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Roro

Definitions
Roro carries goods loaded and unloaded normally in horizontal manner Air cushion vehicle = part of its weight supported by cushion of air, dependent for its effectiveness on proximity of surface Ferry = ship carrying passengers on relatively short-distance, regularly-scheduled service High speed craft = craft capable of maximum speed in m/s equal to or exceeding 3,7 * V0,1667 (V = displacement @ design waterline) Hydrofoil boat = craft supported above water surface in non-displacement mode by hydrodynamic forces generated on foils Passenger car ferry = passenger / ferry ship with roro-access of sufficient dimensions to allow carriage of roro trailers and / or passengers / cars Passenger ship = ship that carries more than 12 passengers Roro passenger ship = passenger ship with roro spaces / special category spaces

Characteristics
Ferry
Possible cargo o Trucks o Passengers o Cars o Trains o Trailers Characteristics o Number of cars / trucks o Lane length o Height between decks o Number of passengers o Carrying capacity Large hull openings

3de Bach NW Types o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Samenvatting p. 2/18 Short sea roro Deep sea roro Roro container vessel Passenger car ferry Cruise ferry High speed conventional ferry Rail ferry Pure car ferry Roro conventional Driver accompanied vessel Drive through vehicle ferry Ro-pax catamaran Ro-pax trimaran Inland water ro-pax water taxi Roro forest product carrier Heavy lift roro

Roro

Cruise ship
Possible cargo = passengers Characteristics o Maximum number of passengers o Number of cabins, according to size, luxury & location on the ship

Stability
Vehicle deck extends over all ships length & breadth No subdivisions Open spaces are sealed by bow / stern doors Any water access makes vessel vulnerable to effects of free surface Loss of watertight integrity o Collision o Grounding o Excessive change of trim o Listing while loading / unloading o Doors left open when proceeding to sea o Damage to bow / stern doors o Shifting cargo due to bad weather o Water curtains & sprinkler systems Loading computers o Compulsory o Linked with shore database to enable fast data transmission o Cargo details not always correct o Big sided vessels => windage factor!!

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Roro

Survivability o Loss of water integrity => survival period reduced compared to other types o Tendency to capsize sooner o SOLAS 90 + 50 SOLAS 90 Direct consequence of Herald of Free Enterprise Designed to improve stability of passenger ships in damaged condition SOLAS 90 + 50 More stringent Meet basic criteria with assumed accumulation of 50 cm of water on deck Ship must retain positive stability with 50 cm water on vehicle deck Increased longitudinal subdivision will be necessary

High speed craft

Types o Hydrofoils o Hovercraft o Catamaran o Trimaran o Mono-hull ferries Legislation o Applies to High speed craft engaged on international voyages Including passenger craft that doesnt proceed more than 4 hours @ operational speed from place of refuge when fully laden Including cargo craft 500 gross tonnage or above that doesnt go more than 8 hours from port of refuge o Basic aim = provide levels of safety equivalent to those contained in SOLAS & International Convention on Load Lines o Amendments Public address systems Helicopter pick up areas Buoyancy Subdivision Load line requirements Dynamic stability Review of code every 4 years

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Samenvatting p. 4/18

Roro

o B

High speed passenger craft with no more than 450 passengers Demonstrated that on route at any point of route all passengers & crew can be most probably be rescued with least Time to prevent persons in survival craft from exposure Time appropriate with respect to environmental conditions & geographical features of route OR 4 hours

High speed passenger craft other than A Machinery & safety systems arranged such that disabling essential machinery & safety systems in 1 compartment, craft remains capability to navigate safely o Cargo craft class High speed craft other than passenger craft Capable of maintaining main functions & safety systems of unaffected spaces o Maximum speed formula See above Applicable to post types of craft Increasing speed & improving sea keeping behaviour of conventional displacement ship only possible to certain extend How to achieve higher speeds o Submerging displacement volume below free surface o Raising displacement volume above free surface o Reducing water plane area Principle o Fast displacement hulls and high speed mono-hulls Low speeds => weight of ship entirely carried by displaced water High speeds => pronounced bow-up trim Higher speeds => ship starts to plan => weight < 50% by Archimedes, > 50% by dynamic lift => requires special hulls o Hydrofoils Low speeds => displacement mode High speed => foilbourne mode o Air cushion vehicles Raises itself over water surface by supplying air pressure between water surface & craft Types Air cushion: enclosed by flexible skirts Surface effect ship: air cushion enclosed by rigid sidewalls & bow & stern seals

