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When the systems approach is applied to the development of an information systems solution to business problems, it is called information systems development or application development
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Project Control
Get feedback of actual performance of the project with respect to time, costs and work of the project Take corrective actions
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System Sub-system
Functional Component
Task Sub tasks Operational Element
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Input/Output Design
Output Design
Who will receive the output When and how often output is needed What is its planned use How much details are needed
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Input/Output Design
Input Design-Objectives
Control the volume of input data Avoid processing delays during data entry Avoid data entry errors Keep process simple
Input Layout
Heading and date of data entry Data heading and value Data type and width of the column
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Database Design
Identify all data tables and record types Identify fields for each tables Determine the data type and width of each field Normalise the data tables Properly document data dictionary
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Procedure Design
Data entry procedures Run time Procedures Error hadling Procedures Security and Backup Procedures Software Documenting Procedure
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Operational Feasibility
How well the proposed system will
Support the business priorities of the organization Solve the identified problem Fit with the existing organizational structure
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Economic Feasibility
An assessment of
Cost savings Increased revenue Decreased investment requirements Increased profits Cost/benefit analysis
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Technical Feasibility
Determine the following can meet the needs of a proposed system and can be acquired or developed in the required time
Hardware Software Network
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Determine the right people for the various new or revised roles
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Legal/Political Feasibility
Assess
Possible patent or copyright violations Software licensing for developer side only Governmental restrictions Changes to existing reporting structure
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Systems Analysis
An in-depth study of end user information needs
It produces the functional requirements used as the basis for the design of an information system
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Organizational Analysis
Study of the organization, including
Management structure People Business activities Environmental systems Current information systems
Input, processing, output, storage, and control
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Logical Analysis
A logical model is a blueprint of the current system
It displays what the current system does, without regard to how it does it It allows an analyst to understand the processes, functions, and data associated with a system without getting bogged down with hardware and software
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Functional Requirements
This step of systems analysis is one of the most difficult
Determine what type of information each business activity requires Try to determine the information processing capabilities required for each system activity The goal is to identify what should be done, not how to do it
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Control: signals for data entry errors and quick e-mail confirmation for customers
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Systems Design
Systems design focuses on three areas
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Prototyping
Prototyping is the rapid development and testing of working models
An interactive, iterative process used during the design phase Makes development faster and easier, especially when end user requirements are hard to define Has enlarged the role of business stakeholders
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System Specifications
Formalizing the design of
User interface methods and products Database structures Processing procedures Control procedures
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Database specifications
Software specifications
Develop databases that use object/relational database management software to organize access to all customer and inventory data and to multimedia product information
Acquire an e-commerce software engine to process all e-commerce transactions with fast responses, i.e., retrieve necessary product data and compute all sales amounts in less than one second Install redundant networked Web servers and sufficient high-bandwidth telecommunications lines to host the company e-commerce website Hire an e-commerce manager and specialists and a webmaster and Web designer to plan, develop, and manage e-commerce operations
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Other support
Application package training Hardware and software advice Help gaining access to organization databases
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Focus on IS Activities
End user development should focus on the fundamental activities of an information system
Input Processing Output Storage Control
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Application development capabilities built into software packages make it easier for end users to develop their own solutions
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Spur creativity
Consider a competition among departments
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Implementation Process
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Project Management
The skills and knowledge necessary to be a good project manager will translate into virtually any project environment
The people who have acquired them are sought after by most organizations
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What is a Project?
Every project has
A set of activities with a clear beginning and end Goals Objectives Tasks Limitations or constraints A series of steps or phases
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Initiating/Defining Phase
Example activities
State the problem(s) and/or goal(s) Identify the objectives Secure resources Explore the costs/benefits in the feasibility study
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Planning Phase
Example activities
Identify and sequence activities Identify the critical path Estimate the time and resources needed for project completion Write a detailed project plan
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Execution Phase
Example activities
Commit resources to specific tasks Add additional resources and/or personnel if necessary Initiate work on the project
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Controlling Phase
Example activities
Establish reporting obligations Create reporting tools Compare actual progress with baseline Initiate control interventions, if necessary
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Closing Phase
Example activities
Install all deliverables Finalize all obligations and commitments Meet with stakeholders Release project resources Document the project Issue a final report
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Evaluating IS Services
Examples of IS services
Developing a company website Installation or conversion of hardware/software Employee training Hardware maintenance System design and/or integration Contract programming Consulting services
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System Testing
System testing may involve
Testing and debugging software Testing website performance Testing new hardware Review of prototypes
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Data Conversion
Data conversion includes
Converting data elements from the old database to the new database Correcting data errors Filtering out unwanted data Consolidating data from several databases Organizing data into new data subsets
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Documentation
User Documentation
Sample data entry screens, forms, reports System operating instructions
Systems Documentation
Method of communication among those developing, implementing, and maintaining a computer-based system Detailed record of the system design Extremely important when diagnosing problems and making system changes
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Training
End users must be trained to operate a new business system or its implementation will fail
May involve only activities, such as data entry, or all aspects of system use Managers and end users must understand how the new technology impacts business operations
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Direct Conversion
Direct conversion
The simplest conversion strategy The most disruptive to the organization Sometimes referred to as the slam dunk or cold-turkey strategy May be the only viable solution in cases of emergency implementation or if the old and new system cannot coexist Has the highest risk of failure Involves turning off the old system and turning on the new one
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Parallel Conversion
Old and new systems are run simultaneously until everyone is satisfied that
The new system functions correctly The old system is no longer needed
Pilot Conversion
Scenarios best suited to a pilot conversion
Multiple business locations Geographically diverse locations
Phased Conversion
A phased or gradual conversion
Takes advantage of both the direct and parallel approaches Minimizes the risks involved Allows the new system to be brought online as logically ordered functional components
Disadvantages
Takes the most time Created the most disruption to the organization over time
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Post-Implementation Activities
The single most costly activity
Correcting errors or faults in the system Improving system performance Adapting the system to changes in the operating or business environment Requires more programmers than does application development May exist for years
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Systems Maintenance
There are four basic categories of system maintenance
Corrective: fix bugs and logical errors Adaptive: add new functionality Perfective: improve performance Preventive: reduce chances of failure
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Post-Implementation Review
Ensures that the newly implemented system meets the established business objectives
Errors must be corrected by the maintenance process Includes a periodic review/audit of the system as well as continuous monitoring
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Documentation
Document is the process of maintaining written reports describing the scope, purpose, information flow and operating procedures of the system. Advt of Documentation
New personnel training Designers can refer to the document Common refrence for the managers
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Documentation
Documenting a Manual MIS
Summary of scope, interfaces with other system, constraint for design etc. Organization chart- old and new and comparison of the number and kind of people before and after the installation. Flow chart and layouts Forms Output reports and formats Methods of controlling and revising system
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