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Bishops website with added details by me, from textbook or notes) Summarize the cell theory
1. 2. 3. All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. New cells are produced from existing cells.
Summarize and identify the major conclusions/contributions made by each scientist in the discovery of cells / cell theory
1. 2. 3. Schleiden- concluded that all plants are made up of cells. Schwann- concluded that all animals are made up of cells. Virchow- proposed that all cells come from existing cells.
9.
Vacuoles- where cells store materials like water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates the pressure in plant cells vacuoles allow them to stay upright and support structures such as leaves and flowers.
10. Chloroplasts- in plant cells only, take solar energy and use it to make food in photosynthesis 11. Mitochondria- release energy from food molecules ultimately used to power growth, development, and movement.
Eukaryotes:
Identify different organisms as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes (see above) Differentiate between plant and animal cells
1. 2. 3. Both have: smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulums, ribosomes (free and attached), nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondrion, Plant cells have: vacuoles, chloroplasts, cell wall Animal cells have: centrioles
Summarize the major functions of all cell structures / organelles (see above) Identify cell structures on a cell model (see p. 174 in the textbook) Match cell structures with function (see above) Describe the structure of the cell membrane (see above) Explain the phospholipid bilayer model, and the fluid-mosaic model of cell membranes: Two layers of phospholipids with hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic phosphate heads which make up the cell membrane along with the proteins (creds to Teds).
Differentiate between passive and active transport based on energy expenditure and movement along concentration gradients
1.
Active Transport: requires energy in the form of ATP, moves against the concentration gradient Passive Transport: requires no energy, moves with the concentration gradient
2.
Explain what concentration and concentration gradients are: concentration is mass/volume Predict the movement of molecules based on concentrations
Explain what equilibrium is: everything is spread out equally Explain what selectively permeable means: some things can pass through, others cannot Differentiate between the effects of tonicity on plant and animal cells
1.
IN PLANT CELLS; Plasmolosis: Process in which a plant cell is in a hypertonic environment, looses cytoplasm, and shrinks. IN ANIMAL CELLS; Crenation: Process in which an animal cell is in a hypertonic environment, looses cytoplasm, and shrinks.
2.
Explain what plasmolysis is: the process in which plant cells shrink in a hypertonic solution Describe osmotic pressure: water is forced, by this pressure, into a cell which then swells and inflates like a balloon. Plant and bacteria cells have cell walls to protect them from overinflation. Other cells use the vacuole to pump out excess water. Still other cells are bathed in an isotonic solution which is very similar to the fluid going into the cell (I guess this means the fluids can pass through the selectively permeable membrane?)
1. 2.
Hypotonic- Hypo=Hippo, water diffuses in, cell swells Hypertonic- water diffuses out, cell shrinks
Describe how cell membranes relate to homeostasis Describe three types of active transport Identify different organisms as either unicellular or multicellular Trace the levels of organization from cells to organ systems
You should know the difference between: Cytoplasm and cytosol Prokaryotes and eukaryotes (see above) Plant and animal cells (see above) Smooth ER and Rough ER Nucleus and nucleolus Microfilaments and microtubules Cell membrane and nuclear membrane (envelope) Chloroplasts and mitochondria Active and passive transport Diffusion and facilitated diffusion Facilitated diffusion and active transport Turgid and lysis Hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic Endocytosis and exocytosis Phagocytosis Unicellular and multicellular organisms Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems