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TITLE: Prediction of low-sensitivity reactive dye recipe in exhaust dyeing influenced by material to liquor ratio and nature of salt. AUTHOR: Mansoor Iqbal*, Zeeshan Khatri, Aleem Ahmed, Javaid Mughal, Kamran Ahmed. JOURNAL: Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2012) 16, 16
TITLE: Effect of cross linking in textile pigment printing and enhancement of fastness properties. AUTHOR: M.Waris, Mansoor Iqbal*, Ausaf Aleem and Faraz Ali. JOURNAL: Jour.chem. Soc. Pak, Vol. 31, No.1, pp217-226, 2009
TITLE: Light Fastness of Bi-Functional reactive dyes with pad-batch and pad- dry-cure methods on cellulosic substrate. AUTHOR: Mansoor Iqbal, Ausaf Aleem, Javaid Mughal and Qasim Siddiqui. JOURNAL: Jour.Chem.Soc.Pak Vol 29, No.3, pp195-199, 2007
TITLE: Effect of textile auxiliaries at various stages of processing and its impact on tensile strength. AUTHOR: Mansoor Iqbal, Javaid Mughal, Ausaf Aleem and Qasim Siddiqui. JOURNAL: Jour.Chem.Soc.Pak, Vol-29, No-3, 2007.
TITLE: The effect of substitution on the dyeing and spectroscopic properties of some monoazo disperse dyes AUTHOR: Ausaf Aleem, Muhammad Aleem Ahmed, Mohammad Naeem, Kamran Ahmed and Mansoor Iqbal JOURNAL: Pak. Jour.Sci.Ind.Res 2006 49(5) 364-367.
TITLE: The study of electrolytes on the dye uptake of Bi functional reactive red on cellulosic substrate (Cotton K-68). AUTHOR: Javaid Mughal, Ausaf Aleem, Qasim Siddiqui and Mansoor Iqbal. JOURNAL: Pak. Jour.Sci.Ind.Res 2006 49(5) 371-372
By Mansoor Iqbal
The book Textile fiber basics and beyond is my second effort. After the publication of my firs book Textile dyes, encouragement received from friends, students and textile institutions, make it possible to complete the present book. Textile fibers are the raw materials for yarn manufacturing, which ultimately converted into fabric. Leading from fundamentals ideas to the advance level, the book covers all the important textile fibers discussed in an easy and simple style. Knowledge of polymer science is essential to understand the subject of textile fiber, so an special chapter on polymer concepts is also included. While writing this book, I have made references from various sources, as mentioned at the end of each chapter and have freely used the working of outstanding scholars and researchers. I, hereby, acknowledge their contribution with sincerity and gratitude. The book will equally be served as a reference book on Textile fiber for all entrepreneurs, mills technicians, textile institutes, industrialists, libraries, textile teachers and students. Hope to receive valuable comments and suggestions for further improvement.
By
Mansoor Iqbal M.Sc (Applied Chemistry) Scientific Officer, Textile PCSIR Laboratories complex Karachi Ministry of Science & Technology Government of Pakistan.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Prediction of low-sensitivity reactive dye recipe in exhaust dyeing inuenced by material to liquor ratio and nature of salt
Mansoor Iqbal a,*, Zeeshan Khatri b, Aleem Ahmed a, Javaid Mughal a, Kamran Ahmed a
Applied Chemistry Research Center (Textile Section), PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Off University Road, Karachi 75280, Pakistan b Department of Textile Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan Received 10 January 2010; accepted 6 April 2010 Available online 25 October 2010
a
KEYWORDS Reactive dyes; Colorimetric data; Liquor to material ratio; Sensitivity and rightrst-time
Abstract Reactive dyeings were carried out by exhaust method on 100% cotton knits. A trichromatic combination was chosen with only change in blue component. Colorimetric data were produced under controlled dyeing conditions by comparing the color difference between the target shade and resulting shades. Giving a change in liquor ratio and nature of salt the colorimetric data were regenerated again produced the shades. The data will be helpful to predict the low-sensitivity reactive dye recipe, which lead to the concept of right-rst-time dyeing. The aim of this research is to help a dyer to select the right recipe. A set of the dye recipes was applied by dyeing with reactive dyes on cotton. Sodium chloride shows best results in terms of dye sensitivity as compared to Glaubers salt at low liquor ratio that is 1:10. Blue BRF in combination with yellow and red shows best result as compared to navy blue BF.
