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AbstractThis paper is an attempt to attain a new and profound model of the natures structure using a vortex-ringfractal theory (VRFT). Scientists have been trying to explain some phenomena in Nature that have not been explained so far. The aim of this paper is the vortex-ring-fractal modeling of elements in the Mendeleevs periodic table, which is not in contradiction to the known laws of nature. We would like to find some acceptable structure model of the hydrogen as a vortex-fractal-coil structure of the proton and a vortex-fractalring structure of the electron. It is known that planetary model of hydrogen is not right, the classical quantum model is too abstract. Our imagination is that the hydrogen atom is a levitation system of the proton and the electron. Structures of helium, oxygen, and carbon atoms are presented too. Index TermsModel of atoms, covalent bond, vortex-ringfractal structures
I. INTRODUCTION The electrical force decreases inversely with the square of distance between charges. This relationship is called Coulombs law. There are two kinds of matter, which we can call positive and negative. Like kinds repel each other, while unlike kinds attract unlike gravity, where only attraction occurs [1]. When charges are moving the electrical forces depend also on the motion of charges in a complicated way [2],[3],[4],[18]. Fractals seem to be very powerful in describing natural objects on all scales. Fractal dimension and fractal measure are crucial parameters for such description. Many natural objects have self-similarity or partial-self-similarity of the whole object and its part [9]. Most of our knowledge of the electronic structure of atoms has been obtained by the study of the light given out by atoms when they are exited. The light that is emitted by atoms of given substance can be refracted or diffracted into a distinctive pattern of lines of certain frequencies and create the line spectrum of the atom [12]. The careful study of line spectra began about 1880. The regularity is evident in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom. The interpretation of the spectrum of hydrogen was not achieved until 1913. In that year the Danish physicist Niels Bohr successfully applied the quantum theory to this problem and created a model of hydrogen. Bohr also discovered a method of calculation of the energy of the stationary states of the hydrogen atom, with use of Plancks
Manuscript received February 2, 2010. This work was supported in part by the Czech Ministry of Education under Grant No: MSM 00216305529 Intelligent Systems in Automation and by the grant agency GA R No: 102/09/1668: Control Algorithm Design by Means of Evolutionary Approach. P. Omera is with the European Polytechnical Institute Kunovice, Osvobozen 699, 686 04 Kunovice, Czech Republic (corresponding author to provide phone: +420-54114-2294; fax: +420-54114-2490; e-mail: osmera @fme.vutbr.cz).
Fig. 1 The vortex-fractal structure of the electron ray with two electrons
Fa
(2) where m is mass with velocity v and distance r The mass moe of the subelectron eo for the fractal structure of the electron is:
v2 r
moe
(3) where N is number of subelectrons. To explain a creation of the proton structure and the electron structure from the same very small rings (N2 subsubelectrons e1) [10] have to be:
me N
mp me
42
2 3 7
(4) where mp is the mass of the proton and me is the mass of the electron (see Fig. 2).
electron 0e
Fa
FA
(1)
Fa
Fao
(5) The average value of forces Fao for N/2 subelectrons is on Fig. 3. The average value 2/ was calculated following way:
2 N 2
me ve2 2 N N re 2
F A 2 Fo
re 2 2 e 2vo N 2 o 2 2 2 re 2 4 re N
(14)
sin xdx 2
0
(6)
me v 2 N N re 2
2 e
e v 2 4 2 re2
o
2 o
sin xdx
0
re N 2 re N
(15)
2
(7)
re
2 e 2 vo 4 me ve2 o 2
(16)
Attraction forces calculated by Amperes law and Coulombs law between two subrings eo are:
FoA
re 2 2 q12vo o N 2 2 2 re 2 4 roe N
e N 2 re o N
2
e N 4
2
2 vo 2 re N 2 2 re re N N
(17)
FoC 4
Fig. 3 Average value of the acceleration force Fao
(18)
The fundamental physical law for attraction force FA (Ampers law) between two wires with a current I, a length l, a distance d, and a permeability o of vacuum is:
