ANALOG AND DIGITAL IC Short Question With Answer

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S.MATHAN KUMAR, AP/EEE
TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
VINAYAKA MISSIONS UNIVERSITY Vinayaka Missions Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College SALEM 636 308 Programme Subject Name Objective UNIT - I
B.E. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ANALOG AND DIGITAL ICs SHORT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
Semester
PART A
1. Define virtual short.

The differential input voltage Vd between the noninverting and inverting input terminals is essentially zero and the input current of the op-amp is always zero.
2. What is differential amplifier?

The differential amplifier amplifies the difference between two input voltage signals.
3. Define slew rate.

The maximum rate of change of output voltage with respect to time is called slew rate of op-amp. The slew rate equation is, S=2fVm in V/Sec
(Or)
The slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage caused by a step input voltage and is usually specified in V/s. Slew rate of 741 IC is 0.5V/S.
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 1
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4. List the important characteristics of an ideal op-amp.

Characteristics of an ideal operational amplifier: S.NO Characteristics 1. Open loop voltage gain 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Input impedance Output impedance Zero offset voltage Band width CMMR Slew rate Power Supply Rejection Ratio Symbol Values AOL (infinity) Ri Ro Vo BW S PSRR (infinity) 0 (zero) 0 (zero) (infinity) (infinity) (infinity) 0 (zero)
5. Define CMRR of an Op Amp. Definition of CMRR:
The relative sensitivity of an op-amp to a difference signal as compared to a common mode signal is called the common mode rejection ratio. It is expressed in decibels.
CMRR= Ad/Ac (Or)

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is defined as the ratio of difference mode gain to common mode gain. Its ideal value is infinity, and it is given by,
CMRR = | Ad| / |Ac|

Where, Ad is difference mode gain and Ac is common mode gain.
6. Differentiate Average & peak detector.

It is sometimes necessary to measure the maximum positive excursion (peak value) or negative excursion (valley value) of a
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waveform over a given time period. There may also be a requirement to capture and hold some maximum value of a positive or negative pulse. A circuit that performs this function is a peak detector.
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7. Mention some of the linear and non linear applications of Op - Amp. Linear applications of op amps :
Adder, subtractor, voltage to- current converter, current to- voltage converters, instrumentation amplifier, analog computation, power amplifier, etc are some of the linear op-amp circuits.
Non linear applications of op-amps:Rectifier, peak detector, clipper, clamper, sample and hold circuit, log amplifier, anti log amplifier, multiplier are some of the non linear op-amp circuits.
8. Draw the integrator circuit using Op - Amp.
An op amp acts as an Integrator 9. Define precision diode.

Precision diode is the diode which is placed in the feedback loop of an opamp which is capable of rectifying input signals of the order of millivolts. The major limitation of ordinary diode is that it cannot rectify voltages below the cut in voltage of the diode. A circuit designed by placing a diode in the feedback loop of an op amp is called the precision diode and it is capable of rectifying input signals of the order of millivolt.
ADIC 10.What is hysteresis?
The graph indicates that once the output changes its state, it remains there indefinitely until the input voltage crosses any of the threshold voltage levels. This is called hysteresis of Schmitt trigger. The hysteresis is also called dead band or dead zone.
11. Draw the circuit diagram of Astable vibrator.
Astable Multivibrator Circuit Diagram Using the 555 Timer
12. What is meant by filters? What are the types?

Filter is a frequency selective circuit that passes signal of specified band of frequencies and attenuates the signals of frequencies outside the band. Based on functions: Low pass filter, High pass filter, Band pass filter, Band reject filter Based on order of transfer function: first, second, third higher order filters.
Based on configuration: Bessel, Chebychev, Butterworth filters.
ADIC 13. Define PSRR of an Op - Amp.

Definition of PSRR:
Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR) is defined as the change in op-amps input offset voltage due to variations in supply voltage. It is expressed in microvolt per volt or in db. (Or) PSSR is Power Supply Rejection Ratio. It is defined as the change in the input offset voltage due to the change in one of the two supply voltages when other voltage is maintained constant. Its ideal value should be zero.
14. Write down the applications of precision diode.
Essentially a precision diode can be used in all the application circuits of Rectifiers Limiters Clamping circuits
conventional p-n diodes (except power applications) to allow for low level processing.
15.What is Peak detector?

