Mohinder Pal Gill Enroll. No.

- NIMT/T/MPG/3508773 Branch CODL001

Hydraulic Machines. II Year.

1. (a). Draft Tube is a tube or a pipe which connects the outlets of reaction turbine with the tail race. Draft tube is required to perform the following two main functions: (i) If water is discharged freely from the runner then turbine will work under a head equal to the height of head race water level above the runner outlet. But by providing an air tight draft tube, which connects runner with the tail race, it is made possible to establish a negative head at the outlet by an amount equal to the height of the runner outlet above the tail race. (ii) When water leaves the runner, it possess high velocity and thus kinetic energy of the turbine is lost, if it discharges freely. By using a draft tube of increasing cross- sectional area, the velocity is largely reduced at the exit of draft tube of increasing cross- sectional area, the velocity is gained, reduced at the exit of draft tube. Thus kinetic head is gained, but at the outlet of turbine only atmospheric pressure is required. Therefore, a further negative head at runner exit can be established by an amount equal the gain in velocity head. Thus with the help of above two functions, negative head at the runner exit is increased, which result in the increase of net working head on the turbine and also output increases. In this way with the help of draft tube nearly 10% increase in efficiency is obtained. 1. (b). When water is discharged freely from the runner then turbine will work under a head equal to the height of head race water level above the runner outlet. But by providing an airtight draft tube, which connects runner with the tail race, a negative head at the outlet get established by an amount equal to the height of the runner outlet above the tail race. Thus, by providing a draft tube, it is possible to install the turbine above the tail race without loss of head. This makes the inspection and maintenance of turbine easy. 2. (a). Uses of Draft tube: The draft tube is a conduit which connects the runner exit to the tail race where the water is being finally discharged from the turbine. i. The primary use of the draft tube is to reduce velocity/ kinetic energy of water making exit thereby converting kinetic energy to pressure head allowing turbine to be installed above tail pool level. ii. To create negative suction head. iii. Provide added head. iv. It makes possible the installation of the turbine above the tail race level without the loss of head. v. The velocity of water at the runner outlet is very high. By employing a draft tube of increasing cross sectional area, the discharge takes place at a much lower velocity and thus, a part of the kinetic energy that was going as a waste is recovered as a gain in the pressure head, and this increases the efficiency of the turbine. vi. The draft tube prevents the splashing of water coming out of the runner and guides the water to the tail race.

Mohinder Pal Gill Enroll. No. - NIMT/T/MPG/3508773 Branch CODL001

2. (b). Types of Draft Tubes The following are the four types of draft tubes used in turbines: (i). Straight Divergent tube. (ii). Moody spreading tube. (iii). Simple elbow tube. (iv). Elbow type with circular cross-section at inlet and rectangular at outlet. i. Straight Divergent tube. The shape of this type of tube is similar to the frustum of a cone. The maximum cone angle of such tube is 8 ( = 4). If the cone angle is more than 8 water remains away from the inner walls of the tube and cavitation occurs, causing loss of head. This tube should be submerged by nearly 1 m in the tail race. This has an efficiency up to 90 % and is most suitable for Francis turbine. As shown in the figure, this type of tube is a short vertical tube bifurcating into two long horizontal tubes. It is helpful in reducing whirling action of the water coming tubes. It is helpful in reducing whirling action of the water coming out from the runner and thus reduces eddy losses and increases the life of the tube. Efficiency of such draft tubes is about 80 %. ii. Simple elbow tube As shown in figure above it has circular cross- section at the top as well as at bottom. This requires lesser excavation for the installation. its efficiency is only about 60% and, therefore, not used. Elbow type with circular cross-section at inlet and rectangular at outlet. This type of tube is shown in the figure below and is useful where larger excavation is necessary. This has a larger cross section at outlet, which recovers more kinetic head at outlet. This is generally used with Kaplan turbine and has efficiency of about 70%.

iii.

Mohinder Pal Gill Enroll. No. - NIMT/T/MPG/3508773 Branch CODL001

3.

(a). Pump is a mechanical device to increase the pressure energy of a fluid. Generally the pump is used for raising the fluids from lower level to a higher level. This is achieved by creating a vacuum pressure at the inlet or suction end and high pressure at the outlet or delivery and of the pump. Vacuum pressure raises the fluid from a depth where it is available and the high pressure at outlet forces it up to the height where it is required. Broadly pumps can be classified as centrifugal or positive displacements pumps. Centrifugal pumps are vertical or horizontal; multistage or single stage, submersible or dry type. Whereas positive displacement pumps are reciprocating or rotary pumps. Rotary pumps include, gear type, screw type, lobe type etc. 3. (b). Reciprocating pumps are also known as a positive displacement pumps because in it, liquid is pushed out of the cylinder by the actual displacement of the piston or plunger. These are now-a-days out of date. Classification of Reciprocating Pumps (a). According to the action of water: (i). Single acting.

