PlsLology LecLure noLes

30
th
Cctober 2011
1he lecLurer spenL Lhe ma[orlLy of Lhe lecLure analyzlng Lhe prevlous flrsL exam Pe expressed
hls dlsappolnLmenL and wlshes everyone Lo do well ln Lhe nexL exam as Lhe quesLlons are dlrecL
and all Lhe answers can be found ln Lhe lecLure slldes or whaL he has LhoughL ln Lhe lecLures
1herefore he expecLs from now on all sLudenLs musL be aLLenLlve and more focused ln classes

now we have covered Lhe baslc Llssues And we sald LhaL Lhe eplLhellum Lhe nervous muscle
eLc and l sald LhaL Lhe sysLems are made of all Lhese dlfferenL baslc Llssues So we should go
back always Lo Lhose prlnclples we spoke abouL and make up Lhls new comblnaLlon

1he Cardlovascular SysLem
As we know Lhls sysLem ls composed of hearL and Lhe blood vessels LssenLlally you would see
from now onwards LhaL Lhe sysLems are made up of deflnlLe speclflc layers 1hese layers are
made up of baslc Llssue 1here wlll be modlflcaLlons ln Lhese layers based on Lhe Lypes of
organs LhaL Lhey make up So we always sLarL wlLh Lhe baslc Llssues
lor Lhe cardlovascular sysLem wheLher lL's Lhe hearL or Lhe blood vessels Lhey are made up of
Lhree baslc layers 1hey are Lhe Lunlcs tun|ca |nterna tun|ca med|a and tun|ca externa
O 1he tun|ca externa also known as Lhe tun|ca advent|t|a (or advenLlLla) ls Lhe ouLermosL
layer of a blood vessel surroundlng Lhe Lunlca medla lL ls malnly composed of collagen
and ls supporLed by exLernal elasLlc lamlna 1he collagen serves Lo anchor Lhe blood
vessel Lo nearby organs glvlng lL sLablllLy
O @un|ca med|a ls Lhe mlddle layer (myocardlum) whlch ls made up of cardlac muscles
blood vessels smooLh muscles(splndleshaped cell ) and elasLlc flbers
O Lndocardlum or tun|ca |nterna ls made up of endoLhellum (slmple squamous
eplLhellum)
1he lecLurer shows Lhe dlagrams of Lhe Lhree baslc layers please refer Lo Lhe slldes
1he maln layer ls Lunlca medla
1he forLh/force (?) arLery LhaL comes ouL of Lhe hearL ls ascendlng aorLa Ascendlng aorLa ls
supposed Lo recelve Lhe pumped blood from Lhe hearL We have a sLrong pump whlch ls Lhe
hearL whlch pumps blood lnLo Lhe aorLa So whaL would be Lhe besL feaLure for Lhe aorLa?
LlasLlclLy Maln componenL of Lunlca medla ls smooLh muscle and elasLlc flbers LlasLlc
componenLs aL Lhe walls of Lhe arLerles have a marglnal amounL of elasLlc flbers presenL ln
blood vessels ln close proxlmlLy Lo Lhe hearL And Lhls amounL of elasLlc flbers would decrease
gradually as we move away from Lhe hearL
1hese elasLlc flbers as we can see form fenesLraLed (?) sheeLs Compare Lhe relaLlve Lhlckness of
Lunlca exLerna Lo Lhe Lunlca medla 1he maln layer of arLerles ls Lunlca medla lf we observe Lhls arLery
whlch has been sLalned wlLh van Cleson sLaln whlch sLalns Lhe elasLlc flbers black color see how much
elasLlc flbers are presenL over Lhere (Lunlca medla) and Lhey creaLe fenesLraLed (?) sheeLs

