SOLUII MODERNE DE CONDUCERE A CENTRALELOR HIDROELECTRICE MODERN SOLUTIONS FOR HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS MANAGEMENT

Ionita DAESCU Vasile PLESCA Mihaela PLESCA

Institutul de Cercetari si Modernizari Energetice, ICEMENERG Bucuresti, Romnia, 032092, Bd. Energeticienilor nr. 8, Tel.: +40-021-3462772, fax: +40-021-3460384, e-mail: daescu@icemenerg.ro

Basarab Dan GUZUN

Universitatea "Politehnica" din Bucuresti, Romnia, Spl. Independentei nr. 313, Tel.: +40-021-4029200

Rezumat: Conducerea modern a hidrocentralelor implic existena unor sisteme corespunztoare, moderne, bazate pe utilizarea tehnicii de calcul. Un sistem de conducere a hidrocentralelor trebuie privit ca o entitate cu dou componente, o component local, la nivelul centralei i o component aflat la distan la dispeceratul hidroenergetic de amenajare. Componenta local se bazeaz practic n exclusivitate pe utilizarea automatelor programabile i a calculatoarelor. Componenta deprtat se bazeaz pe folosirea calculatoarelor. Totul, bineneles, trebuie s beneficieze de un sistem eficient de transmisiuni de date. Cuvinte cheie: automate programabile, conducere, hidrocentrale

Abstract: The modern management for the hydroelectric power plants HPP implies adequate systems, based at their turn on computing techniques. One management system for the HPPs could be seen as an entity with two components, one local at the HPPs level and the other one-remoted location, at the related dispatching point DHPP. The local component is practically based upon programable logic controllers PLCs and personal computers PCs. Remoted component is based on the PCs technique.Overall surveillance is in the benefit of one efficient data transmitting system Keywords: automatic programable controllers PLC, management system, hydropower plants HPP

1. Introducere Hidrocentrala reprezint un mijloc modern, eficient i durabil de producere a energiei electrice, n cantiti industriale. La nivelul tarii noastre, hidrocentralele asigur ntre 30 i 60 % din consumul zilnic. Prin specificul su o hidrocentral se preteaz la un grad de automatizare foarte avansat, n aa fel nct randamentul de conversie energie hidraulic energie electric s fie maxim. Cea mai mare parte a puterii instalate n hidrocentrale a fost realizat n ultimii 50 de ani. Dac, n aceast perioad, echipamentele primare nu au cunoscut un salt tehnologic spectaculos, nu acelai lucru se poate spune despre echipamentele de automatizare. Turbinele, generatoarele, ca s nu mai vorbim de construciile hidrotehnice (baraje, aduciuni etc.), sunt practic la nivel tehnologic actual sau foarte apropiate. In acelai timp automatizrile existente n hidrocentrale, realizate cu relee electromagnetice, sunt total depite din punct de vedere tehnic, fapt care genereaz pierderi sub aspectul disponibilitii hidrocentralelor i al consumurilor specifice. Pe de alt parte, instalaiile de automatizare reprezint numai o mic parte din valoarea unei hidrocentrale sau a unei amenajri hidroenergetice. Concluzia este ca, prin modernizarea instalaiilor de automatizare conducere a hidrocentralelor, cu costuri relativ mici, se poate obine creterea semnificativa a eficientei exploatrii unei hidrocentrale.

1. Introduction The HPP means one up-to-date energy conversion technology, very efficient and reliable at industrial scale. At the level of our country, the HPPs are to cover the daily consumption, ranging between 30 60 %. Through its specific, one HPP accept one high degree of automation so that the overall efficiency for the entire hydro-electric energy conversion system to be significantly maximized. The majority HPPs installed power was done in the last 50 years. If in this period of time the primary equipments were not performing one spectacular step-up forward, theres not the same situation, on the other hand, within the automatic equipment. Turbines, generators and of coarse the built in parts (power dams, huge conduits, pennstocks etc.) are practically at the world wide level of technology or nearby. At the same time, the existing HPPs part of automation is accomplished with electromagnetic relays which is totally obsolete from tech point of view and, this fact is to generate losses from the reliability point of view and the specific consumptions. On the other hand, the installations involved in the HPPs autoamation part do represents only a small part from the general investment made in the HPP itself or the whole involved area for this HPP including the adiacent built in parts. The conclusion to follow is to obtain significant improvements in the overall HPPs efficiency, through modernizing efforts in the management-automation part within relatively lower costs.