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Roro

o Catamaran Very fast Limited number of crew required New concepts for lifesaving appliances No lifeboats Sometimes no engineer Filled with self-diagnostic systems Incorporated redundancy Specialised crew training Correct & fast operation of MES / MEC required Level of passenger self-help required At all times in reasonable proximity to a port of refuge o Wing assisted trimaran (WAT) Mooring alongside jetty can be difficult Attention needed when launching liferaft High speeds in rough seas compared to equivalent monohull Reduced stern wash effects Facts o Annual summary notices to mariners highlights routes & types of high speed craft operating around shores of UK o High speed craft safety certificate issued for period specified by Administration, not exceeding 5 years o Dead ship test = to determine conditions of craft evacuation (stop engines & wait until ship is stabilised relative to wind & waves)

Mooring and docking systems for ferries

Procedures compatible with cargo operations & hull form Mooring operations take place above or below main cargo deck space => maximum capacity Stern / bow ramps make positive position with quayside ramp / link span Port facilities compatible to receive ferries in various states of tide (if tidal berth) Many ports permanent moorings and / or additional storm moorings Ropes & wires permit undesirable amount of movement

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Roro

Propulsion and manoeuvring aids

Introduction
Important recent changes Better power to weight ratio & fuel economy Lower emission levels Stronger alloys => higher loads on crank shafts etc Increased overhaul times Improved basic ship handling by manoeuvring aids Cleaner fuels with low NOx emission POD propulsion

Environmental issues
Ban on TBT-coatings Gas fuels Engines with invisible smoke Black boxes monitoring undesirable pollution elements Increased use of gas turbines o Reduced air / noise pollution o Environmental friendly o Compacter than normal diesels o Poor efficiency compared with diesels o Use expensive lighter fuels

Noise and vibrations

Reducing noise levels in engine room Dealing with secondary noise sources (ventilation systems & engine exhaust operations) Clever designs such as vehicle deck between engine room & accommodation Cabins situated away from public spaces No cabins against bulkheads Ventilation trunking incorporate silencers & outlets clear of sensitive areas Differentiation in design stage between noisy & noise sensitive areas Airborne noise: reduced by using double bulkhead & isolating material Structure born noise: difficult & expensive to attack

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Roro

Power delivery & use

Steerable thrusters Propeller shaft & rudder removed => reduction in engine room space Engine room moved backwards => increased cargo space Reduced tugboat assistance Picture

POD technology
Propulsion engine located outside ship Fixed / 360 rotating Doesnt require gearboxes, clutches, propeller, shafts & rudders Diesel engines placed anywhere on ship as long as space available

Medium speed diesel

Popular due to o High level operational safety o Conducted with low fuel consumption o Simple maintenance procedures over long intervals o Low consumption of lubricating oil o Performance density o Emits low NOx emissions & exhaust Green ship Diesel-electric propulsion

Waterjet propulsion
Additional power & manoeuvrability Speeds > 20 25 knots => more fuel-efficient Short acceleration & retardation distance Simple system Safe in harbour manoeuvres Less draught Full forward to reverse in 5s Reverse thrust of more than 50% of forward thrust Reliability due to transmission simplicity Avoidance of debris impact damage Steering achieved by changing direction of stream of water

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Roro

Retractable thrusters units

Fitted with either fixed / controllable pitch Can rotate 360 once projected below hull line Steerable power force Maintenance in retracted position

Bow thrusters units

Advantages o Reduce needs for tugs o Improved manoeuvrability o Long term cost effective equipment o Preferred option in case of sale / charter Disadvantages o High cost o Maintenance costs & regular dry dock inspections o Susceptible to damage from floating debris o Occupy considerable access space

