DIGITAL LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES IN UGANDA

BY RONALD MUSAASIZI REG NO: 09/U/1341

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELORS DEGREE OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE OFFERED AT THE EAST AFRICAN SCHOOL OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE, COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCES, MAKERERE UNIVERSITY, KAMPALA

DECEMBER 2011

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DIGITAL LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES IN UGANDA.........................................................................................................................................i TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................ii ACRONYMS..................................................................................................................................iv ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................v CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................vi 1.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................vi The study will be focused on the digital library development in selected university libraries in Uganda. This chapter shall present the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, the intended research objectives and key questions, scope of the study, significance of the study and the dictionary explanation of terms.................................................vi 1.2 Background of the Study......................................................................................................vi 1.3 Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................................x 1.4 Purpose of the Study.............................................................................................................xi 1.5 Objectives of the Study.........................................................................................................xi 1.6 Research Questions...............................................................................................................xi 1.7 Scope of the Study...............................................................................................................xii 1.7.1 Geographical Scope..........................................................................................................xii Background of KYU Library Services .....................................................................................xii Background of MUBS Library Services .................................................................................xiii Background of NDEJJE Library Services ...............................................................................xiii 1.7.2 Subject Scope..................................................................................................................xiii 1.8 Significance of the Study....................................................................................................xiii 1.9 Dictionary Explanation of terms.........................................................................................xiv CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................xvi 2.0 Introduction.........................................................................................................................xvi 2.1 Strategies for the Development of Digital Libraries...........................................................xvi 2.2 Forces Responsible for Digital Library Development.......................................................xxv 2.3 Mechanisms for selection of digital library collections.....................................................xxx 2.4 Digital Library Services and its Relevance....................................................................xxxiii 2.41 Digital Library Services................................................................................................xxxiii 2.4.2 Relevance attached to digital library development......................................................xxxvi 2.5 Challenges faced in digital library development..................................................................xl 2.5.1 Challenges..........................................................................................................................xl 2.5.2 Solutions to some of the challenges faced in the digital library development .............xlvii CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................l 3.0 Introduction.............................................................................................................................l 3.1 Research Design.....................................................................................................................l 3.2 Population and Sampling .......................................................................................................l

iii 3.2.1 Target Population.................................................................................................................l 3.2.2 Sample Size..........................................................................................................................l 3.2.3 Sampling Technique...........................................................................................................li 3.3 Data collection Methods........................................................................................................li 3.3.1 Research Instruments.........................................................................................................lii 3.3.2Research Procedure............................................................................................................lii 3.4 Quality Control.....................................................................................................................lii 3.4.1 Validity..............................................................................................................................lii 3.4.2 Reliability.........................................................................................................................liii 3.5 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................liii 3.6 Ethical Considerations.........................................................................................................liii 3.7 Limitations of the study and solutions.................................................................................liv 3.7.1 Limitations........................................................................................................................liv 3.7.2 Solutions...........................................................................................................................liv REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................lv APPENDIX A: PROPOSED BUDGET ............................................................................lxvii APPENDIX B: WORKPLAN............................................................................................lxvii

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ACRONYMS CDRS: Collaborative Digital Reference Service DL: Digital Library DLs: Digital Libraries HILT: High-Level Thesaurus ICTs: Information and Communication Technologies KYU: Kyambogo University LIS: Library and Information Science MUBS: Makerere University Business School UN: United Nations VRD: Virtual Reference Desk WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization

ABSTRACT Digital libraries are gradually gaining popularity across the globe. In some parts of the world, especially in the developed countries, it is already pervasive. But in most less developed parts of the world, for example in Uganda, digital library development is still quite a new phenomenon. The purpose of this research proposal is to investigate and look into various aspects concerning Digital library development in selected university libraries. Other objectives that will guide the research will include finding out the strategies that can be employed by the selected University Libraries in the development of digital libraries, to find out the basic forces responsible for digital library development as per the selected University Libraries, to find out the mechanism for the selection of digital library collection in the selected University Libraries, the kind of services provided by the digital libraries and the relevance attached to digital library development, not forgetting to look into some of the challenges that can be faced in the transition and some of the solutions. Objectives of the study will be tried out during the data collection phase using appropriate methods and techniques and all will be aimed at finding out the underlying factors into the development of digital libraries in selected University libraries in Uganda.

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction The study will be focused on the digital library development in selected university libraries in Uganda. This chapter shall present the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, the intended research objectives and key questions, scope of the study, significance of the study and the dictionary explanation of terms. 1.2 Background of the Study The wide spread use of information communication technologies (ICTs) in the world today has resulted in huge amounts of information being generated, stored and distributed in digital formats. With the accelerated development and use of the Internet and Web-based technologies in organizations and in homes by individuals, publishing and distribution of information resources in digital format has also become more wide spread. It is now possible for individuals in their homes to have access to full-text journal articles, conference papers, research reports, technical documents, statistical information, data sets, and much more. More and more people are now using the Internet as a major source of information. In fact, the Internet has been referred to as "a vast library, containing every type of information known to humans" (Wallace 1999). Unfortunately, this vast library has developed without any proper organization of its information resources. Unlike in a traditional library where information resources to be added to the collection are carefully selected, organized -classified, catalogued, and indexed by human beings and catalogues or indexes are generated to facilitate easy retrieval and location of information resources, this has not been the case with most of the digital collections found on the Internet. However, the importance of the Internet as a source of information for most people in the world today cannot be ignored. In addition, the Internet infrastructure can also be used to deliver quality information services to information end-users. Therefore, organization of digital information resources on the Internet has become a pre-occupation of many individuals and organizations. The result is the creation of organized digital collections of information resources referred to as digital libraries or virtual libraries.

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Digital libraries are still developing and taking shape, and therefore, there are many definitions of a digital library. In addition, due to a number of factors, among them the large number of players involved in the development and implementation of digital libraries, it has become quite difficult to have a generally accepted definition of a digital library. Most definitions are largely influenced by the perceptions or points of views of the people or organizations involved in digital library projects. It is a matter of different communities, different agendas. For example, an Internet user, a librarian, a computer scientist, a publisher, or a Webmaster will each have a different perception of what a digital library is from their point of view. The search for a general acceptable definition for a digital library is also slightly complicated by the fact that three different terms - "digital library," "electronic library" and "virtual library" - with almost different meanings are used synonymously to refer to the same thing (Saunders (1999). As a result of this situation, there are many different definitions of a digital library. The best way to conceptualize a digital library is to examine its characteristics or features, and these can be interpreted from the various definitions of a digital library. According to Harter (1997), the relatively recent use of the term "digital library" can be traced to the Digital Libraries Initiative funded by the National Science Foundation, the Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the United States, in 1994. Since then, the term has been adopted by various authors and Organizations and various definitions have been proposed. Among the definitions are those by Oppenheim and Smithson (1999), the Digital Library Federation of the United States and IBM (1994), have provided different definitions of a digital library. Oppenheim and Smithson (1999:97) define the digital library as: "An information service in which all the information resources are available in computer-process able form and the functions of acquisition, storage, retrieval, access and display are carried out through the use of digital technologies" The Digital Library Federation provides a more comprehensive definition. It defines digital libraries as: "Organizations that provide the resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of and ensure the

viii persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities" (Walters 1998). IBM (1994) definition is more of a hybrid digital library, one that includes the features of traditional libraries. IBM defines a digital library as: "A machine readable representation of materials which might be found in a university library together with organizing information intended to help users find specific information. A digital library service is an assemblage of digital computing, storage, and communications machinery together with the software needed to reproduce, emulate, and extend the services provided by conventional libraries based on paper and other material means of collecting, storing, cataloging, finding, and disseminating information. A full service digital library must accomplish all essential services of traditional libraries and also exploit digital storage, searching, and communication ". From the above three definitions, and the vast amount of literature available on digital libraries, one can get an indication of the features of digital libraries. These include: Digital libraries are organizations with specific objectives or goals. Most digital library project's objective is to generate, collect, store, and organize information in digital forms, and make it available to defined groups of users for searching, retrieval, and processing via communication networks. Digital libraries have functions and processes being undertaken in order to achieve the objectives and goals of the organization. These include selecting resources to be included in the collection; offering access to resources; distributing the resources, and a like. These functions and processes are carried out by a combination of human resources and technological resources. Digital libraries are made up of digital collections. Digital libraries store materials in electronic format. These include document surrogates like bibliographic records (metadata) and indexes in addition to full-text documents, audio files, videos, and images

ix some of which cannot be represented or distributed in printed formats. These digital works include both internal and external resources. Digital libraries serve a defined community or set of communities. Digital libraries are set-up to serve users, and the information needs of the target community or set of communities determine the information content and services of the digital library. Digital libraries are accessed by users through a single user-friendly interface. The main purpose of the user interface is to perform as an 'access and integration layer' to a managed environment of quality assured information sources in local and distributed environments which are available from many sources (Thomas 2000). In most digital libraries, the interface is a portal accessed using a Web browser. From the early days, digital libraries have attracted a lot of interest, and this is supported by Harter when he wrote that: there is much interest today in digital libraries. We see many research and development projects, a surplus of international conferences, high activity in the computer science, human / computer interaction, library and information science and other research and development communities, and a great deal of development activity on the Internet. It is well recognized that libraries all over the world are undergoing transformation, especially owing to the development in information and communication technologies. Traditional libraries are changing to digital libraries and new libraries that are being set up are increasingly of the digital kind. As a result, there is widespread interest and consequently, a lot of research and development activities are being carried out in this area world over. In Uganda, a number of institutions are also in the process of setting up digital libraries and many scholars and practitioners are conducting research on digital libraries. Todays scholarly information is increasingly being produced in digital formats. Almost everyone involved in the knowledge production process, prefers the electronic form. These actors could be the creators of knowledge, the managers of the knowledge, the publishers of knowledge and the people that are finally responsible for permanently storing the resulting knowledge.

