joined in back-to-back parallel fashion just like two Shockley diodes were joined together to form a DIAC, we have a new device known as the TRIAC

3.4.2 IC BT136

Fig 3.8

3.4.3 Symbol and Equivalent Circuit:

Fig 3.9

3.5. BEL187 Transistors:

3.5.1 Description of NPN Transistor: A bipolar (junction) transistor (BJT) is a three-terminal electronic device constructed of doped semiconductor material and may be used in amplifying or switching applications. Bipolar transistors are so named because their operation involves both electrons and holes. Charge flow in a BJT is due to bidirectional diffusion of charge

carriers across a junction between two regions of different charge concentrations. This mode of operation is contrasted with unipolar transistors, such as field-effect transistors, in which only one carrier type is involved in charge flow due to drift. By design, most of the BJT collector current is due to the flow of charges injected from a high-concentration emitter into the base where they are minority carriers that diffuse toward the collector, and so BJTs are classified as minority-carrier devices.

Fig 3.10

3.5.2 Advantages
The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors in most applications are

Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic devices. Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost. Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, batterypowered applications. No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application. Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency. Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness. Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices have been in service for more than 30 years. Complementary devices available, facilitating the design of complementarysymmetry circuits, something not possible with vacuum tubes.

Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of microphonics in audio applications.

3.5.3 Limitations

Silicon transistors do not operate at voltages higher than about 1,000 volts (SiC devices can be operated as high as 3,000 volts). In contrast, electron tubes have been developed that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts.

High power, high frequency operation, such as used in over-the-air television broadcasting, is better achieved in electron tubes due to improved electron mobility in a vacuum.

On average, a higher degree of amplification linearity can be achieved in electron tubes as compared to equivalent solid state devices, a characteristic that may be important in high fidelity audio reproduction.

Silicon transistors are much more sensitive than electron tubes to an electromagnetic pulse, such as generated by an atmospheric nuclear explosion

3.6 DIODE:
In electronics a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric current in only one direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor diode, the most common type today, which is a crystal of semiconductor connected to two electrical terminals, a P-N junction. A vacuum tube diode, now little used, is a vacuum tube with two electrodes; a plate and a cathode. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current in one direction (called the forward direction) while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and remove modulation from radio signals in radio receivers. However diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple on-off action, due to their complex non-linear electrical characteristics, which can be tailored by varying the construction of their P-N junction. These are exploited in special purpose diodes that perform many different functions. Diodes are used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes), electronically tune radio and TV receivers (varactor diodes), generate radio frequency oscillations (tunnel diodes), and produce light (light emitting diodes). 3.6.1 IN4148 and IN4007 Diode

Fig 3.11

3.6.2 Types of Diodes:

Fig 3.12

3.6.3 Applications
Radio demodulation Power conversion Over-voltage protection Logic gates Temperature measurements Current steering

3.7

Block Diagram of 6 Channel Auto Reverse Sequential Disco

Running Lights:

Fig 3.13

3.7.1 Description of the Block Diagram: 1. Pulse Generator 2. Counter 3. Triac Firing Circuit 4. Power Supply 5. Load

1. Pulse Generator:
A pulse generator can either be an internal circuit or a piece of electronic test equipment used to generate pulses. Simple pulse generators usually allow control of the pulse repetition rate (frequency), pulse width, delay with respect to an internal or external trigger and the high- and lowvoltage levels of the pulses. More-sophisticated pulse generators may allow control over the rise time and fall time of the pulses. Pulse generators may use digital techniques, analog techniques, or a combination of both techniques to form the output pulses. For example, the pulse repetition rate and duration may be digitally controlled but the pulse amplitude and rise and fall times may be determined by analog circuitry in the output stage of the pulse generator. With correct adjustment, pulse generators can also produce a 50% duty cycle square wave. Pulse generators are generally single-channel providing one frequency, delay, width and output. To produce multiple pulses, these simple pulse generators would have to be ganged in series or in parallel. A new family of pulse generators can produce multiple-channels of independent widths and delays and independent outputs and polarities. Often called digital delay/pulse generators, the newest designs even offer differing repetition rates with each channel. These digital delay generators are useful in synchronizing, delaying, gating and triggering multiple devices usually with respect to one event. One is also able to multiplex the timing of several channels onto one channel in order to trigger or even gate the same device multiple times. A new class of pulse generator offers both multiple input trigger connections and multiple output connections. Multiple input triggers allows experimenters to synchronize both trigger events and data acquisition events using the same timing controller. Pulse generators are available for generating output pulses having widths (durations) ranging from minutes down to under 1 picosecond. In general, generators for pulses with widths over a few microseconds employ digital counters for timing these pulses, while