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SC ICEMENERG SA Bucureti are cteva realizri n domeniul modernizrii instalaiilor de automatizare a hidrocentralelor i, n cele ce urmeaz, dorim s prezentm dou din acestea, cu meniunea c este vorba de dou soluii diferite avnd n vedere situaiile concrete. 2. Avantajele noilor soluii n primul rnd in condiiile actuale nu se mai vorbete de sisteme de automatizare a unei hidrocentrale. Este vorba de sisteme de conducere, si chiar de sisteme de teleconducere a hidrocentralelor. Sistemele clasice, bazate pe utilizarea releelor electromagnetice reueau sa asigure cel mult, funcionarea automata a instalaiilor auxiliare si pornirea si oprirea automata a hidroagregatelor, inclusiv nivelul de protecii tehnologice. La nivelul tarii noastre, astfel de instalaii s-au pstrat in funciune in foarte puine cazuri, deoarece, in timp a intervenit uzura fizica a releelor, calitatea slaba iniiala a lor, precum si necesitatea existentei unui personal de ntreinere supradimensionat, personal care nu mai poate fi pstrat avnd in vedere noile cerine de eficienta. Un sistem de conducere asigura, pe lng funciile de automatizare echivalente funciilor clasice si o serie de funcii noi, foarte utile si care nu ar fi putut sa fie realizate in varianta clasica. Astfel se asigura funcia de monitorizare care nseamn nregistrarea evoluiei parametrilor funcionali (in vederea unei analize ulterioare) si alarmarea la depirea limitelor impuse. De asemenea se asigura funcia de optimizare a funcionrii, att la nivel de hidrocentrala cat si la nivel de hidroamenajare (teleconducere). Principalii indicatori care se amelioreaz sunt: disponibilitatea, consumul specific si cheltuielile de exploatare. Sistemul de conducere presupune folosirea unor echipamente moderne, fiabile, bazate pe utilizarea tehnicii de calcul. In mod deosebit, in cazul sistemelor de teleconducere, un rol decisiv l au sistemele de telecomunicaii, respectiv sistemele de transmisiuni de date. 3. Soluii prezentate Echipamentele folosite sunt in direct legtur cu soluia adoptat, iar aceste soluii au cunoscut o evoluie de-a lungul timpului. Astfel, prima soluie aplicat a fost de a realiza numai monitorizarea hidrocentralei, aceasta funcionnd mai departe sub comanda automaticii clasice. Soluia a fost greoaie, cu mare consum de materiale i a avut unele aspecte inedite, cum ar fi faptul c un acelai parametru era msurat de un traductor analogic (pentru sistemul de monitorizare) i, n paralel, era urmrit de mai multe sesizoare existente n automatica clasic. De asemenea, alarmele erau preluate din automatica clasic i introduse n calculator. O alta soluie a fost de a pstra in funciune instalaia clasic i de a realiza, n paralel, o instalaie de automatizare electronic. Cele dou automatici aveau o funcionare independent, separarea realizndu-se la nivelul elementelor de execuie, cu ajutorul unor chei de comand In ultimul timp a nceput s se aplice soluia considerat optim, de nlocuire a automaticii clasice cu automatica electronic. De obicei aceste lucrri se fac cu ocazia retehnologizrii hidrocentralei, cu care ocazie se schimb i ele-