x Libraries have prided themselves with having the opportunity of being entrusted with the permanent storage and management of the results of scholarship. However, development and creation of the digital libraries is one of the greatest challenges facing librarians and information professionals the world over today. In Uganda and Africa at large, the issue comes very much to the forefront because of the prevailing conditions and the state of the countrys knowledge resources. What should interested institutions in Uganda put into consideration on the verge of digital library development? What are the strategies for the digital library development in selected University Libraries? What are the underlying forces in the transition development of digital Libraries? What are the mechanisms for selection of digital library collections? The kind of services provided by such libraries? What relevance is attached to digital Libraries? Associated problems and the thoughtful solutions? This research proposal will aim to analyze the various aspects and give an insight on the notion of digital library development. 1.3 Statement of the Problem The manual system of searching for information and materials in the traditional library does not permit multiple use of the same material by different library users unlike the online library services. It is inefficient and time consuming, hence the need to exploit the advantages of the digital library which enables provision of online library services. However, there are a lot of challenges facing the development of a digital library or conversion to digital status. Digitization is time consuming and it is also a very expensive endeavor. Differences in institutional mission affect not only support for and (therefore) use of the campus library, but the library's commitment to data collection and analysis. Confronted with these difficulties and yet clamor for some vision of what is happening, the tendency is to aggregate existing heterogeneous data to reveal trends, and then interpret the normalized data cautiously because they may be misleading. Even if these complicated problems were solved, traditional library measures would still provide an incomplete picture of the information landscape because they focus strictly on information services provided by libraries, ignoring information services provided by other entities on or off campus. Given the modern society's need to control its ever-increasing body of information, digital libraries will be among the most important and influential information institutions of this century. With their versatility, accessibility, and economy, these focused collections of everything digital are fast becoming the "banks" in which the world's wealth of information is stored. Digital collections increasingly contain both born-digital objects, and digital objects that

xi may be derived through the digitization of analogue source materials. However, despite various advances provided by the digital library revolution in the aspects of information provision and dissemination, it is quite alarming that certain institutional libraries most especially in Uganda are keeping a deaf ear to finally get jig with the digital library development to be able to suit favorably with the increasing demands of the 21st century. Therefore, it will be important to the researcher to investigate and find out the pertinent issues on the notion of digital library development for the revamp in service delivery in the selected University libraries. 1.4 Purpose of the Study The main purpose of the study will be to explore the notion of digital library development in the sense of strategies, forces, services, relevance attached and come up with a manual or document to which reference could be made on the creating and development of a digital library. 1.5 Objectives of the Study (i) To find out the strategies that can be employed by the selected University Libraries in the development of digital libraries. (ii) To find out the basic forces responsible for digital library development as per the selected University Libraries. (iii) To find out the mechanism for the selection of digital library collection in the selected University Libraries. (iv) To find out the kind of services provided by the digital libraries and the relevance attached to digital library development. (v) To find out the challenges faced by the selected University Libraries in the development of digital libraries and solutions? 1.6 Research Questions (i) What strategies can be employed by the selected university libraries in the development of digital libraries? (ii) What are the basic forces responsible for digital library development as per the selected University Libraries? (iii) What mechanisms are used in the selection of digital library collection? (iv) What kind of services is provided by the digital libraries and what is the relevance attached to digital library development?

xii (v) What are some of the challenges faced by the selected University Libraries in the development of digital libraries and what should be done to solve such impending factors? 1.7 Scope of the Study 1.7.1 Geographical Scope The geographical scope shall cover three selected University Libraries that is, Kyambogo University Barclays Library, Makerere University Business School Library and Ndejje University Library-Kampala Campus respectively; Background of KYU Library Services Relatively, Kyambogo University Library services are based on the three sister institutions that initially merged to form a unit, that is; Institute of Teacher Education Kyambogo (ITEK), Uganda Polytechnic Kyambogo (UPK) and Uganda Institute of special Needs Education (UNISE). The institutions were respectively, responsible for all teachers training in the country; training technicians in the mechanical, civil and electrical engineering as well as coordinating technical training in the entire country; and training teachers to teach children with disabilities in the country. Each of the above named former institutions had its own institutional library. Those libraries together with a newly created library unit at the faculty of Education were merged to form a University Library Service to serve the University and the public. In line with the mandate of Kyambogo, The University Library Service extends supervisory, advisory and professional leadership roles to over sixty (60) affiliated institutions comprising Primary Teachers Colleges, the National Teachers Colleges, and all the Polytechnics in Uganda. The University Library clientele consist of over 15000 students on the KYU campus; with over 30000 students in affiliated institutions; various categories of staff as well as members of the community. The major aim of KYU Library service is to provide academic facility to assist and enhance teaching, learning and research to the university community and beyond. It follows therefore, that the mode in which the information is gathered, processed, stored, accessed, retrieved, and disseminated is a critical factor in determining the quality of education at the university. It is for this reason that the Library should be high among the priorities areas in the university development plan.

xiii Background of MUBS Library Services The MUBS Library service is permitted to provide users with academic and non academic information materials that support the curricular and research needs of students at all levels of business education. Makerere University Business School Library services are a combination of different libraries located within and outside the MUBS Campus. These include, the Main Library generally for under graduate courses, the GRC Library mainly for the Post Graduate Students, the Bugolobi Annex that caters for the Diploma Students studying at Bugolobi. The Library also caters for students who are registered at the Study Centers in Jinja, Arua and Mbarara. Background of NDEJJE Library Services The background of Ndejje University Library Kampala Campus dates back to the year when the University was established in 1992. It is located at Namirembe Hill Road. The Librarys main objective is to acquire and organize information resources and services and make them readily accessible so as to encourage successful teaching, learning and research and assist in preparing students to become professionals who can enrich society with their knowledge, initiative and personal responsibility. 1.7.2 Subject Scope The study will cover information underlying the development of digital libraries in terms of strategies, forces, mechanisms for selection of digital collection, services provided, the relevance attached to digital library development, coupled with challenges and solutions. 1.8 Significance of the Study The study is hoped to act as a pertinent reference tool to various library and information institutions who would wish to embark on the path of digital library development. Student-researchers on the other hand would also benefit in the sense of scholarly research and undertakings in the provision of viable guidelines and information on about issues to deal with various segments of proposal writing and basically a pertinent tool for the acquisition of the basic knowledge and understanding of the notion of digital library development.

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1.9 Dictionary Explanation of terms Access Augmentation Cornerstone Something that is extremely important because everything else depends on it. Development Digital Using a system in which information is represented in the form of changing electrical signals. Digitize To put information into a digital form. Digital Library It is a setup in which information materials are stored in a digital library. Such a library usually has no limited boundary. Extension Force Information Facts or details that tell you something about a situation, person, event. Integrate To combine things that work well together in order to make an effective system.

xv Interoperability Is the ability to perform a search over diverse sets of metadata records and obtain meaningful results

Management The act of or skill of directing and organizing the work of a company or organization. Metadata Mechanism

Microfiche A sheet of film on which written information is stored in a very small form, and which can only be read using a special machine.

Microfilm Very small film for photographing maps, documents that is, so that they can be easily stored. Rejuvenate Strategy University Library

xvi CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter will focus on the study of the related literature to the research problem. Literature to be used in this chapter shall contain all the works consulted in order to understand and investigate the notion of digital library development in selected University Libraries. In addition, the compilation shall comprise an account of what has been published and the researchers thoughts about the same notion. 2.1 Strategies for the Development of Digital Libraries Libraries have traditionally been part of the global information infrastructure and an ideological and cultural force with far reaching implications in society. Over centuries they have collected maintained, organized, and provided access to information and knowledge resources that enable individuals, organizations and communities to achieve their goals. Today they continue to mobilize and provide access to local and global knowledge for social, political and economic development. In doing so they act as gateways for information and tools for bridging the information divide within and between countries. Even so there is evidence that in Sub-Saharan Africa, print-based library services have failed in providing relevant and timely information for different purposes (Unesco, 1995). All categories of library services in the region are presently inefficient and largely ill-managed to service the information needs of the people. As a result they remain peripheral in the educational, scientific and social and political life of the people and especially those in rural areas (Rosenberg, 1994, 2005). Libraries in Sub-Saharan countries depend mainly on government funding but often without comprehensive strategy for development (Unesco, 1995). In the past decades, the economic situation in many developing countries has been such that many libraries have not had the financial resources to maintain effective services. The increasing cost of books, journal Subscriptions and the falling currency values, has only worsened the situation (Sharma and Vishwanathan, 2001). The fall of libraries in the region was suitably expressed thus: All was well in the heady years immediately following independence when healthy commodity prices and booming economies kept modernization hopes alive . . . Then from the mid-1970s many African countries fell into twisting of recurrent recessions, which wrecked havoc on development ambitions and the bookshelves grew empty. The book hunger joined the tyranny of Africas other famines of development, democracy, and self determination (Zeleza, 1997, p. 72).

xvii This has had very negative and damaging effect on training and research capacities and has limited the possibilities for good policy analysis and planning. Ten years ago, Rosenberg (1997) observed that since the mid-1980s, the relative value of university libraries in the Sub-Saharan region had declined to a near total collapse. This trend continues to the present and has led to their marginalization from the teaching, learning and research process in the university. This information shortfall is evident in almost every sphere of national activity including resource exploitation and environmental conservation, trade and industry, health, social and cultural development and employment creation. Several authors such as Magara (2002), Mutula (2002), McDonald and Kebbell (2004), Jain (2006) and Rosenberg (2006) have written on the advantages of digital libraries. These advantages make the creation of digital libraries a strategic method to enhance information access in the Sub-Saharan region and in Ugandan Universities Libraries at large: Digital libraries provide a faster method of accessing and exchanging information in all sectors such as research, scholarship, medicine, government services and business. Digital information can easily be shared and therefore is available to everybody, which is a great improvement on print libraries, which require expensive duplication of material in different locations. Given their sinking cost of establishment, digital libraries can make it possible to provide everybody even those in the remotest parts of the Sub-Sahara with information in its most up-to-date form. With a link to the information superhighway, libraries in the region even the smallest and the remotest can serve as a gateway to local as well as global information. Digital libraries are available on 24-hour basis from anywhere in the world, offering flexible arrangements for students, researchers, scholars and the community. Digital libraries can be widespread and accessed as full text from any location or workstation. E-content is available on several subjects from a variety of sources such as libraries, electronic publishers, and business organizations and in multimedia formats.

xviii Information is readily available from offices, telecenters, laboratories, and homes.