Stabilising systems
Introduction o Stabilising fins / internal stabilising tanks / combination o 90% reduction in roll motion o Developments were slow o Breakthrough through military research & development activities Stabilising fins o Retractable / non-rectractable o Box shaped vessels => favour retractable o Quite compact o Usually deployed by hydraulic operation with electric transmission o Roll motion detected by gyro o Integrator unit determines energy of roll o Feedback from fins indicate amount of tilt o Picture Stabilising tanks o Principle depends upon movement of water lagging behind movement of ship by 90 o Adjusting rate of water flow in second phase of roll

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Roro

Cargo handling and access equipment

Introduction
Cargo handling & access equipment vital to quick turn around Considerations concerning ship shore interface o Cargo handling o Passenger handling o Stores & provisions o Pilot access Considerations at sea o Opening in hull not exposed to water ingress o Cargo must be well stowed

Equipment
Bow visor arrangement o Inner door acting as watertight door o Folding outwards o Hydraulics to open & close o Watertight door = part of collision bulkhead o Bow entrance => anchor equipment positioned clear of access area Inner doors o Compulsory if ramp not positioned at adequate distance from bow as collision bulkhead o Extra collision bulk head at > 5% from ships length from forward perpendicular Vehicle ramps o Cargo flow, securing & handling equipment 5% of lightweight tonnage o Accommodate 6 standard types of commercial rolling cargo o Shore reception facility compatible with ships facilities o Ramp slopes & break angles 1/8 or 1/10 to allow smooth traffic o Floating shorelinks / adjustable linkspans overcome excessive tidal movement o Some designs open up all transom of ship o Other designs use stern quarter ramps o Meet design criteria of classification society o Manufactured in steel with Chevron pattern & anti-skid bars o Operated by twin hydraulic cylinders o Watertight integrity achieved by hydraulic pressure cleating & rubber seal Hull openings o Open / shut sensors on all doors o Transmission of all relevant information to bridge o Closed circuit television o Improve safety procedures for opening / closing hull access positions

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Roro

Loading of cargo units o Driven by tug o Unit loadings landed on trestle o Nearly all units driven in forward, then turned around inside vehicle deck o Last units driven in backwards o Side loading facilities Specialised cargo as pallets / paper Different types Sliding Tilting Top hinge upward folding type o Hazardous cargo carried on deck o Not lashed on short sea trips when weather conditions are favourable o Lashing or not up to master o Lashing comply with cargo securing manual o Not lashing only possible when high deck stability in all weather conditions Linkspans o Connection between ferry & shore terminal o Passive floating / adjustable Special category space o Enclosed space above / below bulkhead o Carriage of motor vehicles with fuel in tanks

Vehicle stowage
Ventilation requirements o Number of passengers > 36 => > 10 air changes / hour o Number of passengers < 36 => > 6 air changes / hour o Ventilation ducting constructed in steel & separated from other ventilation systems on board o Capable of being controlled from outside vehicle space o Operable at all times when vehicles occupying specific area o Administration may require additional air changes when loading / unloading o Fitted with rapid means of shut-down o Monitoring loss / reduction venting capacity Drainage systems o Important (free surface!!) o Fixed pressure system => accumulation o Scuppers ensure direct discharge overboard o Administration may require extra bilge pumping & drainage facilities Bilge pumping arrangements o Required to have efficient bilge pumping systems to evacuate water from watertight compartments o Passenger vessels @ least 3 pumps connected to bilge mains

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Roro

Stowage & securing o Stable deck o Rough weather => lashing = necessary o Lashing supervised by responsible officer + at least one competent assistant o Aligned fore & aft o Parking breaks engaged & units in gear o Drop loads landed on trestle prior to securing o All lashing completed before leaving berth o Regular inspections @ sea o If parked on slanting decks => wheels chocked & opposite gear & hand break & suitable lashings against inclination Securing points o Capable of accepting only one lashing o Permit varying directions of lashing o Same number on each side (between 2 & 6) o Marked in clearly visible colour o Located to ensure effective restraint of vehicle by lashings o Capable of transferring forces from lashing to chassis o Located that lashings readily & safely attachable Lashing materials o Chains secured that when becoming slack => prevented from detaching o Permitting tensioning when becoming slack o Only released once ship secured @ berth o Most effective between 30 & 60 to deck line o If necessary additional lashing o Crossed lashing NOT to be used o Designed & attached to tighten if necessary Cargo securing manual o Information contained Details fixed securing arrangements & their locations Locations & stowage portable securing gear Details portable securing gear including inventory & strengths Examples of correct application of portable securing gear Indication of variation transverse, longitudinal & vertical accelerations o Provisions for securing arrangements Securing points on ships deck Securing points on road vehicles Lashings Stowage