SC ICEMENERG SA Bucuresti has some significant achievements in this related field of modernizing installation for automation in the HPP and, in the followings, we want to show two from these, with the mention , that are two different solutions, focusing on two specific different applications. 2. The advantages from newer solutions Nowadays, from the begining we want to underline the fact that the specialists are not talking about the system automation of one single HPP; they are talking about overall management systems and furthermore quite about remote control and management systems covering an array of HPPs cascading one ore more rivers. Classical systems, based upon the electro-magnetic relaystechnique, were succeeding to secure almost at complete scale the automated operations for the auxilliaries and the start-up / shut-down regimes of the power units, including the level for thechnological protections. For our countrys state-of-the art in this field, this kind of installations were kept into operation in fewer cases, because during time, physical wear intervenes and the necessity for trained, highly specialised maintenance personnel in significant number this aspect couldnt be kept because newly higher levels of efficiency are required today. One complete monitoring system ensures-besides the automation for the equivalent classical functions, also one series of new functions, very useful, which couldnt be done yet in the classical variant. In so doing, on ensures the monitoring function which means the registration of the timeevolving operational parameters (ready to prepare one subsequent analyse) and alarming when some parameters are not in the imposed ranges. Also, on ensures the optimization function for the operational regimes, at the level of the HPP in question from the overall controlled site (tele-dispatching mode). The main indicators which to be improved, are: the full access, reliability, lower specific consumption and related maintenance costs. The complete system of management asumes to use modern up-to-date reliable equipment, computing techniques based. Obviously, in the case of remoted surveillance, one decisive role is to be played by the telecommunication data systems, or data transmitting systems respectively. 3. Shown solutions The equipments used are directly linked with the chosen solution, and these solutions have known one evolution during the time. So, the first applied solution was not aiming only for HPPs monitoring purposes, the plant further operating under the cover of classic automation. The solution was obsolete, high consumption of materials and having some original aspects (e.g. one of the same parameter was measured by an analogic transducer for the monitoring system and, in paralel was surveilled by other sensors belonging to the classic automation system). On the other hand also, the alarms were taken from the classic automation and, further inserted into the PC system. The other alternative solution was to keep into operation the classical installations and in paralel to develop one electronic installation of automation. Those two automatic ways of control were independent operating, the isolation was done

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mente care, de-a lungul exploatrii s-au dovedit nefiabile, cum este cazul diferitelor acionri. Sigur c soluiile aplicate sunt funcie i de fondurile disponibile. Orice sistem de conducere trebuie s fie deschis, respectiv s permit dezvoltri ulterioare. De exemplu un sistem de conducere realizat cu integrarea proteciilor electrice existente (clasice), trebuie s permit, la o dat ulterioar, i integrarea proteciilor moderne, numerice. 4. Echipamente utilizate In centrul unui sistem de (tele)conducere se afl calculatorul. El este nelipsit n orice soluie de realizare a unui sistem de conducere a unei hidrocentrale. Principalele sale roluri sunt: - asigur formarea bazei de date; - gestioneaz circulaia datelor; - asigur interfaa om - main. Dezvoltarea calculatoarelor este strns legat de dezvoltarea software-urilor de prelucrare a datelor. Un concept nou n acest domeniu este OPC, repectiv Object Linking and Embeding for Proces Control. Acest concept a fost dezvoltat de ctre firma Microsoft i a dus la segregarea funciunilor calculatorului, astfel: - serverul gestioneaz circulaia informaiei i asigur formarea bazelor de date curente i istorice. Pe server ruleaz programe eficiente dar greoaie pentru nespecialiti; - staia de lucru asigur, n principal, interfaa cu operatorul. Pe ea ruleaz programe prietenoase, uor de manevrat de ctre personalul de exploatare. Un alt echipament care a fost utilizat au fost plcile specializate de achiziii i ieiri montate n calculator. Automatul programabil este echipamentul care, n momentul de fa, s-a impus ca fiind cel mai potrivit pentru realizarea sistemelor de conducere a hidrocentralelor. Automatul programabil are avantajul c este un utilaj de uz universal, deci presupune costuri de achiziie reduse. Alt avantaj important este imunitatea ridicat la perturbaiile puternice care exist ntr-o hidrocentral. Performanele automatelor programabile au crescut continuu. In prezent exist automate care comunic ntre ele pe reele tip Ethernet sau pe fibr optic, precum i automate care permit modificarea programului n timpul funcionrii. Un important aport la progresul n domeniu l-au asigurat i traductoarele. In hidrocentrale se utilizeaz traductoare pentru mrimi hidromecanice (nivele, presiuni, debite, deplasri) i traductoare pentru mrimi electrice. Din rndul acestora din urm se detaeaz contoarele electrice numerice care asigur msurarea a circa 30 de parametrii ai energiei electrice n punctul de msurare. Este vorba de tensiuni de linie i de faz, cureni, puteri i energii active i reactive n patru cadrane, factor de putere, frecven. 5. Amplasamente In cadrul prezentei lucrri vom prezenta dou aplicaii de sisteme de conduce a hidrocentralelor, realizate de ctre SC ICEMENERG SA. Aplicaiile au fost realizate la Centrala Hidroelectric Ssciori i la Centrala Hidroelectric Voinei. Prima central se afl n exploatarea Sucursalei de Hidrocentrale Sebe i este situat pe rul omonim.