Kavulya, highlights the following as the adapt strategies for the development of digital
libraries; Provision of Digital Library Infrastructure Digital libraries depend on information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure to facilitate distributed processing, high-speed networks, information processing, storage and retrieval, user interfaces, geographical distribution, security, high quality presentation and perpetual availability of digital information (Chowdhury, and Chowdhury 1999). To transform into digital libraries, libraries in the Sub-Saharan region require commitment to the use of modern information and communication technology as a strategy of choice in achieving information service objectives. The development and maintenance of digital libraries calls for investment of considerable financial resources in digitization equipment, and computer servers, developing information retrieval capabilities via network infrastructure, purchase of electronic information resources and retraining of library staff on digital library management skills. With the ever-changing media technology, there will always be costs of continued upgrading of the digital infrastructure. Given the uncertain nature of ICT infrastructure in the Sub-Saharan region it may need to maintain parallel conventional and digital system (Mutula, 2002; Jain, 2006). Content Creation Information is not an end in itself, but simply a means to an end and can therefore only be useful if is of the right quality, timely and relevant to the specific needs of the user. There is need to amass digital information content that is relevant to the communities in the Sub-Saharan Africa and which is based on needs analysis to determine the requirements of different consumers and reflect the aspirations of communities in the region. For example, decision and opinion leaders, researchers and communities- need access to a wide scope of information resources covering issues facing the region such as health (for example, HIV/ AIDS, malaria, and a like.), improvement of trade and industry food security, gender, development and education. According to a research by Mchombu (1984), rural communities in the Sub-Saharan Africa require a

xix diversity of information applicable to their daily life covering health, careers and occupation, sanitation, nutrition recreation, education, legal issues and culture. This kind of information will sensitize communities to their situation and how it can be changed; instill development consciousness through skills and abilities (Mchombu, 1984). Students, on the other hand, need access to a wide variety of national, regional and international electronic information networks, including electronic libraries that contribute to their learning process. Findings of a research by Wang (2003) indicate that digital content for university students should include journals, textbooks, newspapers, encyclopedias, magazines, maps and multimedia resources that are relevant to the curriculum. Carnaby (2005) has noted that libraries can contribute useful content significantly in form of teaching and research. This can be achieved among others by putting local information into virtual databases, digitizing research reports, thesis, papers and dissertations produced in the continent and government document. Information literacy skills and lifelong learning To ensure that digital libraries are fully utilized, there is, need to develop learning and education as a lifelong process through information literacy programs. In a digital library environment, end-users are expected to interact directly with computers to fulfill their information needs. They should therefore acquire skills to create structure, locate, search and use materials in digital formats (Wang, 2003). This is especially urgent in the Sub-Saharan region where experience and tradition of use of library and information are limited among the vast majority. Information literacy efforts need to develop view of information as a crucial resource and provide consumers of information with skills on how to extract, evaluate and use available information resources for their different needs. Because of their closeness to the people, libraries in the Sub-Saharan region are well placed to training various categories of people at various levels so as to empower them with skills to access and exploit electronic resources and integrate the various information sources in the production of knowledge. Digital librarian competencies and values The digital environment requires a variety of new skills on the part of librarians to enable them to establish digital libraries and provide user services effectively and efficiently. Particularly,

xx library personnel are expected to meet the challenge of providing information literacy skills of harnessing and applying information in concrete situations. According to Bawden (2005), apart from the traditional skills of information organization the library and information science (LIS) professional are expected be firmly grounded in ICT-related competencies such as core hardware and software skills, web design, internet searching and evaluation of electronic information. In the past the library field in Sub-Saharan Africa has been characterized by inadequate or outdated skills among the staff, which render library personnel inadequately prepared to function in the present dynamic electronic information environment (Were, 1990; Raseroka, 1999; Rosenberg, 2005, 2006). There is hence a dire need for substantial investment in order to improve and update the knowledge and skills of library and information personnel in the region to face the fast changing information and communication technology. Chowdhury and Chowdhury (1999) have argued that modern LIS training courses should address the fundamental issues in digital library development such as of digital library collections, information services and access to digital libraries, technical skills and infrastructure, social and economic issues, skills for fundraising, consortium activities, negotiating with authors, publishers and suppliers, and managing development projects to enhance the library services. The need for collaborative efforts Digital libraries project can only succeed through the collaboration between different stakeholders such as those who create information and the people who use it and their needs. There also need for expertise from various LIS domains, including information acquisition and processing, reference services, classification and indexing. LIS professionals must also collaborate with other players in the information field such as researchers, IT specialists, information seekers and information providers, content creators and publishers. The economic difficulties experienced in the Sub-Saharan region, the exploding information universe, the fast changing information and communication technology, as well cost of modern information technology make it necessary for libraries in to pool resources together nationally and regionally so as to provide quality electronic services. Organizational self-sufficiency is an unachievable dream but through cooperation in establishing and providing digital-based information services can lead to success. Co-operation and networking could lead to wider access to collection, and enhanced operations by sharing resources, reducing duplication and offering more cost-effective

xxi services through capacity building initiatives and innovative financing, and assisting to achieve economies of scale and lower costs. This is already happening in countries such as Kenya and Uganda in the form of consortia with great benefits (Rosenberg, 2005). Global collaboration with donor agencies and foundations can enable Sub-Saharan libraries access information resources in other parts of the world and gain the tremendous experience, knowledge and skills already established elsewhere. At the local level, libraries and information centers must co-ordinate their efforts with learning and research institutions, development agencies, community organizations and government departments. This will ensure that locally generated information is gathered, and digitally stored. This will in turn be delivered to all and especially remote and isolated communities that are presently disadvantaged by lack of information infrastructure. In the same vein LIS professionals must also develop strong collaboration with community leaders and opinion leaders to champions for establishment and improvement of digital libraries. Copyright and contractual agreements With the transition from print to digital information there are fresh questions on the application of copyright laws in a digital environment. This is an issue that may restrain libraries in the SubSaharan Africa in their bid to create and use digital collections due to weak regulatory framework in the region and the unclear global copyright law on digital information. Chowdhury and Chowdhury (1999) have insisted there is need for changes in the current copyright law to protect the interests of owners of intellectual property but facilitate efficient user access to digital items. There have been calls for the revision procedures and policies under the copyright law to allow libraries pursue their key objective of acquiring and facilitating digital information unhindered (IFLA, 2001). One noticeable trend is the use of contractual agreements entities within the information chain such as libraries and suppliers of electronic information. There is need for LIS professionals in the Sub-Saharan region to address this issue if digital libraries are to be established on firm foundation of practice. Standards Just like in traditional libraries, standards are essential in a digital library development environment. Access to a variety of media requires a standardized method of organization of and retrieval (McDonald and Kebbell, 2004). Standards are especially critical in the digital

xxii environment in that they facilitate: integrated interface to different kinds of resources; unified searching across multiple systems; unified searching across different metadata schemes with results merged and de-duplicated; unified searching across different formats of material such as bibliographic records and full text; simplified authentication and authorization for the user; dynamic reference and citation linking (Cox and Yeates, 2002). Today libraries in Sub-Sahara region in the process of putting in place digital-based systems such as electronic library management systems, creation of local area networks, purchase of digital information in diverse media and quest for access to virtual databases and creating local content. In the stampede for the promised digital paradise, there is little or no co-ordination between institutions even within the same country. This may lead to lack of interoperability that will defeat the goal of seamless access to information and resource sharing. Preservation and archiving There is general agreement among scholars of LIS on the need to ensure that digital libraries continue into the future so that digital objects can be accessed in perpetuity. However debate still ranges on the best archiving practices (Cordeiro, 2004). Yakel (2004) has proposed a number of approaches: Unit-based digital repository in which the archive is part of the library system and undertakes archiving activities for specific unit within an institution. Institutional digital repository whereby a single archives is set up for the entire institution instead of one for each unit. Trusted digital repository whereby a third institution is given the archiving role. Lor (2005) believes that libraries in the Sub-Saharan Africa are incapable of archiving digital collections due to the current funding and infrastructural problems in the region. He therefore proposes that repositories in developed countries should spearhead archiving for the region. This suggestion goes against the spirit espoused by several digital information partnerships in the Sub-Saharan region of promoting self-sustainability of libraries in the region. Besides, shifting of archiving responsibilities to the developed countries could reverse the gains made through regional consortia as well as by individual local institutional efforts. This will only serve to deepen the lamentable North-South digital

xxiii divide. Several digital library initiatives have been reported in the Sub-Saharan region (Lor, 2005; Rosenberg, 2005, 2006). Although these efforts are still at their infancy there is need for a system of data capture preservation and archiving to be established. There is for stronger partnerships with professionals and institutions in the South with those in the North to ensure that preservation and archiving in African digital libraries is part of the ongoing digital library initiatives in the region. Particularly, purchase agreements with North based e-information aggregators should address perpetual access to electronic information items by users and institutions in the South. The need to address the digital divide There is a growing concern that the digital library will lead to further consolidation of information power in the hands of a few and widen rather than bridge the existing information divide within and between countries (Gore, 2000; Huang and Russell, 2006; Sigh, 2002). Presently libraries in the Sub-Sahara are concentrated in cities and major academic and research institutions. The high costs of modern ICTs make it only accessible to a privileged category of citizens (Mutula, 2002; Jain, 2006). Faced with lack of access to PCs, telephone lines and internet connection the large majority of Sub-Saharan communities stand to lose out in the information society. This means that if the issue of democratic and equitable access to information especially in the region is not adequately addresses it can lead to further alienation isolation and disempowerment of certain ethnic minorities, rural communities, women and youth. The governments and professionals in the region have the duty to address the issue of digital divide between groups of classes and communities and enable everybody harness the power of knowledge to improve their lives. National digital library strategy and framework The establishment of digital libraries is a gigantic undertaking and many writers have advised that to succeed, there is need for a government-backed national digital library strategy (Carnaby, 2005). Chen (2004) has observed that the spectacular success of digital libraries in the USA can partly be attributed to Federal Government policy commitment to implementing the concept. This led to projects such as the Digital Library Initiative (1994-1998), which focused on advancing the means to collect, store and organize information in digital forms and make it

