Organic Molecules I By the end of this week here are the basic concepts you should understand about

Organic Molecules: 1. 2. The differences and similarities between Carbohydrates and Lipids or Fats The basic unit for any of these groups is termed a MONOMER or basic building block. Monomers link together to form more complex compounds know as POLYMERS The process used to synthesize or build a polymer is termed DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS this literally means the loss of water to put materials together. When the body goes through the process of digestion it uses another practice to break the polymers into smaller units. This process is termed HYDROLYSIS or literally splitting with water. We will learn more about this soon in the digestion portion of Unit 2. Carbohydrates have three basic monomers glucose, fructose and galactose all three of these have 6 carbons, 12 hydrogens, and 6 oxygens. They all have the same chemical formula but each of these monomers is structured slightly differently. This is termed an ISOMER An isomer has the same chemical formula but differs structurally. Through dehydration synthesis the monomers join together to form polysaccharides (the polymer of the carbohydrate). These are: a. starch remember we looked at that in the second lab it is the storage form of glucose in plants. b. glycogen this is the storage form of glucose in humans it is stored in liver and muscle tissue. When your blood sugar drops glucagon produced by the pancreas breaks liver glycogen down into blood sugar. c. And finally cellulose cellulose is found in plants like celery those strings in celery are cellulose fibers they provide support. Make sure you read the information on Diabetes in the Human Biology: Condensed. There are two basic types Type I also termed Juvenile diabetes and Type II or adult onset diabetes this typically occurs in individuals who are overweight and can even occur in younger children if they gain a lot of weight. Lipids or fats are also broken down into monomers triglycerides which can either be saturated or mono or poly unsaturated are built from glycerol (a three carboned sugar and fatty acids)

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If the fatty acids have all single bonds then they are termed saturated. If the fatty acids have one or more double bonds then they are termed unsaturated. If they have one double bond they are termed monounsaturated and if they have two or more double bonds they are called polyunsaturated. Another lipid type is the phospholipids this is found in cell membranes its monomers are the phosphate head, the glycerol group and the TWO not THREE (like in the triglycerides) fatty acid chains. Remember that steroids and the sex hormones are lipids. How to read a food label How to calculate the grams of carbohydrates remember to multiply grams by 4 (for the kcals) How to calculate the grams of protein remember to multiply grams by 4 (for the kcals) How to calculate the grams of fat remember fat stores MORE energy so you multiply grams of fat by 9. Calories are the energy content in food.

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PRACTICE PROBLEMS: 1. Which of the following groups best represents the monomers for carbohydrates? a. glucose, fructose and lactose b. glucose, amino acids, nucleotide c. glucose, fructose, galactose d. glucose, fructose, sucrose Which of the following best represents a modified triglyceride? a. steroid b. wax c. phospholipid d. cellulose Which of the following best represents the characteristics of a saturated fatty acid. a. often hydrogenated b. many single bonds present, solid at room temperature c. one or more double bonds present and liquid at room temperature d. both a and c are correct If you have a polymer and you want to make it smaller you would perform: a. dehydration synthesis b. hydration c. neither of these two processes would work Hydration or hydrolysis is: a. the addition of water b. the removal of water c. the addition of water to make things smaller d. the loss of water to make things large Type II diabetes. a. is also known as juvenile diabetes b. occurs because there are insufficient receptors on the cell membrane c. occurs because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin d. occurs when you are overweight e. both b and d are correct Type I diabetes. a. is also know as juvenile diabetes b.. occurs because there are insufficient receptors on the cell membrane c. occurs because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin d. occurs when you are overweight e. both a and c are correct

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Glucose and Fructose are: a. isomers and monomers b. isotopes and monomers c. monomers only d. none of the above C, 13 C are examples of a. isomers b. isotopes c. neither an isomer or an isotope The items in question 9 above differ in their number of a. protons b. neutrons c. electrons d. protons, neutrons and electrons
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