at the end zone level of execution elements, by using some control keys. In the last time, begins to be applied the solution considered as an optimum in replaceing the classic automation with the electronic one. Usually these works were done with the occasion of the HPPs refurbishment and also with this occasion were changed some of the elements which, during the operation time proved to be unreliable, e.g. at some from execution chains. Of course, the applied solutions are ranging within the available funds at the time. Every surveillance and control system has to be an opened one, so that to be permissive at subsequent developments. E.g. one centralised system monitorization built in integrated electric existing protections (classical mode) have to allow at a subsequent date, also the integration of the modern digital protective devices. 4. Equipment used The central place of a (remote) control system, belongs to the PC system itself. It cant be missing for every solution designed to manage one HPP. The main functions are: - the making of a data base; - data flow control; - ensures the man-machine interface. PCs pertinent development is closely linked with the software domain for datas management. One newly developped concept is the OPC, an acronim which means Object Linking and Embedding for Process Control. This concept was developped by the Microsoft firm and has been conducted to the PCs seggregation of functions, so: - the server is those to manage the informations flow and ensures the making of, the current and hystoric ones. On the server are operating efficient computing programs, but uneasy to deal with for the non-specialists; - the working station ensures mainly, the interface with the operator. There are working on this friendly applications, easy to deal with for the operating personnel. Other also employed equipment, were the electronic printed specialised boards for data acquisition inputs and outgoing outputs inserted into the PCs. The automatic programmable logic equipment, so called PLC, is the equipment which at the moment was imposed during the time as being the most suitable to develop the overall managing system for HPPs. The PLC has the advantage as being a device of universal, general use, therefor assumes low acquisition costs. Besides, it is highly immune at the strong perturbations usually existing into one common HPP. The PLCs performances were continuously improved. At the present time, there are PLCs together communicating on the networks Ethernet types or optical fiber, and also PLCs which allow program modifications during the operation. One important step up in the above field was assured also by the qualified sensors. In the HPP are used sensors for the hydro mechanic parts (levels, pressures, flow, displacements) and electric measures. From these latter array are detaching the digital electric counters which allow the distinct measuring for average 30 energy parameters in the required, selected points of measurement. It is about line and phase voltages, currents, power and active or reactive energy four quadrant, power factor, frequency.