xxiv available for searching and retrieval and research into various issues, relating digital libraries such infrastructure. Governments of the Sub-Saharan countries can facilitate the establishment of digital libraries by fostering the necessary political, legal and institutional conditions under which the information sector and particularly information services institutions like digital libraries can thrive. This includes developing library and information service policies, developing viable library and information and communication infrastructure, and legislating on issues such as intellectual property rights, privacy and free flow of the necessary content and knowledge. Library and information policy is especially useful in facilitating equitable access to digital libraries for all sectors, groups and communities of the society. This can be achieved by setting out the role of the information in promoting socio-economic growth, establishment of digital libraries and creating strategic goals, structures as well as funding, advisory and cocoordinating mechanism for the sector. To enhance funding it is particularly important to create an environment in which the internet business will grow into a self-sustaining enterprise through liberalizing the communications sector to allow for more investment and competition which will in turn lead to lower cost of digital library infrastructure. The researchers concern about the development of digital library strategies is that, truth be told, digital libraries are becoming more and more prevalent worldwide and there is no doubt that the future of knowledge creation and information sharing lies in electronic networks. To reap the most out of the twenty-first century the selected University libraries need to position themselves in the information revolution by putting in place the infrastructure to facilitate better knowledge gathering, processing, distribution, access and application. Digital libraries will enable libraries in the region to reform their knowledge management approaches to services and therefore boost their capacity to enhance modernization of the communities they serve. One of the constraints experienced by libraries in Uganda and others in the Sub-Saharan region in bid to transit to digital mode is lack of adequate budgetary support necessary for collection building, remuneration of qualified staff, setting up buildings and installation of modern information technology. With the worsening economic situation in the region, the funding situation of libraries is bleak. Critical is the failure by governments and communities to recognize the centrality of information as a key factor in social and economic progress and library services as useful means to provide equitable access to information. Consequently there

xxv has been growing marginalization of the libraries, which has precipitated loss of vital confidence from all classes of stakeholders further jeopardizing their ability to contribute to the development process. This can be reversed through deliberate government action to improve infrastructure as well as collaboration between the various players and development partners. Independent information search, usage, analysis and integration of different sources are the enduring hallmarks of the digital age. With the proliferation of digital libraries, well-trained library and information personnel are in great demand to train information users in the use and evaluation of electronic information. Digital libraries present a new paradigm that challenges LIS professionals in the region to rethink their roles in the electronic environment. There is therefore urgent need for the traditional library education to be re-thought to enable the professionals meet the challenge of investing in digital libraries. There is need to train information professionals in the management of electronic information by giving them skills such as designing and administration of electronic networks, electronic reference services, skills for electronic information literacy teaching, and evaluation of internet information. Even more important would be training in digital library management activities such as supply models, searching, downloading, document delivery, archiving, software, copyright, licensing and managing and access.

2.2 Forces Responsible for Digital Library Development According to Gary Marchionini, digital libraries are the "logical extensions and augmentations of physical libraries in the electronic information society". By extensions, digital libraries do not break away, rather amplify, existing resources and services of traditional libraries; and by augmentations, they offer new services and new opportunities for human information seeking and problem solving. The research and development of digital libraries are no easy task. They involve a large number of topics in library, information and computer sciences such as information indexing and retrieval, collection development, database management, reference services, human-computer interaction, interface design, digitalization and preservation, intellectual property, networking and interoperability. A digital library is a collection of digital documents or objects. This definition is the dominant perception of many people of today. Nevertheless, Smith (2001) defined a digital library as an organized and focused collection of

xxvi digital objects, including text, images, video and audio, with the methods of access and retrieval and for the selection, creation, organization, maintenance and sharing of collection. Though the focus of this definition is on the document collection, it stresses the fact that the digital libraries are much more than a random assembly of digital objects. They retain the several qualities of traditional libraries such as a defined community of users, focused collections, long-term availability, and the possibility of selecting, organizing, preserving and sharing resources. Gary Marchionini reports that it is not clear when the first digital library came into being, but the concept did not appear until late 1980s. The emergence and development of digital libraries at this stage were driven by two main forces. First, digital technological development, especially in multimedia and networking, offered more efficient and sometimes new ways in information processing and management. Second, people wanted to better share important information like library materials, scientific databases in education and research. So, digital library systems came into being. According to Koehler (1999), some of the forces responsible for digital library development are the changing nature of the book, the patron, the library, standards, information retrieval, and metadata. The changing nature of the book The book has undergone a series of changes that have made its storage and use more efficient (Koehler, 2004). The changes include transitions in form -from stone slab to papyrus scroll to acid free paper codex to electronic bits. Tables of contents and indexing standards have been developed. More recently, cataloguing and classifying standards to describe books in a larger context the library and later the union catalog were developed. These forms of description and meta-description have allowed librarians to develop organized systems for our information container collections. Koehler (2004) posits that one factor that will affect user-centric models in the libraries of the future is the very nature of information containers. In this case, digital collections provide new additional opportunities for organization. The changing nature of the patron Koehler emphasizes that the future vision of the digital library must include some speculation on potential changes in the kinds of services demands that the library patrons will make on the digital library of the future. The author thinks that it is Resources for new modes of information use possible to speculate on how those demands will shape those libraries. The library users do and will want a full array of library services delivered to some point of delivery

xxvii now at least through some electronic means of delivery-internet, telephone, and others. Physical objects may be transferred by courier, faxed/scanned and transmitted or accessed online; the popularity of e-books and e-journals will grow. The patrons also expect their libraries to provide different services or rather additional services than once they did before. The changing nature of the library The library world has undergone much re-thinking in the last quarter century by embracing the idea of the library without walls. The 1990s witnessed the explosion of the internet and particularly the popularity of the World Wide Web. The web proved to be both a conduit for and a significant source of an immense amount of information, leading some people to predict the displacement of traditional information institutions like libraries. The patrons expectations for a distance service delivery across library services have increased. Patrons have come to expect a wide variety of automated push and or pull services form libraries and from a distance. The internet has led to a redefinition of some but certainly not all library functions. Koehler (1999) however recognized that the web itself lacks library characteristics. There has been much discussion of variant forms of libraries between pure traditional and pure digital or the hybrid library. To understand any aspect of library futures, one must give some consideration to probable changes to the information containers themselves and the institutions in which those information containers may be housed Koehler (2004). The standards wars The establishments of standards of the digital library futures will be dictated by the standardization decisions made now. Koehler (2004) observed that standards have never been more important. Technology, society and systems, are all intertwined and lead to unanticipated consequences. Similarly, changing library standardization and increased universalization of that standardization will lead to unanticipated consequences in the digital library community and in society in general. Consider for example, cataloging and classification and differences among different classification schemes. Many academic libraries in the USA have undergone retrospective conversion from Dewey Decimal Classification to Library of Congress Classification. Does this suggest that we are treading toward a single standard? The Machine Readable Cataloguing (MARC) environment has seen the development of a number of different

xxviii national systems to support local linguistic and stylistic requirements. The MARC standards have evolved. For example, United States Machine Readable Cataloguing and Canadian Machine Readable Cataloguing merged as MARC21. Significant limits have already been placed on the content licenses, particularly libraries and their users on their ability to transfer access to or to make copies of the content. If libraries continue to acquire more contemporary and retrospective content in digital under license from second parties, the ability of libraries to continue to serve their users as they have traditionally done may be significantly circumscribed in the future. Information retrieval and metadata One of the primary functions of a library is to develop its collection in keeping with the underlying philosophical purpose of the library. What may be appropriate or useful for one patron may not be appropriate or useful for another. Koehler (2004) suggests that expert intermediaries, ultimately human beings, but aided by expert systems provide and will continue to provide those services in the digital libraries of the future. Metadata systems have increased both in number and complexity. The purpose of metadata and metametadata, as with any cataloguing, classification, or indexing system is to provide description in addition to the original or native document. Typically, we want improved description to allow for better storage and retrieval of the object and the information contained therein. These systems will span all classes of objects-text, images, audio, and video and multimedia. These will be coupled with expert level search and retrieval systems as well as the end-user. Both expert and end-user systems will probably have complex human-computer interfaces to facilitate the search and retrieval process. Higher education needs The internet is not a replacement for books, but it is imperative that libraries reposition themselves within their institutions in order to continue to ensure access to information, education, people, services, and ICT. Libraries find themselves in a transitional phase, as they adapt to the needs of an innovative higher education sector. The implementation of the strategic vision is not solely the responsibility of libraries and computer centers. Institutions as a whole can and must implement it. Every opposition must be overcome for example, the library versus the computer center, electric versus printed information, or centralized versus decentralized

xxix systems. A sound budget is needed to find some way out of the present fiscal crisis. Schumann emphasized that information provision is an essential factor in research and teaching for both the natural and the social sciences. He advised that existing institutions and newly created virtual or project-related organizational units must work together in a joined-up way. In the face of reduced budgets, the new challenges must be met with technical innovations, staff training and development, changes to the working environment and by suitable labor and business models. Bundy explained what he thinks it means for libraries to go beyond their traditional role of merely providing information. In his opinion, the academic library is the driving force for change in the area of education. Unfortunately, library budgets continue to be reduced. Bundy calls for a change in the entire system of higher education in order to meet the demands of users. Libraries cannot manage this alone, but they must nevertheless participate in this transition even to the extent of contributing to the curriculum. Technology push The focus of most development at present is tools to integrate content that is already being managed by the library. Yeates (2002) reviewed library-oriented portals solutions and products available in the UK: this can mean one or all of integrating multiple resources for the user into a comprehensible landscape; allowing cross-searching or searching of many databases with one interface; personalization; behind the scenes authentication; and the enhancement of simple bibliographic records with tables of contents, and dust cover images. Also implied are management tools to Resources for new modes of information use customizing the gateway for user groups and to consolidate usage statistics. Many of the systems also have a capability to manage the digitization process and local digital collections. Other solutions exist to solve some of these problems and none offer as much control to the library, or such a complete professional solution. The researcher is a view on the strategies for the development of digital libraries is that Libraries are an essential component of a nations information infrastructure. Historically, libraries have played various key roles in information-oriented societies as the major storehouses of human kinds recorded knowledge. However, the physical media that store the recorded knowledge are constantly undergoing metamorphosis due to continuous technological advancements and

xxx innovations. Currently, we live in the so-called Digital era where by information is recorded, stored, retrieved, and disseminated in the digital form unlike the past when information was accessed in analog formats. Nowadays, information is capable of being stored on specially constructed electronic media and is retrieved whenever required in the most fundamental form, as arrays of zeros and ones (that is the binary format). Thus, digitization of the library resource materials opens up new modes of use, enables a much wider potential audience and gives renewed means of viewing our cultural heritage with a higher degree of clarity and in a much more compact structure. Therefore, a combined effort targeted towards digital library development is much appealing to rejuvenate the sector of information industry in terms of creation, processing, storage, provision and dissemination.