The intensifier has two main parts the low pressure, double-acting cylinder and the high pressure cylinder. The pistons in these cylinders are mechanically attached the low pressure piston pushes the high pressure piston in a delivery stroke and pulls it in the return stroke. (ii). Double acting. A continuous, uniform flow may be attained with the double-acting arrangement. While one oft he double-acting pistons is delivering, the other cylinder is being charged during its intake stroke.

Mohinder Pal Gill Enroll. No. - NIMT/T/MPG/3508773 Branch CODL001

This apparatus is a neat, compact assembly. While these units could be made to stroke with a manual four-way directional valve, they are almost invariably assembled for fully automatic operation. Meeting requirements for explosion proofing is conventional and the application of remote control is simple. (b). According to the number of cylinders: (i). Single cylinder. (ii). Double cylinder.

Mohinder Pal Gill Enroll. No. - NIMT/T/MPG/3508773 Branch CODL001

(iii). Triple cylinder. As the name suggests, a reciprocating pump having only one cylinder is known as single-cylinder pump. It may be either single acting or double acting as shown in figures, respectively. Pumps having more than one cylinder are known as multi-cylinder pumps. (c). According to the existence of air vessel. i. With air vessel. ii. Without air vessel.

4. (a). Suction Head is the head on the suction side of the pump. This is
subtracted from the discharge head to determine the head being produced by the pump. It is a sum of the static, pressure and friction heads. Associated with each H-Q location on the pump curve is a quantity that can be read called NPSH. An energy balance on the suction side of the fluid system (point 1 to pump inlet) with pinlet set to the vapor pressure of the fluid being pumped gives a quantity called NPSHA (net positive suction head available).

The requirement is that: NPSHA > NPSH Otherwise (if NPSHA < NPSHpump), the pressure at the pump inlet will drop to that of the vapor pressure of the fluid being moved and the fluid will boil. The resulting gas bubbles will collapse inside the pump as the pressure rises again. These implosions occur at the impeller and can lead to pump damage and decreased efficiency.

Mohinder Pal Gill Enroll. No. - NIMT/T/MPG/3508773 Branch CODL001

Delivery head The delivery head is a theoretical value which is used within the pump characteristics (see pump characteristic) instead of the feed pressure (see feed pressure). The advantage is that the delivery head is valid for any given liquid. The

feed pressure is then calculated for the respective feed medium by multiplying the density with the delivery head (see feed pressure).

4. (b). Rotary Pumps

Rotary pumps are the positive displacement type pumps having circular motion, and are without valves and can deliver a constant capacity against variable pressure. These are generally used to produce 25 kg/cm. these are suited for handling

viscous fluids, maintain high volumetric efficiency, require very less clearance between rubbing surfaces. Although used successfully for clean water and gasoline, their field of application is primarily in pumping oils or other liquids having same lubricating qualities and sufficient viscosity to prevent excessive leakages.

Mohinder Pal Gill Enroll. No. - NIMT/T/MPG/3508773 Branch CODL001

Classification. Mainly these are of two types: 1. Constant Delivery Pumps. These type includes: (a). Gear pump. A Gear pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid by displacement. They are one of the most common types of pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications. Gear pumps however are also widely used in chemical installations to pump fluid with a certain viscosity. There are two main variations; external gear pumps which use two external spur gears, and internal gear pumps which use an external and an internal spur gear. Gear pumps are fixed displacement, meaning they pump a constant amount of fluid for each revolution. Some gear pumps are designed to function as either a motor or pump. (b). Screw pump. The complete assembly and the usual flow path are shown in Figure. Liquid is trapped at the outer end of each pair of screws.

The three-screw, high-pitch, screw pump, shown in Figure, has many of the same elements as the two-screw, low-pitch, screw pump, and their operations are similar. Three screws, oppositely threaded on each end, are employed. They rotate in a triple cylinder, the two outer bores of which overlap the center bore. (c). Vane pump. A rotary vane pump is a positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes mounted to a rotor that rotates inside of a cavity. In some cases these vanes can be variable length and/or tensioned to maintain contact with the walls as the pump rotates. The simplest vane pump is a circular rotor rotating inside of a larger circular cavity. The centers of these two circles are offset, causing eccentricity. Vanes are allowed to slide into and out of the rotor and seal on all edges, creating vane chambers that do

Mohinder Pal Gill Enroll. No. - NIMT/T/MPG/3508773 Branch CODL001

the pumping work. The action of the vane drives out the same volume of fluid with each rotation. Multistage rotary vane vacuum pumps can attain pressures as low as 10-3 mbar (0.1 Pa). (d). Radial piston pump. A radial piston pump is an element of the hydraulic. At this pump the working pistons are in radial direction and symmetrical arranged around the drive shaft - in contrast to the axial piston pump. The stroke of each piston is caused by an eccentric drive shaft or an external eccentric tappet (e. g. stroke ring). When filling the workspace of the pumping pistons from "inside" (e. g. over a hollow shaft) so its called a inside impinged (but outside braced) radial piston pump.