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Roro

Safe stowage and securing of containers

Preferably in fore-aft direction Not extend over ships sides Stowed & secured to permit safe access in necessary operation Not overstress deck / hatches Bottom-tier containers stowed on timber when not resting on stacking device Stacking containers => locking devices, cones / similar stacking aids All containers effectively secured Lashing preferably by wire ropes / chains Timber shoring < 2m in length Lashings kept under equal tension Wire clips adequately greased & tightened

Safe stowage and securing of unit loads

Placed / stacked, secured by strapping, shrink-wrapping / other suitable means Placed in protective outer packaging Permanently secured together in sling Master provided with o Total number of unit loads & commodity o Type of strapping / wrapping used o Dimensions in metres o Gross mass in kilograms Cargo spaces clean, dry & free from oil & grease Decks flush all over Cargo spaces preferably of rectangular shape Stowed so that securing performed on all sides of stow Loaded without void space between loads & ships sides Precautions taken when unit loads are mechanically handled to avoid damaging unit loads Block stowage ensured Check lashings regularly

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Roro

Dangerous / hazardous cargoes

Introduction
IMDG! Chemical data sheets contained in tanker safety guides consulted Labelling!! Trailers / vehicles containing dangerous goods => special consideration Adequate stowage that provides sufficient ventilation in event of leakage Upper deck = recommended Particular attention to securing of such transports & adjacent units Leaking unit should be refused Any action in accordance with o Nature of substance o Emergency actions stipulated in carriage instructions

SOLAS regulation 54
Separation between closed roro cargo space & weather deck Separation to minimise passage of vapours & liquids Not provided if arrangements of closed space in accordance with those required for carriage of dangerous goods on adjacent weather deck

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Roro

Documentation for shipping of dangerous goods

Correct technical name to be used Signed certificate / declaration that shipment is correctly packed, marked, labelled & in proper condition for shipment Person responsible for stuffing container with dangerous goods must provide signed container packing certificate Not complying with above => refused Dangerous goods manifest Detailed stowage plan Include o Proper shipping name o Class & division of substance o UN number o Packaging group o Schedule number (Class 7) o Empty / containing residues => properly marked o Waste => properly marked o Number & type of packages together with total quantity covered by description o Minimum flashpoint if 61 or below / other additional hazard o Marked if marine pollutant o Control & emergency temperatures (Class 4.1 & 5.2) o Additional information

Marine pollutant
Means of substance which presents hazard to maritime environment & identified in IMDG as marine pollutant Regulated by Marpol Annex III Packaging & stowage to minimise accidental pollution

Package requirements
Conform to specifications & performance tests as in IMDG Well made & in good condition Sealed Not adversely effected by substance it contains Use of absorbent / cushioning material employed o Capable of minimising dangers of liquid o Disposed to prevent movement & ensure receptacle remains surrounded o Where reasonably possible, sufficient quantity to absorb liquid Sufficient ullage left for expansion Gas cylinders for gases under pressure adequately constructed & tested

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Roro

Life saving appliances and passenger safety

Introduction
Ferrys & cruise ships continuously increasing in size Number of passengers increases => number of crew increases Crew mainly hotel staff => little to no experience in emergency matters Evacuation systems are adequate but time is limiting factor

General life saving appliances

Survival craft Partially / totally enclosed lifeboats on each side of ship of capacity of not less than 50% total number of persons on board Substitution by liferafts permitted (still capacity of 37,5% on each side in lifeboats) In addition: inflatable / rigid liferafts of at least 25% of total number of persons o/b Different regulations applicable for passenger ships on short international voyages Different regulations for passenger ships of < 500 GT Capable of being launched with full complement of people & equipment in 30 min from abandon ship signal