2.3 Mechanisms for selection of digital library collections Considering the bourgeoning volume and heterogeneity of information on the web, selection and appraisal of resources for digitization is one of the most difficult tasks in the digital resources management life cycle (Hartman et al., 2005). Selecting materials for a digital project entails different factors than selecting print materials, such as legal issues and the high costs of digitization projects. In addition, the project team needs to determine if the materials to be digitized warrant the time and expense of transferring the digital files to new formats every few years as technologies change. Several authors provide guidelines for selecting materials for digitization. Vogt-OConnor (2000) recommends that the selection process take three phases: nomination, evaluation, and prioritization. She discusses legal issues and stakeholder concerns (involving culturally or ethically sensitive materials), and she presents a checklist for the evaluation of materials, which includes such factors as donor restrictions, condition of materials, and the authenticity of the item. De Stefano (2000) lists issues to consider for selection of materials for a digital project, with copyright the first issue. Obtaining copyright permission is not always possible and can derail a project that appears otherwise straightforward. She discusses selection as it applies to different goals of a digitization project: selection to increase access to materials; selection based on content; and selection for preservation. Several authors recommend that libraries have collection development policies for digital projects: On the basis of cost alone, it is essential that academic institutions choose digital

xxxi projects carefully based on an established set of criteria within a well-planned procedure (Brancolini, 2000). Smith (2001) and Brancolini (2000) suggest using Harvards guidelines, Selecting Research Collections for Digitization, (Hazen et al., 1998), as a foundation for selection criteria and then adapting them to the needs of the local institution. Harvards guidelines include a graphical matrix for decision making (Brancolini, 2000, p. 784). Smith (2001) presents recommendations for selection, including that libraries be clear about the purpose of a digital collection whether it be for preservation, outreach, or curricular development; that libraries develop protocols for selection; and that libraries clarify the target audience for a digital collection. McDonald (2003) also recommends defining a librarys user community and selecting materials that are relevant to that community. He concludes: . . . if we build high demand, high quality collections at a reasonable cost that can be maintained for the long term, we will take the first steps to becoming a major part of the scholarly research dissemination chain. De Stefano (2001) advocates that selection be driven by use. However, she found that this is often not the case. She conducted an informal survey of 25 current digital library projects, and found that most of the projects had enhanced access as their goal, and: . . . the most popular approach to selecting collections for digital conversion is a subject-and-date parameter approach applied, by and large, to special collections, with little regard for use, faculty recommendations, scholarly input, editorial boards, or curriculum. Unlike De Stefanos findings, several case studies read for this literature survey found that the use of the collection was a primary criterion for selection. For example, Jerrido et al. (2001) discuss three digital pilot projects at Temple University. The projects were chosen in collaboration with faculty to meet the needs of students, faculty and researchers. One of the projects was the digitization of World War I and II posters, and this collection was selected because of the wide use to be made of the digitized posters by a large number of schools and academic departments of the university. The authors state that use was also a major selection

xxxii criterion for digitizing the Urban Archives Photo Collection at Temple University. Fifarek (2002), Wilson (2003) and Helling (2003) all cited use as a primary selection criteria for materials in digitization projects at their institutions. Cedar Face and Hollens (2004) outline the active collection development activities at Southern Oregon University to build digital collections on the ecology and indigenous peoples of Southwestern Oregon and Northwestern California. Bibliographies and databases were searched for relevant resources, and research documents were solicited from federal, state, and local agencies. The authors also discuss the importance of collaboration in collection development. The project team collaborated with governmental agencies and with tribes to obtain materials for the projects. Adaryukov and Miller (2005) discuss selection issues in a project to digitize part of the 80,000volume Molly S. Fraiberg Judaica Collection at Florida Atlantic University. An ad hoc selection committee was created to delineate the scope of the digital collection, and to establish selection procedures. With high importance placed on preservation concerns, priority was given to materials in the most brittle condition. Hygiene The researchers review on the mechanisms used in the selection of digital collections is that interested Libraries should be reminded that selecting materials for digitization is more complex than selecting materials for the purchase or licensing of born-digital materials, because it involves expending resources for items that are already in the librarys collection rather than acquiring new ones. In theory, a library would choose to digitize existing collection items only if it could identify the value that is added by digitization and determine that the benefits outweigh the costs. But in practice, the research library community has, over the past decade, gone boldly forth with digitization projects not knowing how to measure their costs or benefits. Digitization technology and its costs are constantly changing; as a result, budgeting models that make comparisons between libraries can be meaningless or downright misleading. Unlike selecting officials who decide the purchase or license of electronic resources, those responsible for digital conversion do not have a set of fixed prices for services and collections on offer. The only way for many libraries to get at the issue of cost is to undertake projects for their own sake, in the

xxxiii expectation that documentation of expenditures will yield some meaningful data. Libraries that have been able to secure funding for projects, document their activities and expenditures, and share that information with their colleagues have emerged as the leaders of the community, if only because of their policies to share their knowledge something vital to look at towards digital library development in the selected University Libraries.

2.4 Digital Library Services and its Relevance 2.41 Digital Library Services The development of the digital library (DL) changes even this, however: while many DLs are projects of physical libraries, many more are not. While this has raised questions about what role libraries should play in the development of DLs, it does not change the fact that both libraries and DLs are environments in which services are provided to users, beyond the simple existence of a library collection. The development of DLs has enabled the realization of services both like and unlike those traditionally provided in physical libraries, and has enabled organizations other than libraries to provide library-like services. While the search engine is a tool, for example, the ability to search a large collection of materials is certainly a service, and one that extends traditional library services. The implementation of technology in libraries changes the types of services that libraries may provide. The implementation of DLs changes the types of services that may be considered to be services of libraries, as well as the very definition of what a library is. Some of the services provided in DLs are similar to those provided in physical libraries, but many are quite different. In part this is because the development of DLs has historically been strongly influenced by the field of computer science (Levy, 2000), and as Pomerantz et al. (2003) point out, the approaches to services taken by the fields of computer science (CS) and library and information science (LIS) differ considerably. Specifically, as addressed in courses on DLs in CS programs, services are generally system-focused (for example, search engines and linking), while in LIS programs services are generally user-focused (like reference and personalization). To date, a primary emphasis on digital library development and implementation was given to technology (Chowdhury, 2002; Chowdhury and Chowdhury, 2003; Marchionini and Fox, 1999;

xxxiv Sloan, 1998; Van House et al., 2003). Major issues discussed in earlier studies focused on technical architecture, digitization, and techniques of how to build a digital library with respect to a system architecture, digital object creation and management, and so on (Arms et al., 1997; Chen, 2000; Cleveland, 1998; McCray and Gallagher, 2001). However, a digital library is not merely a means of access to information over the network. As long as library is attached to the concept, a digital library does and should care about users and communities that are in need of information and services just like conventional libraries. Services, therefore, should be one of the crucial aspects of digital libraries. Marchionini and Fox (1999) pointed out four dimensions in designing a digital library: community, technology, services, and content. According to them, services reflect the functionality afforded by systems serving the community of users. Such services include access, reference and question answering, on-demand help, fostering of citizenship and literacy, and mechanisms to simplify participatory involvement of user communities. Borgman (1999) also viewed digital library as combination of a service, architecture, a set of information resources, and a set of tools to retrieve information resources. However, most digital library projects so far mainly focused on offering search mechanism and tools for information retrieval. As Smith (2000) and Chowdhury and Chowdhury (2000) reported, various mechanisms and search features have been implemented for information retrieval in digital library projects. In addition to a search tool and various features, a digital library should include some types of information services to support an interaction between materials and users needs, and to promote learning using its collections. Librarians played a major role in providing services in the context of users information seeking process. They assist and interact with users by answering questions about materials, instructing them on how to use information, help them for research purposes. Such conventional services are essential in a digital library environment as well. Many experts (for example Fox and Urs, 2002; Harter, 1996; Marchionini, 1998; Noerr, 2003) suggested several types of services necessary for digital libraries. Those suggested services can be divided into two broad categories of services: traditional services and services unique to the digital environment. Harter (1996) advocated that traditional library services such as ready reference, help with search tools, access to and assistance with commercial search services, and

xxxv so forth should be included in a digital library. Marchionini (1998) provided a list of service types to be offered in a digital library, that is, search services, reference and question answering services, filtering and SDI, and instruction. Fox and Urs (2002) offered some examples of unconventional services including personalization, plagiarism detection, and analysis and processing of digital information. However, as Meyyappan et al. (2000) exposed in their review of prominent digital libraries in the world, there was almost no provision for quality reference and information services in digital libraries. Traditional reference services have evolved into a new application area, digital reference services or virtual reference services with the use of software and the internet (Chowdhury, 2002; Lankes, 2004; Sloan, 2001; Stemper and Butler, 2001). Many terms are used to describe digital reference (Lankes, 2004). Wasik (1999) defined digital reference services as Internet-based question-and-answer services that connect users with experts in a variety of subject areas. A digital library can put such digital reference services in place since it is built on the networking system. Sloan (1998) and Janes (2003) described a number of experiments with extending reference services into the networked world. Examples of this are e-mail reference, live chat reference, instant messaging, desktop videoconferencing, and so on. There are projects and collaborations among many libraries that provide digital reference services (Chowdhury and Chowdhury, 2003; Janes, 2003). One of the CDRS projects is Question Point, launched by the Library of Congress (www.loc.gov/rr/digiref/). Another professional collaboration project is the VRD at Syracuse University, sponsored by the US Department of Education (www.vrd.org). Sloan (2001) described the Ready for Reference project, a collaborative 24/7 live reference service by eight academic libraries in the Alliance Library System in Illinois. One of the ways for information dissemination used in traditional libraries is current awareness such as distribution of the table of contents for all journals in their collection to users. The main objective of current awareness is to provide users with up-to-date information. With many technological features like mailing list software, such services can be offered to users (Chu and Krichel, 2003). Chu and Krichel (2003) and Cruz et al. (2003) reported a model for