where o is permitivity of vacuum. It is defined as exactly 10-7 times the speed of light squared. The Amperes force FoA have to be the same as Coulombs force FoC:
FoA
o
FoC
e N 2 re o N
2
(19)
FA I
2 dQ dt
I2
l d
(8)
e N 4
2
2
(9)
2 roe e q1 N2 e N N2 T
evo N2 re N
d
q1 N T voT
2 vo 2 re N 2 2 re re N N
2 o o
(20)
4
1 2 o
(21)
(10) (11)
vo
For v o Eq.16 is:
c 2
(22)
e NT
evo N 2 roe
(12)
c 2
evo 2 re
2 re N
re
2 e 2 vo 4 me ve2 o 2
e2 c2 4 me 2ve2
o 2
e2
(13)
2 0
me
1 ve2
(23)
ve
c:
re e2 8
2
1 2 0 me 0 ve
(32)
The result in Eq.32 is the same as in Eq.23 and Eq.29. III. THE MODEL OF HYDROGEN WITH LEVITATING ELECTRON The hydrogen atom can have the electron on left side or on right side (see Fig. 10a, Fig. 10b), thus the difference in exponents of r must be 2 then exp=4. The attractive force F+ is the Coulombs force. A distance r between the electron and the proton is :
e2 1 4 o r2 e 2 ro2 4 o r4
ro do
A r exp
(33)
e2 1 4 o r2
Fig. 4 Forces between two sub-electrons the electron 0e
-1
e inside
5.29 10
11
m [18]
(34)
sin
sin
sin
Fa 0
Fa 0 Fa 0 2 FC 0 2 FC 0 2 re 1 N 2 re N Fa 0 2 FC 0 N 2 Fa 0 N
2 N
e2 8
2
A ro2
(24)
e2 4
o
1 r2
ro2 r4
(35)
Let us use Eq.35 as a postulate for next calculations. The distance r where F has maximum is shown on Fig. 5. (25)
(26)
(27)
2
me ve2 N re
e N 4
2 0
2 re N
(28)
re
1 2 0 me ve
(29)
Fig. 5 Forces in the hydrogen atom
me
me 0 v2 1 2 c
(30)
For v
2 e
dF dr
e2 4 o
2 r3
4ro2 r5
(36)
e2 2
for ro :
o
re
re
ve2 e2 1 1 2 2 m c 8 2 0 e 0 N ve N 2 e 1 1 (31) 2 2 8 2 0 me 0 ve
r3
e2 4
2ro2 1 r2
Ko
dF dr
3 o o
(37)
dF dr
e2 2
o
r3
2ro2 1 r2
fo
(38)
1 2
1 fo
Ko me
9.3 1014 Hz
15
(44)
2ro . Energy E of
1 r2 ro2 dr r4
(39)
To
1.075 10
(45)
e2 1 4 o r2
ro2 dr r4
e2 4 o
IV. THE SPIN OF THE ELECTRON It was discovered in 1925 that the electron has properties corresponding to its spin S. It can be described as a rotating ring around an axis of of the electron (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 7) [34]. The spin of the electron is defined as angular momentum [18],[34]:
e 2
2r r
2 o 2
The graph of E is on Fig. 6. Energy Eo is energy, which must be added to the electron to be free:
me (re ve )
N
(46) (47)
Sz
me re ve N
where me is the mass of the electron, re is the radius of the electron and N is number of substructures inside the structure of the electron. In [30] the formula for radius re of the electron is:
re
ve
e2 8
v
2 0
me 2 vme
1 ve2
2 vm
(48)
(49) (50)
vm
Fig. 6 Energy E and the force F in the hydrogen atom
e2 4 0h
where [30],
Eo
e 4
o r
1 r2
r r
2 o 4
dr
e 4
1 r
r 3r
2 o 3 r
e 4
1 r
rEo
r 3r
2 o 3
translation velocity of the electron and vme is maximum velocity of the subelectron -1e (maximum rotational velocity of the electron) if the electron has distance do from the proton (see Fig. 2 and Fig. 7) and minimum energy Eqo, see Eq.33. (40) The mean radius
re is:
re e2 8
2 0 2 2 me 4vm
For Eo = 0
ro 3
3.05 10
11
(41)
Eo
e2 4
o
1 ro
ro2 3ro3
e2 1 2 4 o ro 3
(42)
e2 1 2 8 0 me 4vm
2 16 0 h 2 32 0 me e4
e2
e2 1 6 o ro Eo e2 1 2 4 o ro 3
h2 2me e 2
0
do 2
(51)
(43)
Sz
meve re
me
vm re
Now we can calculate frequency fo and period To of oscillation of the electron in the hydrogen atom. The electron oscillates around ro. We insert Ko defined in Eq.37 into Eq.44:
me
1 h 2 2
2 e2 0h 4 0 h 2me e 2 1 ms 2
(52)
Fig. 7 The electron, which is moving with velocity v has a wavelength =h/mev (de Broglies equation): a) Relation between and o in the fractal-ring structure of the electron, b) The ring of the electron with spin quantum number: 1/2 (twice around a annuloid to match)
where
ms
1 2
electron [18],[19] there is attractive (electric) force F+ and (magnetic) repellent force F- (see Eq.35): (53)
e2 4
o
1 d2
d o2 d4
(59)
The result in Eq.52 is in coincidence with the generally equation for the spin, where ms is spin quantum number [34]. We can suppose that a fractal structure of the electron has wavelength = N o (see Fig. 7a):
2 re
or from Fig. 7b
N 2
N N 2 re
(54)
2 2 re
4 me ve re N
(55)
Fig. 8 The levitating electron in the field of the proton (the fractal model of hydrogen H is simplified [18]).