Fast rescue boat SOLAS o Passenger ship > 500 GT at least one on each side o Passenger ship < 500 GT at least one o Cargo ships: 1, lifeboat may be accepted o Cargo ships < 85 & passenger ship < 500 GT & < 200 persons: carried lifeboat = rescue boat, may be included in aggregate capacity o Designed to rescue persons in distress & marshal liferafts o In case of abandon ship, not more than 6 liferafts marshalled by each lifeboat / rescue boat Types o Rigid inflatable boat o Fully inflatable o Fully rigid

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Roro

Requirements & capacities o Comply with other requirements applicable to survival craft & rescue boat o Of adequate length & capable of carrying 5 people seated + 1 lying down o Self-righting / capable being righted by crew o Adequate sheer with bow cover of at least 15% o Self bailing o Capable of manoeuvring 4 hours at 20 knots in calm weather (crew of 3) & 8 knots with full complement of people & equipment o Sufficient mobile & manoeuvrable to retrieve person from water, able to marshal liferafts & able to tow fully loaded life raft at speed of 2 knots o Sufficient motor power o Steering wheel remote from rudder, water jets / outboard motor o Approved emergency steering system fitted o In case of capsizing motor must stop o After being righted, each motor must be capable of being restarted o In case of capsizing oil loss < 250 ml o Towing arrangements strong enough o Sufficient watertight stowage o Disengaging gear o Single point suspension o Safety factor of 6 concerning lowering & hoisting equipment

Helicopter operations Ideally suited for helicopter operations (open deck spaces) Extremely compatible concerning operation range Pilot transfer by helicopter = becoming common Most important o Coordination of manoeuvres of ship & helicopter o Communication between pilot & captain o Presence of well trained ground team o Presence of rescue emergency teams Passengers must be kept at safe distance Public address announcement Marshals should be present Downdraft of rotor blades = major concern Activities never happen behind helicopter, all personnel in forward position

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Roro

Fire and fire fighting systems

Introduction
Risk of fire greater compared to other types of vessels o Crew must be vigilant & well trained o Crisis management = critical Dangers not always visible Principles of fire fighting also applicable Passengers should be convinced that o Crew is well trained, prepared, organised & disciplined o Ship well equipped o Management able to cope with every possible situation

Fire fighting difficulties

Huge quantities of suffocating gas & areas difficult to seal off Water drenching systems => free surface! Accessibility (fouling fire hoses / life lines) Atmosphere often harmful Every car / truck has certain amount of fuel o/b Fire has taken hold => lashings slack => units adrift Decks become slippery when fighting with water Open decks => possibility of dangerous cargoes => attack from upwind position

Means of fire fighting

Automatic sprinkler fire protection systems o Every ship > 36 persons equipped with Automatic sprinkler Fire detection Fire alarm system o Automatic sprinkler system must be capable of immediate operation at all times without action by crew o Capable of providing automatic visual & audible alarm & 1 / more indications when sprinklers come into action o Any fault monitored o Locate fire outbreak CO2 total flooding systems o Requirements for machinery spaces, cargo spaces & closed roro spaces o All protected spaces provided with means of closing all openings o Automatic audible alarm before release of gas o Provisions made to prevent inadvertent activation of system o Closed roro spaces Quantity of gas 45% of largest cargo space

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Roro

2/3 of required gas introduced within 10 minutes o Engine room: 85% gas delivered within 2 minutes Automatic water-based local extinguishing system o Compulsory > 500 GT & category A machinery o High risk areas protected by spray nozzles o Machinery spaces provided with at least 2 suitable water-fog applicators

Watertight doors
Capable of being manually opened from both sides & from accessible position above door Operating gear for door into engine room fitted outside engine room Operate up to 15 list Means at remote position to indicate sliding door is closed

Emergency control rooms

Positioned in open deck areas Contain remote operation of o Watertight doors o Drenching systems o CO2 operation controls o Fireman outfits o Water-fog systems o Bulkhead mounted plans for critical operational needs

Also your paper about roros should be known!!