xxxvi current awareness service, NEP (New Economics Papers) for the RePEC (Research Papers in Economics) digital library. They also introduced other projects on current awareness development. An emerging trend in digital libraries to support users specific information needs and preferred search and retrieval strategies is the personalization service. Based on users interest and characteristics, information on a digital library is automatically filtered and delivered to users via a personalized interface. Some research projects on personalization service have been implemented. Cohen (2000) reported a personalized electronic service project. With the service, students, faculty, and staff can collect and organize resources for private use, and stay informed of new resources provided by the library. Jayawardana et al. (2001a, b) introduced a framework for personalized information environment (PIE) in which users can build personalized views on library materials based on their interests and are able to organize the collected information, annotate, modify, and integrate library sources as part of their knowledge construction. The researchers review on the aspect of digital library services is that libraries have made efforts to better serve users with information and value-added services. They provide services both in a traditional way and in an innovative way by applying technologies. Digital reference services and some advanced services for personalization and interactivity have been implemented in libraries and other organizations. While access services have been central in digital library development and projects for personalization and interactivity have been implemented in digital environments, it can be reported that little attention has been paid to other reference and information services. With the evolution of new environments, a digital library should redefine digital library services. Such services need to include both conventional and innovative types of services. With well-designed services, digital libraries will be able to better serve their users and community and streamline favorably with the increasing demands of the 21st century in relation to information provision and effective dissemination. 2.4.2 Relevance attached to digital library development The rise of an information economy has brought about an information age that is highly reliant on information and communication technologies (ICTs) (Ngulube, 2004, p. 21). It is an age where the survival and development of human kind are ultimately defined by the use, production, and consumption of information. The African Information Initiative adopted the digital agenda in

xxxvii 1996 in order to transform stagnating African economies (ECA, 1996, p. 9). In 2001, the 34th session of the Commission for Africa reaffirmed that ICTs were key to the economic and social development of the African continent (Ngulube, 2004). Digital libraries are organizations that provide the resources, including specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities (Waters, 1998; Digital Libraries Federation, 2002). The component characteristics of digital libraries are the storage of information in digital form, direct usage of communication networks for accessing, obtaining information, and copying by either downloading or online/offline printing from a master file. According to Husler, traditional libraries, which were known as repositories of knowledge, have hence become accessible in database form; the internet and the web are making knowledge universal and linked internationally. In summary, then, a digital library maintains all, or a substantial part, of its collection in computer-possible form as an alternative, supplement, or complement to the conventional printed and microfilm materials that currently dominate library collections. Digital librarians, including those in Uganda, enable managing very large amounts of data, preserve unique collections, provide faster access to information, facilitate dealing with data from more than one location, and enhance distributed learning environments. Digital librarians also help to perform searches that are manually not feasible and offer to protect the content of the owners Several authors such as Magara (2002), Mutula (2002), McDonald and Kebbell (2004), Jain (2006) and Rosenberg (2006) have written on the advantages of digital libraries. These advantages make the creation of digital libraries a strategic method to enhance information access in the Sub-Saharan region: Digital libraries provide a faster method of accessing and exchanging information in all sectors such as research, scholarship, medicine, government services and business. Digital information can easily be shared and therefore is available to everybody, which is a great improvement on print libraries, which require expensive duplication of material in different locations. Given their sinking cost of establishment, digital libraries can make it possible to provide everybody even those in the remotest parts of the Sub-Sahara with information in its most

xxxviii up-to-date form. With a link to the information superhighway, libraries in the region even the smallest and the remotest can serve as a gateway to local as well as global information. Digital libraries are available on 24-hour basis from anywhere in the world, offering flexible arrangements for students, researchers, scholars and the community. Digital libraries can be widespread and accessed as full text from any location or workstation. E-content is available on several subjects from a variety of sources such as libraries, electronic publishers, and business organizations and in multimedia formats. Information is readily available from offices, telecenters, laboratory homes without creating a need to travel long distances to physical libraries, and homes without creating a need to travel long distances to physical libraries. Human development

Just as industrialization and globalization have increased the gulf between the haves and havenots, information and communications technology is creating a chasm between the knows and know-nots. Witten et al. further observed that in the developing world, digital libraries provide perhaps the first really compelling raison for computing technology. Five important areas where digital libraries can promote human development include dissemination of human information, disaster relief, preservation and propagation of indigenous culture, locally produced collections of information and then, new opportunities to enter the global marketplace. Dissemination of humanitarian information

Traditional publishing and distribution mechanisms have tragically failed the developing world. A wealth of essential humanitarian material is produced by various international organizations. Being produced by internationally oriented, non-profit organizations, funded by all people on the planet, this information is, at least in principle, in the public domain: it could be made freely available in the form of networked digital libraries.

xxxix Disaster relief

Natural disasters, such as earthquakes or hurricanes, and man-made ones such as terrorist attacks or nuclear accidents, demand immediate and informed response in an environment where the local infrastructure may be unpredictable or severely damaged. The response to a crisis is characterized by the generation of large amounts of unstructured, multimedia data that must be acquired, processed, organized and disseminated sufficiently rapidly to be of use to crisis responders. Digital library technology allows organized collections of such information, graced with comprehensive searching and browsing capabilities, to be created very rapidly. Intelligence specific to the nature of a disaster, the geographical region and the logistic resources available for the relief effort can be gathered into a built-to-order digital library collection that combines targeted knowledge with general medical and sanitary information. A recent example is the Tsunami wave that killed thousands of people in Asia and left millions homeless. Preservation and propagation of indigenous culture

Information about indigenous culture takes many guises: oral history in the form of narration and interviews; artifacts in the form of images and descriptions; songs in the form of audio recordings, music transcriptions, and lyrics; dances and ceremonies in the form of video, audio, written synopses, and interpretations. Multimedia digital libraries allow such information to be integrated, recorded, browsed, and searched, within a uniform user interface. Because language is the vehicle of thought, communication and cultural identity, a crucial feature of digital libraries for culture preservation is the ability to work in local languages. This strengthens individual cultures, promotes diversity and reduces the dominance of only a few languages. Digital library applications in culture preservation have the advantage that the relevant information is readily available locally. But there are countless other scenarios that involve creating and distributing locally produced information collections. Teachers prepare educational material that addresses specific community problems, and adapt published material to employ local examples. Indigenous people have invaluable medicinal knowledge based on local plants or long-acquired knowledge of the cultivation and protection of local species. Such knowledge is vital: more than half of the worlds most frequently prescribed drugs are derived from plants or synthetic copies of plant chemicals, and this trend is growing. Local groups assemble information collections that describe and reflect neighborhood conditions, providing new

xl material for socio-cultural studies, fostering cultural exchange while retaining diversity, and increasing international understanding. New opportunities to enter the global marketplace.

The varied demands of digital library development, such as manual metadata extraction, collection organization, cataloging, and information presentation, expand the range of tasks that the developing world can undertake, creating valuable new export markets. One of the most important developments of recent years is the establishment of open archives and institutional repositories. Preprints can be found there, as can electronic versions of dissertations, research data, teaching materials, and increasingly also articles that have gone through peer review processes. Rosenberg (2004) also sees the future market for scientific information and education in electronic information repositories. She noted that the repositories are connected with one another over global networks, and since they are based on public standards with digital libraries, the users will be offered more convenient and quicker access to the required information. The researchers review on the relevance of digital libraries is that Digital libraries are a key technology especially for developing countries. They can assist human development by providing a non-commercial mechanism for distributing humanitarian information on topics such as health, agriculture, nutrition, hygiene, sanitation and water supply, and other areas, ranging from disaster relief to medical education. The electronic revolution coupled with improvements in communication make it imperative to look beyond today and prepare for tomorrow. In order to promote continuous upgrading of digital libraries in Uganda, there is need for a national information policy to pave the way for the digital library era.

2.5 Challenges faced in digital library development 2.5.1 Challenges The development of digital libraries is a very complex task confronting various challenges, many of which are still subject to profound research. Largely dependent on the primary purpose and the orientation of the project, is the selection of the material the repository shall be composed of. Hereby, the source of the data is determined at first. On the basis of this, a policy has to be declared, whether the material will be handled very selectively, forming a well-sorted collection,

xli or rather gathered in an automatic fashion, resulting in a comprehensive archive. Installing proper storage facilities is a prerequisite for a well working repository. Thereby, a robust and capacious solution is required, but at the same time it needs to be flexible enough to adapt to advances in technology. Digital data are prone to decay. This is not only due to physical deterioration of the storage media used, but to a much greater extent caused by quick succession of ever superior systems replacing hardware as well as software. Because of this evolution, access to digital documents in the long run is at great danger. Strategies have to be developed to counteract this loss of information. Those involve converting data in regular cycles to a subsequent data format that is in use at that time. Another approach sets out to emulate on a future computer then obsolete system environments. However, great effort has still to be put into the research and implementation of such solutions. Ultimately, access has to be provided to the depository. Allowing a convenient and efficient usability of the collections constitute an ongoing task. Furthermore, economics and legal issues demand consideration. Much remains to be done to achieve the realization of such a venture. Yet, steps have to be taken immediately at a high priority taking into account what is at stake. One of the key problems found in the digital library of the present and one that will persist into the future is maintaining the match between the fluid content and its description in the library, digital, or otherwise. There is already an emerging literature to point to the complexity and difficulty in maintaining that match, and many conclude, for example, that web documents, among the most ephemeral of digital material, may be too elusive for serious long-term collecting (Koehler, 2002; Markwell and Brooks, 2002; Nelson and Allen, 2002; Rumsey, 2002). Shiri (2003) identified some of the challenges related to the implementation, development, and evaluation of digital libraries to be. Digital content and collections This category refers to individual digital objects and collections of objects in repositories encompassing a variety of materials in different digital formats. Shiri (2003) observed that one major challenge with regard to metadata is the diversity of digital information formats. The author noted that there are challenges associated with digital content: for instance conversion of printed materials into digital format and creation of digital-only materials for the purpose of a