1
st
NCVLM8Lk 2011
We spoke abouL Lhe hlsLology of blood vessels and we sald LhaL Lhey are sLrucLurally made up
of Lhree maln layersand we call Lhem Lonlcs Lunlca lnLerna Lunlca medla and Lunlca exLerna
[ Lunlca advenLlLla We sald LhaL Lhe ouLer layer (Lunlca exLerna/advenLlLla) ls essenLlally made
up of connecLlve Llssues And Lhls connecLlve Llssue layer merges wlLh Lhe connecLlve Llssue ln
Lhe surroundlng base 1haL's why you see when you sLudy Lhe hearL LhaL Lhe hearL has lLs own
blood vessels So all Lhe blood vessels wheLher lL's an arLery or veln Lhe ouLer layer ( Lunlca
advenLlLla whlch ls a connecLlve Llssue) merges wlLh connecLlve Llssue of surroundlng area We
dld say LhaL Lhe Lunlca exLerna ls Lhe merrler (?) ln velns
1he second layer whlch ls Lunlca medla are mosLly made up of smooLh muscle and elasLlc
flbers 1he large vessels ln close proxlmlLy Lo Lhe hearL Lhey should be elasLlc We flnd
concenLraLlon of elasLlc componenLs ln Lhe Lunlca medla and we also see LhaL Lhey are
arranged ln sheeLs for lamlna one of Lhem Lowards Lhe lnslde of Lunlca medla beLween Lunlca
medla and lnLerna (lnLernal vascular membrane) and one beLween Lhe Lunlca medla and Lhe
exLernal layer (exLernal vascular membrane) So we have Lwo membranes of elasLlc flbers As
we move away from Lhe hearL Lhe elasLlc componenL decrease 8ecause when we reach Lhe
level of arLerloles whaL do we need here? LlasLlc componenL ls necessary 8uL whaL do we
need more? We need more funcLlon of smooLh muscle 8ecause smooLh muscle wlll cause Lhe
vasoconsLrlcLlon of Lhe arLerlole and LhaL wlll regulaLe Lhe blood pressure! So malnly Lhe
regulaLlon of blood pressure occurs aL Lhe muscular velns So Lhe smooLh muscle componenL ls
more promlnenL aL Lhe level of arLerloles
1he Lhlrd Lunlca Lunlca lnLerna ls made up of slmple endoLhellum LhaL ls slmple squamous
eplLhellum And Lhls ls Lhe same aL all levels WhaL happens Lo Lhls Lunlca lnLlma? lL wlll be Lhe
only layer presenL aL Lhe caplllarles We need exchange aL Lhe caplllarles So you wlll flnd LhaL
Lhe walls of Lhe caplllarles are made essenLlally of eplLhellum (slmple squamous eplLhellum)
1he lecLurer shows a plcLure of a dlssecLlon of an aorLa
When we Lake a secLlon of Lhe aorLa and look under Lhe mlcroscope and see lL under Lhe 40x
magnlflcaLlon we only see lL as a secLlon
And Lhen we see Lhe maln layer ls Lunlca medla ln comparlson of Lhlckness beLween Lunlca
exLerna and Lunlca lnLerna LlasLlc componenL decrease as we move away from Lhe hearL
SmooLh muscle whlch ls ln charge of vasoconsLrlcLlon and vasodllaLaLlon wlll lncrease as you
move away from Lhe hearL
1he layer of speclallzaLlon ln Lhe vessel walls (usually ln arLerles) ls Lhe Lunlca medla 1he
componenLs of Lhe Lunlca medla (smooLh muscle and elasLlc flbers) change accordlng Lo Lhe
dlsLance from Lhe hearL 1hls speclallzaLlon regulaLes Lhe pressure and Lhls ls how Lhe
pulse/blood(?) ls carrled away from Lhe hearL and lnLo dlsLanL arLerles
1he exLernal and lnLernal elasLlc lamlnas are pronounced ln Lhe aorLa elasLlc arLerles arch of
aorLa Llssues LhaL merge from Lhe arch of aorLa And when we come Lo Lhe muscular arLery we
wlll see LhaL boLh Lhe lnLernal and exLernal elasLlc lamlna ls less seen
ln large arLery l sald LhaL Lhe dlameLer of Lhe aorLa ls abouL 3 cm 1he wall of Lhe arLery lLself
needs blood supply 1he vessels LhaL supply Lhe wall of Lhe arLery we call Lhem vasa vasorum
( lrom Wlklpedla The ;,8,;,847:2 (Latin, "vessels of the vessels") is a network of small blood
vessels that supply large blood vessels.)We also see Lhese vessels ln large arLerles and velns
C WhaL ls Lhe name of Lhe vessel LhaL supply Lhe wall of Lhe large arLery/veln?
A vasa vasorum

ln Lhe muscular arLery (also called mlddleslzed arLery) and mosL of Lhe funcLlonal arLerles ln
Lhe body llke Lhe arLerles LhaL supply Lhe organs ( femoral arLery radlal arLery for example )
all Lhese are mlddle slzed arLery 1he exLernal and lnLernal elasLlc lamlna are besL seen over
here And Lhey have a Lyplcal arLery sLrucLure
nexL Lhe arLerlole Pow do we deflne Lhe arLerlole? ln arLery walls Lhere are arLerlal vessels
and Lhelr dlameLer ls 01 Lo 03mm and relaLlvely eplLhellal cells are smaller accordlng Lo Lhe
slze of Lhe vessels We sald LhaL ln here we have less elasLlc flbers1he domlnanL feaLure ls Lhe
smooLh muscles whlch help wlLh blood pressure