2010 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +92 3443046460. E-mail addresses: mansoorprocessing@hotmail.com (M. Iqbal), texcenter_2004@live.com (A. Ahmed), kamranfarooq20@hotmail. com (K. Ahmed). 1319-6103 2010 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2010.10.015
1. Introduction The two concepts namely quick-response (QR) and right-rsttime (RFT) have signicant consequences for the technology of dye application. The concept of RFT dyeing is necessary for QR processing lines, but it is very welcome also for conventional dyeing. It was originally promoted from ICI and expended from right-rst-time to the so-called right-on-time and right-every-time concept. The development of instrumental colorimetric in the 1990 in both exhaust and continuous dyeing operations signicantly strengthened this concept. Both QR and RFT are of recent economical development in dyeing technology (Zolinger, 2003).
2.4. Measurement of color strength The xation of the dye in percentage was calculated rst by the determining the reectance R of the dyed samples at the wavelength of minimum reectance (maximum absorbance) on Datacolour SF 650X spectrophotometer. The color yield (K/ S) values were the calculated by using the KubelkaMunk equation (Eq. (1)) and the dye xation % was evaluated using Eq. (2).
Table 1 List of commercial reactive dyes used in the experiment for dyeing.
Brand name 1 2 3 4 Sumix Yellow EXF Red EXF Blue BRF Navy blue BF Rifax Yellow 3RN Red 3BN Blue BRF Navy blue BF CI number 145 195 221 222
0.95
23.16
24.63
4.58
20.01
78.12
0.68
23.05
23.26
5.89
19.85
78.0
0.50
24.96
22.86
5.68
19.88
79.12
0.52
24.90
23.21
4.51
19.80
80.01
0.84
22.98
24.62
4.16
20.11
81.16
0.68
23.05
23.26
5.89
19.85
81.28
0.50
24.96
22.86
5.68
19.88
79.92
K=S values of sample after soaping 100 K=S values of sample before soaping 2
By giving a change in the liquor ratio of 1:20 taking other parameters, the same set of dyeing recipes was again evaluated with the same above method. Change in color brought about by change in liquor to material ratio up to 1:20 was also measured on the basis of CIELAB color space in terms of L*a*b* (Cartesian coordinates) as shown in Table 3. 3. Result and discussion 3.1. Build-up properties The use of a combination of different types of dyes to achieve deep shades requires the components to have a high degree of compatibility. Proper selection requires to build-up properties
of the individual dyes to be known. The color yields of the Rifax and Sumix reactive dyes studied are shown in Figs. 1a and 1b. For each complete dying the K/S values were determined at different concentration. For both the dyes the values of K/S increase as the dye concentration increases, which shows good build up developing. Sumix red dye shows a good build up devolving at low concentration as compared to Rifax red, while Sumix (blue and yellow) and Rifax (blue and yellow) behave in more or less same pattern. 3.2. Effect of salt Using standard dyeing prole, cotton fabric was dyed with Rifax and Sumix reactive dyes at two dye combinations and the type of salt is varied to check shade sensitivity against the standard shade. Table 4 shows the effect of salts on colorimetric data for dye combination 1 at liquor ratio of 1:10. It is obvious from the table that Sumix is least sensitive to common salt attaining maximum %F 80.01 and DE 0.52 against
M. Iqbal et al.
Set of dyeing recipes and colorimetric data at a L:R = 1:20.
DE 0.85 L* 26.18 a* 22.68 b* 4.62 K/S 18.91 %F 74.20
1.32
25.04
26.23
3.28
19.46
76.95
1.87
24.85
22.89
4.56
19.65
77.16
1.87
24.85
22.89
4.56
19.65
78.63
0.62
25.28
22.86
4.77
19.12
79.63
1.62
24.18
23.60
4.63
19.81
80.23
1.87
24.85
22.89
4.56
19.65
79.63
1.87
24.85
22.89
4.56
19.65
78.68
5
5
K/S Value
K/S Value
K/S Sumifix Blue BRF K/S Sumifix Red EXF K/S Sumifix Yellow EXF
K/S Rifafix Blue BRF K/S Rifafix Red 3BN K/S Rifafix Yellow 3RN
1 0 1 2 3
1
6
Figure 1a
Figure 1b
Dye combination
Figure 2
82 80
% Fixation
78 76 74 72
Table 4 Dye combination 1 effect of common salt and Glaubers salt on K/S at L:R = 1:10.