widths between approximately 1 nanosecond and several microseconds are typically generated by analog techniques such as RC (resistor-capacitor) networks or switched delay lines. Pulse generators capable of generating pulses with widths under approximately 100 picoseconds are often termed "microwave pulsers", and typically generate these ultra-short pulses using Step recovery diode (SRD) or Nonlinear Transmission Line (NLTL) methods (see, for example, [1]). Step Recovery Diode pulse generators are inexpensive but typically require several volts of input drive level and have a moderately high level of random jitter (usually undesirable variation in the time at which successive pulses occur). NLTL-based pulse generators generally have lower jitter, but are more complex to manufacture, and are not suited for integration in low-cost monolithic ICs. A new class of microwave pulse generation architecture, the RACE (Rapid Automatic Cascode Exchange) pulse generation circuit [2],[3], is implemented using low-cost monolithic IC technology and can produce pulses as short as 1 picosecond, and with a repetition rates exceeding 30 billion pulses per second. These pulsers are typically used in military communications applications, and low-power microwave transceiver ICs. Such pulsers, if driven by a continuous frequency clock, will as microwave comb generators, having output freqency components at integer multiples of the pulse repetition rate, and extending to well over 100 gigahertz (see, for example, [4]). Pulse generators are generally voltage sources, with true current pulse generators being available only from a few suppliers. Light pulse generators are the optical equivalent to electrical pulse generators with rep rate, delay, width and amplitude control. The output in this case is light typically from a LED or laser diode. These pulses can then be injected into a device under test and used as a stimulus or clock signal or analyzed as they progress through the device, confirming the proper operation of the device or pinpointing a fault in the device. Pulse generators are also used to drive devices such as switches, lasers and optical components, modulators, intensifiers as well as resistive loads.The output of a pulse generator may also be used as the modulation signal for a signal generator. Non-electronic applications include those in material science, medical, physics and chemistry.

2. Counter:
In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. In practice, there are two types of counters:

Up counters, which increase (increment) in value Down counters, which decrease (decrement) in value

In electronics, counters can be implemented quite easily using register-type circuits such as the flip-flop, and a wide variety of designs exist, e.g:

Asynchronous (ripple) counter changing state bits are used as clocks to subsequent state flip-flops Synchronous counter all state bits change under control of a single clock Decade counter counts through ten states per stage Updown counter counts both up and down, under command of a control input Ring counter formed by a shift register with feedback connection in a ring Johnson counter a twisted ring counter Cascaded counter

Decade counter
A decade counter is one that counts in decimal digits, rather than binary. A decimal counter may have each digit binary encoded (that is, it may count in binary-coded decimal, as the 7490 integrated circuit did) or other binary encodings (such as the biquinary encoding of the 7490 integrated circuit). Alternatively, it may have a "fully decoded" or one-hot output code in which each output goes high in turn; the 4017 was such a circuit. The latter type of circuit finds applications in multiplexers and demultiplexers, or wherever a scanning type of behaviour is useful. Similar counters with different numbers of outputs are also common.