nexL Lhe caplllarles 1he caplllarles' dlameLer ls 4 Lo 13 m and Lhelr walls are made up of
slmple eplLhellal cells and ln some cases a slngle eplLhellal cell wlll form Lhe whole wall of Lhe
caplllary Cf course aL LhaL level lL ls for exchange wlLh Lhe arLerles LhaL carry Lhe oxygen and
nuLrlenLs 1herefore for Lhls exchange Lo occur Lhe caplllary sLrucLure musL be modlfled
accordlng Lo Lhe naLure of Lhe Llssue LhaL lL supplles So accordlng Lo LhaL ln caplllarles only Lhe
Lunlca lnLerna ls presenL
ln addlLlon Lo Lhe glands ln Lhe body we also have paraslLes wlLh conLracLlle properLles (?)
now we come Lo Lhe Lype of caplllarles based on Lhe naLure of Lhe Llssue Lhey supply ln some
Llssues we don'L need any exchange so Lhe eplLhellal Llssues LhaL make up Lhe wall of Lhe
caplllary are ln dlrecL conLacL wlLh each oLher wlLh no pores or spaces As an example Lhe
caplllary LhaL supplles Lhe skeleLal muscle 1hese caplllarles we name Lhem cont|nuous
ln cerLaln places llke ln Lhe kldney ln Lhe glomerull where fllLraLlon of Lhe blood Lakes place
we see Lhere are presence of pores ln Lhe llnlng of eplLhellal cells and of course we see Lhe
underllnlng basemenL membrane for Lhe dlaphragm a Lhln layer whlch acLs as a selecLlve
barrler So Lhese Lypes of caplllarles are presenL aL f||trat|on slLes We call Lhem fenesLraLed
caplllarles 1hey elLher have pores or compleLe basal lamlna whlch acLs as selecLlve barrler 1hls
also consLlLuLes Lo one of Lhe funcLlon of Lhe renal fllLers whlch you wlll learn ln deLall laLer
ln oLher places where we have wlde gaps wlLh lncompleLe basal lamlna lL ls Lo caLer for slLes
wlLh exchange aL large scales we call lL dlsconLlnuous caplllarles
( lrom Wlklpedla Sinusoidal - Sinusoidal capillaries are a special type of fenestrated capillaries that
have larger openings (30-40 m in diameter) in the endothelium. These types of blood vessels allow red
and white blood cells (7.5m - 25m diameter) and various serum proteins to pass using a process that is
aided by a discontinuous basal lamina. These capillaries lack pinocytotic vesicles, and therefore utilize
gaps present in cell junctions to permit transfer between endothelial cells, and hence across the
membrane. Sinusoid blood vessels are primarily located in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and adrenal
gland. Some sinusoids are special, in that they do not have the tight junctions between cells. They are
called discontinuous sinusoidal capillaries, and are present in the liver and spleen where greater
movement of cells and materials is necessary. )
Lxample ls aL Lhe llver All Lhe maLerlals LhaL enLer Lhe llver are consldered as forelgn 1he
lymph LhaL ls presenL ln beLween Lhe cells slnce lL has moved ouL of Lhe vascular componenL lL
means lL has been exposed Lo exLernal envlronmenL lL ls noL allowed Lo enLer vascular
componenL before lL ls belng processed 1he lymph wlll be collecLed by lymph caplllarles and
vessels and Lhey pass Lhrough lymph nodes where Lhey wlll be fllLered Cnly Lhen wlll lL [oln Lhe
venous sysLem AnoLher slmllar example ls Lhe lymph
ln velns Lhe maln layer ln Lunlca exLerna 1unlca medla ls Lhlnner 1unlca lnLerna ls Lhe same
?ou wlll see laLer ln dlssecLlon when you compare Lhe arLery and Lhe veln Lhey look exacLly Lhe
same So how do you dlfferenLlaLe beLween Lhem? ?ou need Lo acLually Louch and press lL lf lL
ls an arLery afLer you exerL pressure and leave lL lL wlll sprlng back Lo lLs shape ( rounded
shape) whlle a veln wlll remaln collapsed afLer you leave lL 1hls ls because Lhe wall of Lhe arLery
ls much Lhlcker Lhan velnWhy? because Lhe Lunlca medla whlch conLaln smooLh muscles and
elasLlc flbers are much Lhlcker ln arLerles Whlle Lhe veln lLs ma[or componenL ls Lhe Lunlca
exLerna 1he arLery also has a smaller lumen as compared Lo Lhe veln
ln arLerles we don'L need valves buL ln velns we need Lhem 8ecause ln velns we have Lhlnner
walls less smooLh muscle less elasLlc flber and Lhe velns acLually brlng back Lhe venous blood
agalnsL gravlLy lor example velns ln Lhe lower llmbs When you are ln a sLandlng poslLlon Lhe
veln has Lo brlng back venous blood up agalnsL Lhe gravlLy 1he muscle helps Lhe veln brlng back
Lhe blood 1o prevenL backflow we need valves
velns have almosL slmllar sLrucLures Lo lymph vessels buL Lhe lymph vessels have Lhlnner walls
and more valves
now we wlll Lalk a blL abouL Lhe hearL 1he hearL conslsL of Lhe ouLer layer (eplcardlum) whlch
ls flbrous and serous Lhe myocardlum whlch ls made up of cardlac muscles and endocardlum
whlch are made up of slmple eplLhellal cells
1he sLrucLure LhaL forms Lhe connecLlve sysLem of Lhe hearL ls descrlbed as a modlfled cardlac
muscle ln beLween cardlac and nerves So Lhese urkln[e flbers are modlfled We may see a few
muscle flbers over Lhere buL Lhelr maln funcLlon ls Lo conducL Lhe acLlon poLenLlal 1helr
sLrucLure ls larger Lhan Lhe cardlac muscles presenL more vascular cyLoplasm buL Lhere are no
str|at|ons 1hey are beneaLh Lhe eplLhellal layer

Sorry Lhere are some words whlch l can'L really hear lL !
uone by lrlsyah lbrahlm