where N is number of subparts (for example: number of subelectrons). Equation 7 with Eq.10 lead to:
Sz N
me ve re
1 h 2 2
me ve N 4
(56)
h me ve
h me v
h me v
57) (58)
ve
It can be an explanation of de Broglies equation for a wavelength =h/mv. We suppose that the electron energy Et of translation movement is the same as the rotational energy Er of the rotating electron [18]. The structure of electron on Fig. 7b may be the 21multiple double-helix-line structure (here it is only one double helix with markers 1, 2). V. MODEL OF HYDROGEN ATOM In a new model of the hydrogen atom with a levitating
The hydrogen atom can have the electron on left side of the proton or on right side (see Fig. 10a, Fig. 10b). The attractive force F+ is Coulombs force. The repellent force
5.29 10
11
Fig. 12 Vortex-fractal structure of the proton [18] Fig. 10 Distances do = ro between proton and electron [18] a) left side orientation of hydrogen b) right side orientation of hydrogen c) the hydrogen molecule-ion H2+ d) the hydrogen molecule H2 with a covalent bond
VI. STRUCTURE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD Electric lines or rays with different substructures (positron and electron substructures) repel each other (see Fig. 14). The same types of substructures (lines) attract each other and create braids. The similar behavior has magnetic field - magnetic lines or rays with electron and positron substructures repel each other (see Fig. 15). Electric lines are formed from electron subparts (-4e) or/and positron subparts (-4). Magnetic lines are formed from electron subparts (-3e) or/and positron subparts (-3). Electric lines or rays are perpendicular to magnetic lines or rays. The ray is a braid of lines (see Fig. 14).
To calculate quantum model of hydrogen we use radius re of the electron, which was derived in Eq.16[30]:
re
for
2 e 2 vo 4 me ve2 c vo 2 2 c 1 2 vo 2 2 o o 2 o 2
(60)
Fig. 13 Vortex-fractal ring structure of the electron [18],[31]
(61)
o o 2
re
2 e 2 vo 4 me ve2
e2 c2 4 me 2ve2
(62)
Energy Eo of the quite and free electron 0e [35], which has velocity v=0 and quite mass meo, can be calculated from kinetic energy of their subparts: subelectrons -1e with velocity v-! (ve), subsubelectrons -2e with velocity v-2 (vo), -3 subsubsubelectrons e with velocity v-3, subsubsubsubelectrons -4e with velocity v-4 , and subsubsubsubsubelectrons -5e with velocity v-5 (see Fig. 18).
e2 8
2 0
me
1 ve2
Fig. 16 Structure of the electromagnetic field (the electric line is perpendicular to the magnetic line)
v ve
vo
c 2
(63)
(64)
meo c 2
(65)
To calculate a quantum model of hydrogen we use radius re of the electron, which was derived in Eq.16:
This result is in coincidence with the well-known Einsteins law. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. The objects inertia is proportional to its mass, and Einstein showed that mass is actually a very compact form of energy. Fig. 17 explains a particle structure of the photon and a wave-energy structure of the light ray, which consists from more photons arranged in the series (sequence, string). A vortex pair is created from bath vortex VB an a tornado vortex VT with flow of energy E [22],[27],[29],[30].