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Centrala Hidroelectric Ssciori este o central tip derivaie. Ea preia ap din lacul de acumulare Obrejii de Cplna, cu un volum de 4,6 mil. m3. Aduciunea principal este o galerie subteran sub presiune n lungime de 7250 m. Conducta forat are o lungime de 80,18 m i un diametru de 3600 mm. Centrala Sasciori are o putere instalat de 2 x 22 MW i este amplasat n subteran pe malul drept al rului Sebe. Ea asigur o producie de energie anual medie de 81 GWh. Energia electric produs este evacuat prin dou transformatoare de bloc (T1 i T2). Legtura cu sistemul electroenergetic se face prin dou linii electrice aeriene de 110 kV. Pentru alimentarea de baz a serviciilor propri sunt prevzute dou transformatoare 10,5 / 0,4 kV, respectiv TSP 1 i TSP 2, alimentate de la bornele generatoarelor. Pentru alimentarea de rezerv exist trei transformatoare 20/0,4 kV, respectiv TSP 3, TSP 4 i TSP 5, alimentate din reeaua local de 20 kV. Pentru situaii de urgen se poate apela la un generator de 125 kW, acionat de un motor Diesel. Specific acestei centrale este amplasarea echipamentelor; astfel hidrogeneratoarele, transformatoarele de servicii propri TSP1, TSP2 i TSP3 i instalaiile auxiliare se afl n subteran, iar transformatoarele de bloc i transformatoarele de servicii propri TSP 5 i TSP6 se afl n staia electric suprateran Centrala Hidroelectric Voineti este n exploatarea Sucursalei de Hidrocentrale Curtea de Arge, Uzina Electric Cmpulung. Ea se afl amonte de oraul Cmpulung, pe Rul Trgului. Hidroamenajarea Rul Trgului mai cuprinde i hidrocentrala Lereti, situat n amonte. La debuarea din CHE Lereti, la cota 726 md MN, se afl un mic lac de acumulare cu un volum util de 170 mii m.c. Din acest lac pleac ctre CHE Voineti o aduciune n lungime de 3650 m, urmat de o conduct forat n lungime de 75 m. Hidrocentrala Voineti este echipat cu un hidroagregat Francis vertical, avnd puterea instalat de 5,4 MW. Schema electric este de tip bloc generator transformator. Generatorul este cuplat la un transformator care asigur ridicarea tensiunii de 6,3 kV de la borne, la 20 kV pentru a se realiza cuplarea la LEA 20 kV Cmpulung Ruor i LEA 20 kV Cmpulung Nord. Tot din aceste linii electrice aeriene se asigur i alimentarea serviciilor proprii, printrun transformator cobortor 20 / 0,4 kV avnd puterea de 250 kVA. 6. Soluii aplicate La realizarea sistemelor de conducere ale celor dou hidrocentrale, s-au aplicat soluii diferite. La CHE Ssciori, fiind vorba de o central mare, cu echipamente rspndite pe o zon relativ ntins s-a aplicat soluia de conducere distribuit (descentralizat). La CHE Voineti, unde toate echipamentele sunt amplasate ntr-un pu cu diametrul de circa 20 m, s-a aplicat soluia de conducere centralizat. In figura nr. 3 se prezint configuraia general a sistemului de conducere de la CHE Ssciori. Se observ c fiecare instalaie tehnologic este controlat de cte un automat programabil, automat care se afl n cutia local, lng respectiva instalaie. Tot n cutia local se afl i circuitele de alimentare i elementele de comand i protecie a electro-