xlii particular digital library. Digital collections require well-structured metadata schemes to describe digital objects and content at various levels of granularity. Structural and descriptive metadata are two general classes of metadata of particular relevance. Shiri (2003) propounded that one major challenge with regard to metadata is the diversity of digital formats and the ways in which they should be described in different collections with different target audience and uses. In the electronic environment, institutions and individuals license access to content; they do not own the containers that surround that content. Libraries have already found that they are limited in the scope and range of patrons who may have access to their licensed collections. For example, some academic libraries cannot allow people who are not part of their university access to certain licensed electronic content. However, had that information been contained in purchased paper journals, under the doctrine of first sale, there would be no issue. Indeed, given copyright and contract provisions, most electronic material cannot be copied and transferred through interlibrary loan (Koehler, 2004). Interoperability and standards Interoperability is one of the most heavily discussed issues in digital library research. Shiri (2003) mentioned that the requirement for interoperability is derived from the fact that various digital libraries with different architectures, metadata formats, and underlying technologies wish to intellectually interact. The challenge, however, is that this can only be done through applying a range of common protocols and standards. Standards within the context of digital libraries encompass all protocols and conventional that has been set for the digital library architecture, collections, metadata formats, interoperability, and so forth. For all digital libraries in the world to have common standards is a big challenge particularly for the information scientist. Knowledge organization systems, users and user ability. This category refers to a range of tools used for knowledge organization, classification, and retrieval of knowledge in a general sense. Shiri (2003) acknowledged that one of the challenges is the way in which these interact with each other. Hilt (2002) mentioned that research is under way to investigate issues surrounding mappings and interoperability among various knowledge organization systems. In order to develop usable digital libraries, Shiri noted that researchers have addressed user behavior and user requirements in different contexts including academic environments, schools, government departments, and business. One of the challenges is associated with the methodologies and data

xliii gathering techniques. He observed that researchers have tried to use a combination of tools and techniques to collect data for user evaluation. Legal, organizational, and social issues Rights management, intellectual property, and copy right issues are all legal aspects of digital libraries. Shiri (2003) intimated that social issues in relation to digital libraries center on the ways in which people view digital libraries and their usefulness; and the extent to which they are integrated into peoples lives and social activities. Every government must adopt common laws and procedures so as to eliminate misuse and theft of information. Filtering systems should be used so that genuine users are not inconvenienced. An information product is intellectual property (Thurow, 1997). The protection of intellectual property rights and privacy are the two areas the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) seriously is concerned with. Its December 1996 Diplomatic Conference produced two treaties: the WIPO copyright treaty and WIPO treaty on performances and phonograms. The first copyright treaty supplements the century-old Berne. Staff education Education and training are fundamental to the improvement of the preservation of digital resources (Rosenberg, 2004, p. vi). Competency and expertise in managing digital resources were identified in a study for the Research Libraries Group as major requirements. Kemoni and Wamukoya identified lack of information skills due to inadequate training as one of the impediments to the management of electronic records at Moi University in Kenya. Ngulube also discovered that expertise in the field of digitization in Southern Africa was very limited. Ngulube (2004) again noted that information studies programs in Africa did not reveal many modules that specifically address preservation of information containers and digital preservation. A survey by Liu on the subject of digital libraries in the USA, Canada, Europe and Asia revealed that some course contents were not up to date in the field of library and information technology. Ngulube (2004) emphasized that educators should bear in mind that rapid changes in information management technologies and the preservation challenges presented by diverse media require constant upgrading of knowledge and skills so that educators produce graduates who would be comfortable with the demands of the digital age. The answer to this is in giving due emphasis to in-house training.

xliv Infrastructure Digital libraries depend on internet and intranet connections, yet there is no foolproof system to prevent virus damage. A more serious obstacle is that network access varies widely across the globe. Differences in technology between developed and developing countries persist. Whereas in 1998 more than a quarter of the US population were surfing the internet, the figure for Latin America and the Caribbean was 0.8 per cent, for Sub-Saharan Africa 0.1 per cent, and for South Asia 0.04 per cent (UN, 1997). Schools and hospitals in developing countries are poorly connected. Even in relatively well-off South Africa, many hospitals and 75 per cent of schools have no telephone line. Universities are better equipped, but even there up to 1,000 people can depend on just one terminal. The internet, as Arunachalam puts it, is failing the developing world. While global satellite communication networks will eventually bring relief, this takes time and money. The core issue of IT development is the objective of providing universal access, in which libraries play a crucial role. Bringing internet access to all is a daunting task. Physical distribution of information on recordable devices such as compact disk read-only memory is a very practical format for areas with little internet access. Language barrier and technology Language is the embodiment of a culture and preservation of identity is important. There are about 6,000 languages spoken in the world, and of these nearly 90 per cent are dying out. It is estimated that just over half of the worlds population speak one of just five languages: Chinese, English, Hindi, Russian, and Spanish. Uganda alone has over 50 languages. In the past, libraries came into being at the behest of kings and nobles, and enjoyed aristocratic patronage. With the change to a democratic political system, the responsibility fell on the government. The private sector and the corporate sector especially, were not involved. Any contact was related to their own concerns, not the development of libraries. Now the private sector, particularly in advanced countries manufacturing internet related equipment, is in a position to extend both material and financial support. Being the major producers of computer technology they are able to set up such industries in developing countries. Developing countries could offer incentives such as tax breaks, investment subsidies, and so on. This alone would help in reducing the cost of goods needed for constructing a digital library. Unless this is achieved digital libraries and universal knowledge will be restricted to the elite familiar with one of the major languages of the world.

xlv The challenge is to evolve a strategy so as to provide information in the language required by the reader. While installed network software is easily detected, it is difficult to determine whether it is operational. Incorrectly installed or configured software is endemic in developing countries, because computers there are often cast-offs whose software is inappropriate to their present environment, yet system support to rectify the problems is unavailable. Sustainability for digital libraries Sustainability has become a buzzword in the field of new library projects and developments (Hamilton, 2004). As McArthur et al. (2003) say, in the digital library context, sustainability is a broad term that refers to everything from technical issues about the digital preservation of materials, to the social questions surrounding the long-term accessibility of resources to the public at large. Traditional libraries may not regularly have to justify their existence but most, these days, need to fight to maintain their budgets. The sustainability question arises so frequently in the digital library world because digital initiatives tend to be introduced as special projects. In many cases, insufficient thought has been given at the outset as to how they will turn into long-term developments. And at times of economic pressure, when even the core is questioned, anything else is vulnerable. The key to sustainability, therefore, is to reach a position where the digital library is no longer regarded as an add-on, but as part of this integral core. The answer may include being essential, or an integral, part of the organization. This is the status to which digital libraries must aspire (Hamilton, 2004). Strategies for achieving sustainability of digital libraries include economic sustainability, finding champions, funding sources, and selfsustained growth. Economic sustainability Economic sustainability is a softer, more political area than preservation, and consequently solutions are less tangible and concrete. Smith (2003) sums the position up as the hardest part of sustainability how to pay for it all. Hamilton (2004) states that there are no easy answers, which is one reason why in the past so many digital library projects have blossomed briefly and then withered. Hamilton (2004) recommended that one view is that more money should be spent on sustaining services and less on initiating projects, but in most cases it is best to start from the

xlvi premise that external funding obtained to establish a project will rarely be an appropriate source to provide ongoing, unlimited funding for its continuation. Finding champions It is rare that a digital library project is so intrinsically valuable that the host institution is forced to find funds for continuation. Hamilton (2004) suggests that one route towards backing the withering trend is to ensure strong branding, linking a successful product with the institution. The author advised that most projects require rallying support through conscious efforts to gain champions beyond the immediate circles and this is where strong, ideally charismatic, project leadership is important. Funding sources Sustainability options are categorized into subscription fees, charges for online courses, sponsorship/endowments, and integration (Hamilton, 2004). He advised that combinations of any of the four might be appropriate. Charging for access will be an option if charges would apply for similar physical information. Charges may also be acceptable for added-value services where basic services are free. Hamilton again stressed that if charges are deemed appropriate there are two approaches: charge from the start or allow free access initially, then charge once the users have been hooked. The author warned that the availability of so much free information on the web does create a barrier to payment by individuals who have to be convinced of the value of the particular information you are providing. If the payment will come from institutions rather than individuals, it is important to consider the position of budget holders. For many, payment for a new service will mean something else will have to be stopped. When dealing with academic libraries, the situation is further complicated by the existence of a wide variety of budget control systems ranging from fully devolved to fully centralized, so it can be difficult to target your marketing. Sponsorship and in-kind support can take many forms and creativity may be required to overcome institutional antipathy to and restrictions on advertising. Campbell gives examples of varied sources of sponsorship for Australian subject gateways ranging from endorsement through free publicity to solid financial support. In-kind contributions are often overlooked. As Zorich points out, this can lead to problems if the contribution is withdrawn, and it also means that organizations cannot effectively use this support as evidence when funders seek tangible

xlvii proof of outside financial commitments to a project. Hamilton (2004) believes that integration is the ultimate goal for many digital library project leaders. But it is hard to integrate a project once its funding has run out. It is also hard to plan for such integration from the outset but this must be the main approach. The formal business plan required by many funders should not be regarded as one more bureaucratic hurdle but the passport to a successful, sustainable digital library. Self-sustained growth Libraries in developing countries in particular rely primarily on governmental funding. The resource crisis has affected every field of activity. The problem is further confounded by the increasing cost of books and periodicals in developed countries and the falling value of the currencies of developing countries in the international market. Further periodic increases in freight charges add to the strain on the already low budget allocations. Also, many public and departmental libraries are understaffed. It is clear that relying on the government is not conducive to self-sustained growth. Under these circumstances it is better to explore ways to earn income so as to reduce dependence. This becomes all the more important in the context of globalization. It is therefore essential that adequate thought is given to finding financial resources for digital libraries and their upkeep.