re 2 re c2 2
2 e 2 vo 4 me ve2 o 2
(66)
2 2 o 2 e
e v 4 me v
o 2
(67)
1 2
o o
(68) On a circumference of a circle with re (see Fig. 7) have to be n = N of a half-wavelength (Eq.54): /2=h/2mev (n is quantum number) [18]:
2 re
e2 c2 2 me ve2
o
e2 4
1 2 o me ve
(69)
vmn
1 e2 n 4 oh
(72)
1 h 2 me ve
1 h 2 me v
e2 1 2 o ve e2 2 o 2vm
Et
nh nh
(71) where vm is maximum velocity of the electron if the electron has the distance do and minimum energy Eqo [18]:
(73) Energy Er of the rotation of the electron has the same size as energy Et of the translation movement. There is a tendency to have a maximal symmetry. Total energy Eq of the rotating and moving electron is:
1 2 me vm 2
1 me e 4 2 n 2 16 o h 2
Eq
Et
Er
2 Et
1 me e 4 2 n2 8 o h2
(74)
Eqo Eqo 3 Eo 4 e 6
mee 2 8 o h2
2
13.6eV e 8
2
dp
2ro
10.6 10
11
1 3 do 4
(32)
1 do
(87)
13.6eV
VIII. THE SIZE OF THE ELECTRON IN HYDROGEN ATOMS For maximum velocity of the electron vem we use [18]:
Eqo do
me e 4 2 8 o h2 h me e 2
o 2
e2 8
o
1 do
11
vem
(76)
vm 2
(88)
If we insert vm from Eq.81 into Eq.62 and Eq.88 then we receive the maximum radius of the electron:
5.29 10
m re max 8
e2
2 0 me
(77) It is the same result as Bohr obtained [4] but with quite different hydrogen model.
4 2 vm
2 0h2 2 me e 2
3,38 10
11
n2
h me e 2
o
n 2 2re
(78)
2 re min
re min
where e is radius of the free electron and can be calculated following way:
(90)
15
(91)
re
2
N2
re
re
e 4 me
o 2
0.89 10
-2
15
The levitating electron changes the size from very small to relatively large size [31] (see Fig. 9). IX. THE STRUCTURE OF MOLECULES Atoms combine to form a molecule. Their shared air of electrons is called a covalent bond. They occupy the same orbital with opposite spins. The H2 molecule atoms H share electrons. Each hydrogen atom shares its electron with another hydrogen atom to gain a full outer s shell of 2 electrons. Covalent bonding is important in carbon compounds.
m
(79)
where is the radius of osmeron e which is almost constant comparing it with radius re of the electron (see Fig. 18):
re
e 2 v 22 1 4 me v 23 N 2
o 2
e2 1 4 me N 2
o 2
0.50 10
18
(80)
42 where For quantum number n=1 we calculate the maximum velocity vm from Eq.72 and the couple constant is:
v 22
v 23
c 2 and N
vm
e2 4 oh
(81)
(82) In the hydrogen molecule H2 the covalent bond has ne = 2, np = 1 (see Fig. 10d):
c 2vm
2 o hc e2
137.036
e2 4
o
ne n p d2 d o2 d4
d o2 d4 0
F
dc
e2 2 4 o d2
do 2
(84)
11
3.75 10
m
(85) (86)
d cp
2d c
7.5 10
11
There are two simple rules how to create atom nuclei: 1) Only two protons can be on one rotational axis 2) Two protons cannot be connected directly with vortex nuclear bond (only the proton with the neutron can have the nuclear bond)
Fig. 24 Coherent electron scattering captured by an attosecond quantum stroboscope [14] (ring structure)
Fig. 25 The coil-fractal structure of the proton [18] Fig. 21 The structure of oxygen nucleus [18]
XI. CONCLUSIONS It seems that gravitation lines (created from graviton fibers) are in the same axes as levitating electrons [18]. Gravitation lines repel each other and due to the two bodies are attracted. The gravitation lines are braids, which are created from graviton fibers. A quantum-foam-space that is full of graviton fibers and ring structures we would like to call gravitonum (or shortly gravum) to distinguish from the terms: vacuum, ether etc. The gravum is a space where are highly organized and lower organized substructures. It means they are in a different level of self-organizational state (see Fig. 18). Smaller substructures can create dark matter and dark energy. Osmerons are very small and have immeasurable size and mass. The structure of the electron, the proton and the neutron can be created from the basic rings (osmerons) [19]. The exact analysis of real physical problems is usually quite complicated, and any particular physical situation may be too complicated to be analyzed directly by solving the differential equations. Ideas as the field lines (magnetic and
Fig. 23 The vortex-ring structure of the carbon nucleus of 612C which can create the benzene molecule C6H6 [32].
[10]
[11]
[17]
[18]