5. Selected applications on site In this present work well do show two complete management systems for the HPPs, done by SC ICEMENERG SA. The applications were developped at the HPP Ssciori and also at the HPP Voineti. The first one is operating at the SC Hidrocentrale Sebe subsidiary, and it is located on the river with the same name. The HPP Ssciori is a power plant of derivative type. Its water supply is the lake Obrejii de Cplna, with an working accumulatin volume of 4,6 mil. m3. The main water conduit is an undergrounded pressurised galery having 7.250 m length. The pennstock has 80.18 m length and one diameter of 3600 mm. The HPP Sasciori has the rated installed power of 2 x 22 MW being underground excavated type, on the River Sebes, right bank settled. Its electric yearly av. output energy is of 81 GWh. This amount of electric energy is released to the national power grid through the two step-up transfromers T1,2. The link with the power electric system is assured via one overhead line, 110 kV; one second line is used to radial supply the powerful pumping station Galceag, SPG.. For the basic supply for auxiliaries, two step-down transformers were prevented 10 / 0.4 kV respectively called TSP 3,4,5. linked at the local powr network rated level of 20 kV. For emmergency one could rapidly start up the Diesel powered generator as a booster source, rated 125 kW. Specific for this HPP above focused, is the equipments location, so that the hydrogenerators G1,2, auxilliary transformers TSP1, TSP2 and TSP3 and the auxilliaries are all underground placed; the step-up bloc transformers T1, 2 together with the auxiliary step-down transformers TSP 5,6 are placed in the main outside switchgear station, earth levelled. The HPP Voineti belongs to the SC HidroElectrica SA, Curtea de Arge subsidiary, Uzina Electric Cmpulung. It is located up-side river, over the town Cmpulung, on the River Trgului. The entire site Rul Trgului is covering also the HPP Lereti, up-stream river located. The Leresti HPPs descharged outflow downstream at the level of 726 md MN, there is one small storing lake with the working water volume of 170 thousand c.m. From this lake, one outgoing conduit of 3.650 m length is followed by the pennstock of 75 m length. The HPP Voineti is equipped with one vertical hydro power unit of Francis type, having the rated power of 5,4 MW. The electric switchgear installation is of the same type, block generator transformer which ensures the step-up generators terminal of 6,3 kV -to the level of 20 kV, in order to make the connection with the power overhead line LEA 20 kV Cmpulung Ruor and the LEA 20 kV Cmpulung Nord. Also from these overhead lines are performed the supplies for the auxilliaries via one step-down transformer 20 / 0,4 kV-rated 250 kVA. 6. Applied solutions In making-up the general managing system for the both HPPs different solutions were applied. At the HPP Ssciori, because one relatively large power plant is in question, with the equipment spreaded out into a large area, was applied the solution of de-centralised managing system. By the contrary, at HPP Voinesti, where all the equipment are placed into one single vertical location within of an av. diameter of

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motoarelor de acionare a mainilor de lucru respective (compresoare i pompe). Tot de la cutia local, respectiva instalaie tehnologic poate fi trecut n regim manual, comanda fcndu-se cu ajutorul butoanelor. Pentru monitorizarea poziiilor elementelor de comutaie se folosesc automatele programabile AP11 i AP12. Pe panourile operator cu cristale lichide, de tip tuch screen, se afieaz schemele sinoptice reale ale instalaiilor tehnologice, valorile parametrilor funcionali i se pot da comenzi ctre sistemul de conducere. Aceste funcii sunt ndeplinite i de cele dou calculatoare de proces care realizeaz interfaa om main, precum i bazele de date curente i istorice. In figura nr. 1 se observ amplasarea contoarelor electrice numerice, pe post de traductoare de mrimi electrice. Comunicaia ntre diferitele elemente ale sistemului de conducere, inclusiv cele situate n subteran i cele aflate la suprafa, este asigurat de un LAN de mare vitez (2 Mbps). In figura nr. 4 se prezint configuraia general a sistemului de conducere de la CHE Voineti. Se observ c toate instalaiile tehnologice sunt controlate de un singur automat programabil, automat care se afl n camera de comand. In cutia local, lng instalaia tehnologic, se afl chei de comand care permit ca respectiva instalaie s poate fi trecut n regim manual, comanda fcndu-se cu ajutorul butoanelor. Serverul este cel care, prin intermediul protocolului OPC, pune la dispoziia clienilor datele solicitate. Datele sunt colectate de la automatul programabil i de la cele patru contoare electrice numerice. Bazele de date istorice i curente sunt realizate tot pe server, cu ajutorul programului SQL. Clenii sunt staia de lucru, aflat n camera de comand i dispecerul aflat la distan, la sediul UE din oraul Cmpulung. Att de la staia de lucru ct i de la dispecerat se pot da comenzi de pornire-oprire i ncrcare - descrcare cu / de putere activ / reactiv. In figura nr. 2 se observ amplasarea contoarelor electrice numerice, pe post de traductoare de mrimi electrice.

