REPORT ON LIE DETECTOR

By Astha Gupta Hina Parasher Nitisha Nigam

Electrical And Electronics Engineering (2008) Krishna Institute Of Engineering And Technology Submitted to the Department of Electrical And Electronics Engineering

Abstract
Abstract This paper introduces the concealed knowledge polygraph test (CKT) and suggests that it might be useful for the criminal justice system. The main point is that the CKT is a standard and objective psychological test that can to some extent protect the innocent from false allegation. A review of 15 mock crime studies of the CKT supports this contention. It revealed average detection rates of 80.6% for guilty examinees and 95.9% for the innocent. Furthermore, in 11 of these studies no false positive identifications (i.e. failures to exonerate innocent suspects) were observed. Two field studies revealed similar results, with false-positive error rates that are not larger than expected by chance. However, in the field studies, the detection rates for guilty suspects were substantially lower than those obtained in the 15 experimental studies. Suggestions for enhancing the detection rate of guilty suspects in real life settings are provided. Finally, the effects of several possible countermeasures, such as the use of drugs, biofeedback training and behavioural countermeasure maneouvres, are discussed. It seems that drugs and biofeedback are not effective in the CKT. However, at least the electrodermal measure is vulnerable to the effects of behavioural countermeasures. Possible ways to deal with the problem are discussed.

Table of Contents Abstract............................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3 What is Lie Detector ................................................................................ 4 Specification ...................................................................................................... 5 Circuit Diagram Of Lie Detector.......................................................................... 6 Description of elements used ..............................................................7 Working............................................................... 8 Advantages ...................................................9 Difficulties...................................................10 Sources of errors...................................................11 Refrence ...................................................12

Introduction
The polygraph detects stress-related physiological responses commonly linked with deception decisions are based on the assumption that an innocent subject will react more strongly to the control questions and a guilty subject will react more strongly to the relevant questions Lie detection is the practice of determining whether someone is lying. Activities of the body not easily controlled by the conscious mind are compared under different circumstances. Usually this involves asking the subject control questions where the answers are known to the examiner and comparing them to questions where the answers are not known Lie detection commonly involves the polygraph. Voice stress analysis may also be commonly used because it can be applied covertly to monitor voice recordings. The polygraph detects changes in body functions not easily controlled by the conscious mind. This includes bodily reactions like skin conductivity and heart rate

lie Detector Circuit Description:

The circuit diagram of the Lie Detector is shown above. It consists of three transistors (TR1 to TR3) Suitable transistors to use are: BC547 BC548 BC549 \ Capacitor:100nf Two lights or LEDs (L1 & L2) five resistors (R1 to R5) R1=R2=1M R3=10k R4=470k a variable resistor (VR1=47k)

Working
The Lie Detector circuit works based on the fact that a person's skin
resistance changes when they sweat (sweating because they're lying). Dry skin has a resistance of about 1 million ohms, whereas the resistance of moist skin is reduced by a factor of ten or more. Resistors R1 and R2 form a voltage divider. They have resistances of 1 000 000 ohms (1 mega ohms) and, because their values are equal, the voltage at the upper probe wire is half the battery voltage (about 4.5 volts). A person holding the Lie Detector probe wires will change the voltage at the upper probe wire depending on their skin resistance. The skin resistance is in parallel with R2 and, because it is likely to be similar to or smaller than R2, the voltage at the probe wire will fall as skin resistance falls. Capacitor C1 functions as a smoothing capacitor and removes the 60Hz induced mains hum that is found on a person's body. TR1 and R3 form a buffer circuit (called an emitter-follower). The voltage at the emitter of TR1 follows the voltage at the probe wire and is now able to drive transistor TR2. Transistors TR1 and TR2 act as a voltage comparator. If the voltage at the base of TR2 is higher than at the base of TR3 then the green LED (L1) will come on. If the reverse is true then the red LED (L2) will light. To test the Lie Detector hold the probe wires. Adjust VR1 until the green LED is just on and the red LED is just off. This is the point at which the voltage at the base of TR2 is just greater than at the base of TR3. Now use moist fingers to hold the probes. This lowers the skin resistance and causes the voltage at the base of TR2 to fall. The voltage at the base of TR3 is now greater and the red LED comes on

HOW WE USE THE LIE DETECTOR

The Lie Detector needs tuning before it can be used, and it needs tuning for every person that uses it as everyone has slightly different skin. Touch the two probe wires against the palm of your (dry) hand, such that the metal ends are a couple of centimeters apart (the metal ends must not touch each other). Adjust the tuning control (VR1) until the red light (FALSE) just goes out. The Lie Detector is now tuned for your skin. If you lick your palm and touch the wires against it again, the red light should come on brightly. You should now understand how to use the Lie Detector to detect a real lie. Touch the two probe wires against the palm of the subject's hand and adjust the tuning control as before until the red light just goes out. When the subject tells a lie, and begins to sweat, the red light will get brighter. It must be emphasized that the Lie Detector won't detect every lie, as it is really only a sweat detector. It only detects lies that have consequences to being told, lies that cause the subject to sweat (with fear). Pretend or 'joke' lies won't have any effect. The Lie Detector has a number of other uses, detailed below, and it could perhaps more accurately be described as an 'Experiment Machine'.

APPLICATION
Use lie detector to test the conductivity of the human body. Get a group of people to hold hands in a circle with the two probes of the Lie Detector as part of the circle. See how many bodies the current will flow through to make the red LED light. Testing the conductivity of objects. For example, metals, plastics, wood, hair, the lead of a pencil. If a material is conductive then touching the lie detector probe wires against it will make the red LED light. Determining whether a houseplant needs watering. Touch the lie detector probe wires against the soil. If the green LED stays on, the plant needs watering. If the red LED comes on, the soil is sufficiently moist. Determining whether a cake is cooked. Press the lie detector probe wires into the surface of the cake. If the red LED comes on then the cake is still moist and needs further cooking

Difficulties
It was critical to translate the low frequency values of pulse and respiration into comparable values of voltage. The low frequency resulted in large output ripple which we tried to minimize by putting a resistor and a capacitor at the output node in a one-pole low pass configuration to keep that node close an average value by taking advantage of the adjustable exponential decay to average out the rippling. These values we tweaked once we started summing all of the signals for a decision and deciding which signals would need to change constantly change (pulse and blink) and which needed to be more stable

SOURCES OF ERROR
Nervousness of test subject Calibration errors

CONCLUSIONS
Simple circuitry increases in complexity once work begins Design is modular Project is good extension to material presented in class Polygraph is an interesting real-world application