The decade counter is also known as a mod-10 counter. A decade counter counts from 0 to 9 and then resets to zero. The counter output can be set to zero by pulsing the reset line low. The count then increments on each clock pulse until it reaches 1001 (decimal 9). When it increments to 1010 (decimal 10) both inputs of the NAND gate go high. The result is that the NAND output goes low, and resets the counter to zero. D going low can be a CARRY OUT signal, indicating that there has been a count of ten

3. Triac Firing Circuit

From 230 V AC a DC supply of + 5 V is obtained. The power supply is given to the other blocks. The pulse generator at a particular frequency generates the clock pulses. The clock pulses are counted by a counter and gives output after every 10 pulses. The counter drives the transistors, which form the triac firing circuit. The transistors fire the triacs and they provide sufficient current to the load.The triacs are fired with the help of IC4017 this IC is the heart of the circuit The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC 4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a counter and gives the output after every 10 pulses.This ic drives the transistors which in turn fires the triacs The triac provides sufficient current to the load. . Decorative bulbs are connected as load for each triac. The bulbs are sequentially turned ON and OFF in forward and reverse way.

4. Power Supply
Simple 5V power supply for digital circuits Summary of circuit features

Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current capability of 100 mA Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC gets too hot Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build

Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit succesfully as part of many electronics projects Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply Power supply voltage: Unreglated DC 8-18V power supply Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input transformer cost

Circuit description This circuit is a small +5V power supply, which is useful when experimenting with digital electronics. Small inexpensive wall tranformers with variable output voltage are available from any electronics shop and supermarket. Those transformers are easily available, but usually their voltage regulation is very poor, which makes then not very usable for digital circuit experimenter unless a better regulation can be achieved in some way. The following circuit is the answer to the problem. This circuit can give +5V output at about 150 mA current, but it can be increased to 1 A when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit has over overload and therminal protection.

Circuit diagram of the power supply.

The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely handle the input voltage feed to circuit. The circuit is very easy to build for example into a piece of veroboard.

Pinout of the 7805 regulator IC.

1. Unregulated voltage in 2. Ground 3. Regulated voltage out

Component list 7805 regulator IC 100 uF electrolytic capacitor, at least 25V voltage rating 10 uF electrolytic capacitor, at least 6V voltage rating 100 nF ceramic or polyester capacitor Modification ideas More output current If you need more than 150 mA of output current, you can update the output current up to 1A doing the following modifications:

Change the transformer from where you take the power to the circuit to a model which can give as much current as you need from output Put a heatsink to the 7805 regulator (so big that it does not overheat because of the extra losses in the regulator)

Other output voltages If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by replacing the 7805 chips with another regulator with different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip

family. The last numbers in the the chip code tells the output voltage. Remember that the input voltage muts be at least 3V greater than regulator output voltage ot otherwise the regulator does not work well

5. Load
If an electric circuit has a well-defined output terminal, the circuit connected to this terminal (or its input impedance) is the load. (The term 'load' may also refer to the power consumed by a circuit; that topic is not discussed here.)In this case the decorative light bulbs are used as a load

Chapter 4 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE Conclusion

The objective of this project was to illustrate the idea that what is the actual principle behind the lights that sequentially turn on and off that are used in almost in every function or party. so after following the all the step that are discussed earlier in this report we will be able to obtain the required output .The project is an example of a practical application which can be used in an disco.

Future scope
LED's work by using different semi-conducting materials to make electrons jump from one material to the other. This "electron jump" makes the electrons emit photons in the form of visible light, and the color of the light is dependent on the different materials used in the diode. This process uses much less electricity to create the light, however the intensity (lumens) are less than other forms of light. However, with more research and more people buying these household LED's, you can bet that the cost per lumen will continue to drop and we will soon have a superior product at very competitive prices.L.E.D. DANCE FLOORS creatingb lighting colors! LED DISCO-PANEL is specially Designed for the Night Club Industry!

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.datasheetcatalog.com www.efy.com www.electronicsforyou.com www.google.com