20 m, the chosen solution was the totally centralised system of general management. In the fig. nr. 3 it is shown the general configuration of a managing system from the HPP Ssciori. On realise that every technological installation is controlled by one PLC, this PLC being located into the local box, nearly the irrespective installation. Also into this box, there are the supplying circuits and the elements of command and protection for the electric motors driving the specific technological mechanisms (compressors and pumps). Also from the local box, these technical installations could be subjected to manual operation, the irrespective command being performed with the aid of some dedicated knobs. For monitoring purposes, the commutation positions for the elements the PLCs named AP 11,12 are used. On the touch operators panels TOP, LCD display type, are to be displayed the synoptic real schemes of the technical installation, the operational parameters values and also commands could be done toward the managing system. These functions are fulfilled also by the two process PCs which are building the man-machine interface and also the data bases, both current and historic ones. In the fig. 1 one could be seen the location of the intelligent digital electric counters, used as sensors of electric measures. The communication between different elements belonging to the managing system, including also those underground located, is to be performed via one high speed LAN (2Mbps). In the fig. 4 one could be seen the general configura-tion of the managing system from the HPP Voineti. On realise, that all tech installations are controlled by one single PLC and this PLC is located in the HPPs control room. In the control box, nearby the tech installations, there are some command keys which enables that irrespective installations to be passed on the manual regime of operation, the irrespective commanad being performed by dedicated knobs. The server is those that via the protocol OPC to set-up for the clients the requested data. These data are colected from the PKLCs and those four digital electric counters. Data bases of hystorical and current type are made up also on the server, with the aid of the program SQL. The clients are the working station from the control room and the remoted dispatcher at the UE from the town Cmpulung. Also from the station and from the dispatching point could be done some commands of start/stop and up-down loading active or reactive power. In the fig.2 one could realise the location of the digital electric counters, used as sensors of electric measures. 7. Conclusion The above shown solutions were focusing the modernizing efforts directed onto the existing HPPs and the actual stateof-the art in this technical field. With no doubts, the future will bring also other pertinent solutions. However, we do consider that this present work could be surely to fit into one developing base for this domain which, in our country, relies at the very beginnings.

7. Concluzii Soluiile prezentate au avut n vedere modernizarea hidrocentralelor existente, i stadiul actual al tehnicii. Fr ndoial c viitorul ne va indica i alte soluii. Totui considerm c lucrarea se poate constitui ntr-o baz de dezvoltare a acestui domeniu care, n ara noastr, se afl la nceput.

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Fig. 1. Schema electric monofilar a CHE Ssciori Fig. 1. The electric lay out diagram for the HPP Ssciori

Fig. 2. Schema electric monofilar a CHE Voineti Fig. 2. The electric lay out diagram for the HPP Voineti

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Fig. 3. Sistemul de conducere al CHE Ssciori Fig. 3. The managment system for the HPP Ssciori

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Fig. 4. Sistemul de teleconducere al CHE Voineti i CHE Lereti Fig. 4. The tele managment system for the HPPs Voineti and Lereti Bibliografie (References) 1. Guzun B., Mucichescu C., Chiracu A., Automatizri n hidroenergetic, Editura Tehnic, Bucureti, 1995 2. Chiu I., Chiu A., Radu C., Radu C., Sisteme de achiziie i transmitere a datelor, Editura ICPE, Bucureti, 2000 3. Moga M., Sisteme inteligente pentru conducerea reelelor electrice de distribuie, Editura AGIR, Bucureti, 2000 4. tefnescu C., Cupcea N., Sisteme inteligente de msurare i control, Editura Albastr, Cluj-Napoca, 2002