A peak detector is a circuit which notes and remembers the peak positive or negative value of an input signal for an infinite period of time until it is rest.
16. Draw the circuit diagram of triangular generator.
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17. Write short notes on Schmitt trigger and List out the applications.
Schmitt trigger is a generic name of threshold circuits with positive feedback having a loop gain > 1. Schmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input into a square wave output. The output of Schmitt trigger swings between upper and lower threshold voltages, which are the reference voltages of the input waveform.
(Or)
Schmitt trigger is an inverting comparator with positive feedback. It converts an irregular-shaped waveform to a square wave or pulse, and is called as squaring circuit. Schmitt trigger devices are typically used in open loop configurations for noise immunity and closed loop negative feedback configurations to implement bistable regulators, triangle/square wave generators, etc.
Applications:
Squaring circuit Sine-to-Square comparator Amplitude comparator As flip flops
18.What are the limitations of integrated circuits?

The integrated circuits have few limitations also, as listed below: In an IC the various components are part of a small semi-conductor chip and the individual component or components cannot be removed or replaced, therefore, if any component in an IC fails, the whole IC has to be replaced by the new one. Limited power rating as it is not possible to manufacture high power (say greater than 10 Watt) ICs. Need of connecting inductors and transformers exterior to the semiconductor chip as it is not possible to fabricate inductors and transformers on the semi-conductor chip surface. Operations at low voltage as ICs function at fairly low voltage.
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Quite delicate in handling as these cannot withstand rough handling or excessive heat.
Need of connecting capacitor exterior to the semi-conductor chip as it is
neither convenient nor economical to fabricate capacitances exceeding 30pF. Therefore, for higher values of capacitance, discrete components exterior to IC chip are connected. High grade P-N-P assembly is not possible. Low temperature coefficient is difficult to be achieved. Difficult to fabricate an IC with low noise. Large value of saturation resistance of transistors. Voltage dependence of resistors and capacitors. The diffusion processes and other related procedures used in the fabrication process are not good enough to permit a precise control of the parameter values for the circuit elements. However, control of the ratios is at a sufficiently acceptable level.
19.Draw the Op Amp symbol and state its important terminals.
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20.State the advantages of voltage follower.

Very large input resistance, of the order of M.
Low output impedance, almost zero. Hence it can be used to connect high impedance source to a low impedance load, as a buffer. It has a large bandwidth. The output follows the input exactly without a phase shift.
21. When inverting amplifier is called phase inverter?
When the gain of the inverting amplifier is unity and it is used to change the phase of the input produce the output then it is called phase inverter.
22.Draw the circuit diagram of subtractor.
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Basic differential amplifier used as a Subtractor
23.List the applications of differentiator circuit.

In the wave shaping circuits to detect the high frequency components in the input signal. As a rate of change detector in the FM demodulators. It is used in wave shaping circuits to detect the frequency in an input signal. It is also used as rate of change detector in modulations.
24.State the applications of V to I converter and I to V converter. Applications of V to I converter

Low voltage d.c. voltmeter
Low voltage a.c. voltmeter Diode tester and match finder Zener diode tester
Applications of I to V converter
Photodiode detector PhotoFET detector
25.Draw the circuit diagram of full wave rectifier using Op - Amp.

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Full wave rectifier using op-amp

26. List out the applications of an instrumentation amplifier and what are the
requirements of instrumentation amplifier? Applications of an instrumentation amplifier

Temperature controller Temperature indicator Analog weight scale Data acquisition systems Light intensity meter
Requirements of instrumentation amplifier

It should be finite, accurate and stable High input impedance High CMRR Low thermal drift Easy gain adjustment Low output impedance Low power consumption High slew rate
27.State the applications of monostable multivibrator.

Frequency divider Pulse width modulation Linear ramp generator Missing pulse detector Pulse position modulation
28.What is clamper circuit? How clamper circuits are classified? A clamper is an electronic circuit that prevents a signal from exceeding a certain defined magnitude by shifting its DC value. The clamper does not
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restrict the peak-to-peak excursion of the signal, but moves it up or down by a fixed value.
Based on which point of the wave D.C. is inserted the clamper circuits are classified into. Negative clamper. Positive clamper.
29.
List the applications of Log amplifiers.
Analog computation may require functions such as ln x, log x, sin hx etc. These functions can be performed by log amplifiers Log amplifier can perform direct dB display on digital voltmeter and spectrum analyzer Log amplifier can be used to compress the dynamic range of a signal
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TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS UNIT II PART A
1. Define phase comparator.