If the workspace is filled from, outside its called an outside impinged radial piston pump (but inside braced). 2. Variable Delivery Pumps. These type include: (a). Axial piston pumps Axial piston pumps using the swash plate principle (fixed and adjustable displacement) have a quality that is almost the same as the bent axis model. They have the advantage

Mohinder Pal Gill Enroll. No. - NIMT/T/MPG/3508773 Branch CODL001

of being more compact in design. The pumps are easier and more economical to manufacture; the disadvantage is that they are more sensitive to oil contamination. (b). Radial or seated valve piston pump. Radial Piston Pumps can produce a very smooth flow under extreme pressure. Figure above illustrates the operation of the radial piston pump. The pump consists of a pintle, which remains stationary and acts as a valve. The slide block does not revolve but houses and supports the rotor, which does revolve due to the friction setup by the sliding action between the piston head sand the reaction ring. The cylinder block is attached to the drive shaft. 5. (a). Deepwell or Borehole pumps. A submersible pump is a device which has a hermetically sealed motor close-

coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump cavitation, a problem associated with a high elevation difference between pump and the fluid surface. Submersible pumps push water to the surface as opposed to jet
and centrifugal pumps having to pull water. Submersibles are more efficient. These pumps are used where water or any other liquid like oils etc. are required to be raised from a larger depth. These are generally used for pumping from depths more than 6 to 7 m. special type of pumps can lift the oils even from a depth of 3000 m but generally ordinary deepwell can lift upto 300 m. these have capacities upto 500 litre/sec and have pipe dia upto0.6 m nearly. 5. (b). External gear pumps are a popular pumping principle and are often used as lubrication pumps in machine tools, in fluid power transfer units, and as oil pumps in engines. External gear pumps can come in single or double (two sets of gears) pump configurations with spur (shown), helical, and herringbone gears. Helical and herringbone gears typically offer a smoother flow than spur gears, although all gear types are relatively smooth. Largecapacity external gear pumps typically use helical or herringbone gears. Small external gear pumps usually operate at 1750 or 3450 rpm and larger models operate at speeds up to 640 rpm. External gear pumps have close tolerances and shaft support on both sides of the gears. This allows them to run to pressures beyond 3,000 PSI / 200 BAR, making them well suited for use in hydraulics. With four bearings in the liquid and tight tolerances, they are not well suited to handling abrasive or extreme high temperature applications. Tighter internal clearances provide for a more reliable measure of liquid passing through a pump and for greater flow control. Because of this, external gear pumps are popular for precise transfer and metering applications involving polymers, fuels, and chemical additives.

Construction

Mohinder Pal Gill Enroll. No. - NIMT/T/MPG/3508773 Branch CODL001

External gear pumps in particular can be engineered to handle even the most aggressive corrosive liquids. While external gear pumps are commonly found in cast iron, newer materials are allowing these pumps to handle liquids such as sulphuric acid, sodium hypochlorite, ferric chloride, sodium hydroxide, and hundreds of other corrosive liquids.

Externals (head, casing, bracket) - Iron, ductile iron, steel, stainless steel, high alloys, composites (PPS, ETFE) Internals (shafts) - Steel, stainless steel, high alloys, alumina ceramic Internals (gears) - Steel, stainless steel, PTFE, composite (PPS) Bushing - Carbon, bronze, silicon carbide, needle bearings Shaft Seal - Packing, lip seal, component mechanical seal, magnetically-driven pump.

Working of External Gear Pumps External gear pumps are similar in pumping action to internal gear pumps in that two gears come into and out of mesh to produce flow. However, the external gear pump uses two identical gears rotating against each other -- one gear is driven by a motor and it in turn drives the other gear. Each gear is supported by a shaft with bearings on both sides of the gear. 1. As the gears come out of mesh, they create expanding volume on the inlet side of the pump. Liquid flows into the cavity and is trapped by the gear teeth as they rotate. 2. Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in the pockets between the teeth and the casing -- it does not pass between the gears. 3. Finally, the meshing of the gears forces liquid through the outlet port under pressure. Because the gears are supported on both sides, external gear pumps are quiet-running and are routinely used for high-pressure applications such as hydraulic applications. With no overhung bearing loads, the rotor shaft can't deflect and cause premature wear. Applications Common external gear pump applications include, but are not limited to:

Various fuel oils and lube oils Chemical additive and polymer metering Chemical mixing and blending (double pump) Industrial and mobile hydraulic applications (log splitters, lifts, etc.) Acids and caustic (stainless steel or composite construction) Low volume transfer or application.

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