Rachel Frankenfield September 23, 2011 Bio; Tucker Unit 2 Notes Summary Vocabulary: Atoms comprised of protons and

d neutrons found in the nucleus, and electrons surrounding this nucleus Electrons - negatively charged particles which are attracted to the nucleus but stay outside due to their energy of motion Protons - positively charged particles Neutrons - neutrally charged particles Element: a pure substance consisting of only one type of atom Isotope: atoms of an element with a different number of neutrons than in its original form. All isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties Ionic bond: formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. An atom that is positively or negatively charged due to loss/gain of an atom is called an ion (a.k.a. carries a charge) covalent bond: forms when electrons are shared between atoms molecule: the smallest unit of most compounds, formed when atoms are combined by covalent bonds Van der Waals forces: weak intermolecular forces of attraction 1. What is an atom? Give a brief explanation where this name came from. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 2. Why are atoms neutral? They have the same number of protons as electrons Neutrons=Neutral 3. What is a chemical compound? What can you say about its physical and chemical properties? _______________________________________________ _____________________________________________

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4. A single covalent bond is when atoms share two electrons. What is a double covalent bound? A triple? Double- atoms share four electrons Triple- atoms share six electrons 5. How do geckos demonstrate the properties of Van der Waals forces? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 6. What is polarity? How is a water molecule polar? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ A water molecule is polar because of electronegativity. The oxygen has a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen has a slight positive charge. 7. What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion? Cohesion is the attraction of like substances Adhesion is the attraction of unlike substances 8. In solutions: what is the difference between the solute and the solvent? Ex: Sugar Water Solute= Sugar Solvent= Water 9. What is a very acidic solution? A very basic solution? A neutral solution? Acidic Basic Neutral10. What is a buffer and how does it affect pH? Weak acids or bases that can react with strong ones to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH 11. Describe the structure of carbon. How does this relate to its bonding ability? 4 Valence Electrons VEs can join with the electrons in other atoms to form a strong, covalent bond Carbon can bond with many elements. Ex: hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen Carbon can bond with other carbon, forming chains. 12. Explain polymerization. Use these terms in your response: monomers, polymers, and macromolecules. Monomer+Monomer+Monomer= Polymer 13. What is the function of carbohydrates? How is this carried out? _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________

14. What are lipids? What is their function? What do the terms: saturated and polyunsaturated mean? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 15. What are nucleic acids? Discuss their make-up. What is the difference between RNA and DNA? 16. How many different amino acids are there? How are they different? 17. List three functions of proteins and the four levels of protein organization. 18. Give two properties of chemical reactions. 19. What is the significance of energy changes for living things? 20.What is activation energy? How does it affect the chemical reaction? 21. What are enzymes? How do they function in a chemical reaction? How are they named? 22. How do substrates function in chemical reactions? 23. How do enzymes affect activities of cells? How are enzymes affected?