2.5.2 Solutions to some of the challenges faced in the digital library development The technological infrastructure Computers are not so hard to come by in developing countries as one might think. Their extraordinarily rapid rate of obsolescence, coupled with the developed worlds voracious appetite for the latest and greatest, makes low-end machines essentially free: instead of clogging landfill sites many (although certainly not enough) find their way to developing countries. A 1998 World Bank survey of developing countries found three to 30 PCs per 1,000 people, depending on the poverty level (World Bank, 2000). With growth predicted at 20 per cent per year, it was estimated that by the year 2000 there were 50 million PCs in developing countries, serving a population of four billion!

xlviii Distributed collections Electronic collectibles have become more commonplace (Koehler, 2004). Vendors, consolidators, and publishers are providing more and more content either directly to end-users or to end-users through libraries in electronic format. More monograph and serial titles are being offered to institutional and individual subscribers in either electronic format only or in print and electronic format. If the catalog is in digital format, the target object may or may not also be in similar format. Digitized content can be and very frequently is transmitted directly to the enduser on demand from the catalog (Koehler, 2004). When libraries and individuals purchase information objects they own the container but not the content. Content ownership resides with the copyright holder. Nevertheless, as owners of the container, we may transfer the title to the container or lend it to others. We also have limited rights to copy the content. In the digital environment, where the concept of container is very different and content is licensed, the rules have changed. User behavior Studies have shown that students would like smaller digital portable systems rather than carry too many printed books, although this may be in addition to the printed books. Lynch (2001) predicted that users would carry their digital library in their pocket. In that case, their pocket may actually become a digital wearable system for that purpose. Nokias research center, for example, had the idea of virtual pockets for some time (Lehikoinen, 2000), but the notion has not yet affected libraries. Koehler (2004) observed that the youngest generation of end-users has already learned to search for information independently. They learn and research in groups, move in parallel in diverse virtual worlds and wait impatiently 24 hours a day, all over the world, for immediate unlimited access to relevant information (in full text). Koehler (2004) advised that in order to satisfy these demands, issue-oriented, extremely fast and highly effective, flexible search and retrieval systems are necessary. Librarians can make a contribution here by increasing the information skills of the library users, supporting the process of electronic learning, and by getting involved in creating electronic archives and improving their profile and access. The researchers review of the challenges and solutions faced in the development of digital libraries is that concerned authorities should be cautioned that embarking on the process, it is a

xlix multitask activity but above all preliminary planning is ideal. Digital Library development entails policy initiation, setting priorities and planning. These are challenging tasks for the management. The library management needs to consult libraries that had digitized their materials so as to learn from their experiences. This will guide a lot while formulating policies on the digital project. A planning committee has to be set up. It is the responsibility of this committee to draw plans and budget for the project. The library management will also need to prioritize the different activities involved and assign each task to a committee. Time limits should be assigned for completion of each task. Also pertinent to note is that, the task of carrying along all the staff and guiding library users can be challenging. Some of the staff will like to resist change, particularly those that are not computer literate. It is essential for the library management to explain the essence of the project to them and arrange to retrain the employees so that they can participate in the project and remain functional in a digital library. Some of the library users will definitely find it difficult to search for materials in the digital terrain. It is good for library assistants to be available to render assistance. Orientation programs can be organized for these library users from time to time. This is very essential in the selected University Libraries where the users can be many and are also regular. It can be said that digital libraries can assist human development by providing a non-commercial mechanism for distributing humanitarian information on topics such as health, agriculture, nutrition, hygiene, sanitation and water supply, and other areas, ranging from disaster relief to medical education. The proliferation of computers, the robust architecture and the geographical distribution of the internet revolution coupled with improvements in communication make it essential to look beyond today and prepare for tomorrow. In order to promote continuous upgrading of traditional libraries in selected University in Uganda, there is need for a national information policy to lay concrete on the way for the digital library development.

l CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction This chapter shall present the methods and procedures that will be used to get results out of what shall contain as research findings of the study. It will present or give information on research design, population of the study, target population of the study, sample size, sampling technique, data collection methods, research instruments, research procedure, quality control, validity of the study, reliability, data analysis, ethical considerations, limitations of the study and solutions. 3.1 Research Design A qualitative research approach will be the research design used to identify detailed information on and about the study of development of digital libraries. This approach shall be preferred because data that will be collected will be textual and thorough descriptions shall be used to explain the outcomes on a particular objective. 3.2 Population and Sampling The researcher will use qualified libraries most especially those at the top management level and if need be possessing great knowledge about digital library operations and development as population of the study and probability sampling will be used in the process of selecting units for example, people or respondents from the population of the study in that by studying the sample, the researcher will be able to fairly generalize the results back to the population from which they will be chosen. 3.2.1 Target Population This study will use Library and Information Science professionals and individuals who are knowledgeable in the development aspects of digital libraries as target population of the study. 3.2.2 Sample Size The research is expecting to a population of 30 people, 10 selected to represent others on each of the three of the University libraries to be used as the research case studies. They will include; KYU Barclays Library, MUBS Library and NDEJJE University Library, Kampala campus.

li 3.2.3 Sampling Technique The research will be base on the simple random sampling method. The research will randomly have to select the respondents who will have the task of filling the questionnaires and others requested to attend the interview depending on the time aspect and how busy the respondents shall be and their consent. 3.3 Data collection Methods The data collection methods shall comprise of: the interview method (direct interviews, questionnaire method), observation method and literature search; Interview Method The research shall use the direct interview and questionnaire method as techniques under the interview method. Direct interviews will be carried out to supplement on the information that is expected to be got from the use questionnaires. However, that will be done by use an interview guide. Questionnaire Method Simple and brief questions from the research objectives will be formulated to guide in the process of data collection. The questions to be formulated will be dedicated to the knowledge librarians and other staff with the advent of the enough knowledge about digital library development. Observation Method The researcher is expectant to use his eyes to observe pertinent aspects about the research problem. This will however serve as supplementary avenue to confirm the data responses by the research population. Literature Search Viable sources of the literature and related information about digital library development is expected to be derived from various information resources including but not limited to: textbooks, encyclopedias, periodicals, Internet, conference proceedings, research papers lecture notice, newspapers and a like.

lii 3.3.1 Research Instruments The data collection instruments are expected to comprise of the interview guide and the questionnaire guide. Interview Guide The interview guide is expected to contain simple and short questions relating to the research objectives and research questions. Questionnaire Guide The researcher is expectant to use the questionnaire tool for gathering data; this will comprise of both open and closed ended format questions. This tool is expected to serve as the main or chief source of information because the respondents will be given chance to express whole heartedly their feelings and contributions towards the research problem without the researchers interference. 3.3.2Research Procedure Data that will be gathered from the field / study will undergo the a routine testing and processing using the textual format, frequencies and percentages will be drawn to represent findings of the study. Data will then be put in tables and textual form. This will eventually be used to present and explain data in tables. 3.4 Quality Control Internet The internet is expected to provide relevant information about the research problem. This will give the researcher enough strength of conducting the survey about digital library development. Authentic Sources The researcher will consult viable textbooks, encyclopedias, research proceedings, periodicals, and online databases, lecture notice in order to get and compile the related literature to the topic of study. 3.4.1 Validity Validity will determine whether the research truly measures to what it was intended to measure or how truthful the research results will be. The validity of the research will be determined by asking a series of questions to respondents, in comparison with the information given or presented in answers of the previous research of others related to digital library development.

liii 3.4.2 Reliability Reliability of the study will be maintained by applying similar methodology and data collection techniques at different places of the study geographical scope / case study places. This will however help to measure the extent to which results to be presented is consistent over time and an accurate representation of the total population under study. 3.5 Data Analysis After data processing and presentation, data will be analyzed and proof read for errors. However, the analysis will be based on the research objectives and research questions. Data will be analyzed manually but following the ethics of research operations. 3.6 Ethical Considerations Introductory Letter / Letter of permission An introductory letter from the research coordinator of the EASLIS, CoSIS Makerere University will legally permit the researcher to carry out the pre- test of the study. This will enable the researcher ponder primary visits to all places which will comprise as pertinent case sources for the research without fear of being ruled out by the concerned authorities. Honesty Honesty will be maintained in the reporting of data, results, methods, procedures and publication status. This research study shall not to fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data to the colleagues, granting agencies and the public at large. Integrity All promises and agreements of this research undertaking will be done with sincerity keeping on track with consistency of thought and action. Openness Outcomes of this research will be shared in terms of data, ideas, tools resources and widely open to criticisms and new ideas. Respect of intellectual property This research proposal will honor patents, copyright and other forms of intellectual property. UN published data, methods, or results without permission will not be considered at all. Credit shall be given by acknowledging and citing the responsible authors behind the knowledge and information to be reported about digital library development.

liv 3.7 Limitations of the study and solutions 3.7.1 Limitations The researcher will face some of the following as limitations of the study; Data inaccessibility as a result of some respondents being hesitant to reveal out relevant information towards the research findings. This will however limit the scope of the study. UN anticipated occurrences that may come up and prevent the researcher from doing the proposal and hand in according to the academic schedule. Prevention by the recommended authorities from accessing viable sources and respondents who will help out in the provision of rightful information about the notion of digital library development and this will impend on the validity of study. 3.7.2 Solutions Being honest and open-minded to respondents will enable the researcher have close dialogue and interaction with the viable respondents, an avenue to help the researcher get farfetched information about the notion of digital library development. Early and effective communication with the course tutor and supervisor will help the researcher iron out the limitation of UN anticipated out comes. The researcher will ensure that integrity is maintained and advances will be made to assure the respondents that the research findings will be kept as secret in order to rejuvenate the recommended authorities and respondents to give their all without fear or favor of letting information spread to the public. These will however enable the researcher achieve the validity and the reliability of the study.

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lxvii APPENDIX A: PROPOSED BUDGET No. 1. Item Description Stationery 1. Photocopying 2. Writing Materials 2. 3. Flash disk Personnel 1. Research Assistant 2. Typist 3. Travel 1. To the 3 places 5Times of study 4. 4. 5. 6. Consultancy 1. Data Analysis Miscellaneous Sub total Total Twice 25000 50000 45000 6000 30,000 1Typist 20000 20000 4 reams and pens 4GB Flash disk 6 Assistants 45000 30000 45,000 180,000 10000 40000 15,000 2 writing pads 15000 Quantity Unit Cost Estimated amount ug shs

= 151,000 Ug shs. 425,000

APPENDIX B: WORKPLAN No. Phase / Activity 1. Proposal Development

Time / Month 1 Month

Dates 2011 / 2012 17-17 December 2011

lxviii 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Piloting Instruments 3 weeks Data Collection 2 Weeks Data Analysis and 3 Weeks Interpretation Final Report Word 2 Months 2 Weeks 2 months 2 Months 17-07 January 2012 18-01 February 2012 02-22 February 2012 23-23 April 2012 24-04 May 2012 May-June 2012 28 June 2012

processing Proof Reading Revising for Exams Submission