Type of salt Rifax K/S Common salt Glaubers salt 19.80 20.01 %F 76.21 78.12 DE 0.52 0.95 Sumix K/S 19.80 20.11 %F 80.01 81.16 DE 0.52 0.84
Rifafix 1
Rifafix 2
Sumifix 1
Sumifix 2
Dye combination
Figure 3 1:10.
Table 5 Dye combination 1 effect of common salt and Glaubers salt on K/S at L:R = 1:20.
Type of salt Rifax K/S Common salt Glaubers salt 18.91 19.46 %F 74.20 76.95 DE 0.85 1.32 Sumix K/S 19.12 19.81 %F 79.63 80.23 DE 0.62 1.62
standard but also increased % xation in cases of common salt used; the % xation is shown in Fig. 3. The Sumix results are less sensitive to both salts and show versatility of application; it is also observed, in this case, that the % xation of Sumix dye is achieved relatively high than the Rifax dye. The dye combination 1 containing Sumix blue BRF which shows good results than the combination 2 containing Sumix navy blue BF. Fig. 2 also depicts that the dye combination 1 is less sensitive to common salt than that of Glaubers salt.
Table 6 Dye combination 2 effect of common salt and Glaubers salt on K/S, %F and DE at L:R = 1:10.
Type of salt Rifax K/S Common salt Glaubers salt 19.85 19.88 %F 78.0 79.12 DE 0.68 0.50 Sumix K/S 19.85 19.88 %F 81.28 79.92 DE 0.68 0.50
1.6 2
Common salt Glauber's salt
1.2
DE
0.8
Table 7 Dye combination 2 effect of common salt and Glaubers salt on K/S, %F and DE at L:R = 1:20.
Type of salt Rifax K/S Common salt Glaubers salt 19.65 19.65 %F 77.16 78.63 DE 1.87 1.87 Sumix K/S 19.65 19.65 %F 79.63 78.68 DE 1.87 1.87
0.4
Dye combination
Figure 4
M. Iqbal et al. quor ratio 1:10. Dye combination 1 which contains blue BRF shows the best result as compared to navy blue BF. The less sensitive dye recipes which are very near to target shade are Sumix yellow EXF 2%, Sumix red EXF 5.5% and Sumix blue BRF 0.7% at a liquor ratio of 1:10 with 80 g/l sodium chloride. The colorimetric data of this recipe: DE = 0.52, L = 24.90, a = 23.21, b = 4.51, K/S = 19.80, %F = 80.01. The dyer should take into account while selecting dye class and type of salt to be used in order to right-rst-time dyeing. References
AATCC Test Method 153-1985, 1995. Color Measurement of Textile: Instrumental. Technical Manual of the AATCC. pp. 272277. Asolekar, S., 2000. Environmental Problems in Chemical Processing of Textiles. IIT, Delhi. p. 18. Beech, W.F., 1970. Fiber Reactive Dyes. Logos Press Limited, London, p. 343. Fowler, P., 1997. New Trichromatic System for Enhanced Dyeing by the Exhaust Process. American Dyestuff Reporter. Globo, V., 2004. Inuence of anionic dye sorption properties on the color of wool top. Tex. Res. J.. Horrocks, A.R., 2000. Handbook of Technical Textile. Wood Head Publishing, p. 211. Imada, K., Harroda, N., 1992. Recent developments in the optimized dyeing of cellulose using reactive dyes. J. Soc. Dyers Colourist 108, 210214. McDonaldd, R., 1997. Color Physics for Industry. SDC Bradford, UK, p. 358. Zolinger, H., 2003. Color Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, p. 380.
% Fixation
78 76 74 72 70
Rifafix 1 Rifafix 2 Sumifix 1 Sumifix 2
Dye combination
Figure 5 of 1:20.
Fig. 4 demonstrates another comparison of two different combinations within the dye class Rifax at liquor ratio 1:20. Fig. 4 shows that Rifax dye combinations are sensitive to both salt; only dye combination 1 in the presence of salt has close DE to the standard but the % xation is decreased, refer Fig. 5. The Sumix offers same prole as Rifax except dye combination 1 which is relatively less sensitive in case of common salt. Overall liquor ratio of 1:20 shows adverse effect and dyes are more sensitive. 4. Conclusion Sumix dye range is less sensitive and shows the best result as compared to Rifax dyes in the presence of common salt at li-