A phase detector or phase comparator is a frequency mixer, analog multiplier or logic circuit that generates a voltage signal which represents the difference in phase between two signal inputs. It is an essential element of the phase-locked loop (PLL).
2. Define lock in range.

The range of frequencies over which the PLL can maintain locked with the incoming signal is called the lock in range.
(Or)
The range of frequencies over which the PLL can maintain lock with the incoming signal is called the lock-in range or tracking range. It is expressed as a percentage of the VCO free running frequency.
3. Define capture range.

The range of frequency over which the PLL can acquire lock with an input signal is called capture range.
(Or)
The range of frequencies over which the PLL can acquire lock with an input signal is called the capture range. It is expressed as a percentage of the VCO free running frequency.
4. List out the typical applications of Phase Locked Loop.

Frequency multiplication Frequency division Frequency translation AM detection FM detection.
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5. Define voltage controlled oscillator.

The voltage controlled oscillator is defined as the one in which the frequency of the output signal (Vo) is controlled by the control voltage (Vc).
6. What is monotonicity?
The converter is said to have good monotonicity if it does not miss any step backward when stepped through its entire range by a counter.
7. Draw the blocks of PLL.
8. Write the operation of Voltage to Frequency ADC.

Voltage-to-frequency analog-to-digital converters use an input voltage to an output pulse train with a frequency proportional to the input voltage. Output frequency is determined by counting pulses over a fixed time interval and the voltage is inferred from the known relationship. Voltage-to-frequency analog-to-digital conversion has a high degree of noise rejection, because the input signal is effectively integrated over the counting interval. Voltage-to-frequency conversion is commonly used to convert slow and often noisy signals. It is also useful for remote sensing applications in noisy environments. The input voltage is converted to a frequency at the remote location and the digital pulse train is transmitted over a pair of wires to the counter. This
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eliminates the noise that can be introduced in the transmission of an analog signal over a long distance.
9. Define counter ramp ADC.

A delta-encoded ADC or counter-ramp has an up-down counter that feeds a digital to analog converter (DAC). The input signal and the DAC both go to a comparator. The comparator controls the counter. The circuit uses negative feedback from the comparator to adjust the counter until the DAC's output is close enough to the input signal. The number is read from the counter. Delta converters have very wide ranges and high resolution, but the conversion time is dependent on the input signal level, though it will always have a guaranteed worst-case.
10.What is pull- in time?

The total time taken by the PLL to establish lock is called pull-in time. It depends on the initial phase and frequency difference between the two signals as well as on the overall loop gain and loop filter characteristics.
11.Define resolution of DAC.

It is the smaller change in voltage which may be produced at the output or input of the converter.
(Or)
This is defined as the smallest possible change in the analog output voltage. Its value depends on the number of bits in the digital input applied to DAC.
12.State advantage of R- 2R ladder type DAC.

Easier to build, as only two values of resistors are needed.
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It is possible to increase the no. of bits just by adding more sections of same R/2R values.
ADIC 13.Which is the fastest ADC and why?
A pipeline ADC generally several flash ADCs in series. Because of this you have a latency due to each flash. Plus you have to have op-amps in a pipeline ADC and compensating the op-amps limits the speed of the ADC. A flash ADC will be the fastest ADC you can have, but for it to have the same resolution as a 10-12 bit pipeline, it will consume a lot more area, input capacitance, and possibly more power. But the benefit is that the output data will be available usually 1/2-1 clock cycle later instead of several clock cycles later in a pipeline. A Flash ADC is the fastest ADC in terms of speed but it has added disadvantage that we have to compromise on power verse resolution. Pipelined ADC comes second in terms of power.
14.List out the advantages of DAC.

Simple to construct Economic
15.Define amplitude modulation.

The amplitude of high frequency carrier wave is varied in accordance with the message signal.
16.List out the disadvantages of ADC.

Accuracy & stability of this ADC depends on the resistors A wide range of resistors required Finite resistance of the switches may disturb the currents.
17. Give the specification of DAC.

Resolution Monotonic Temperature
Linearity
Setting time Speed
Accuracy Stability
ADIC 18.What are the different types of ADC?

Flash type converter Counter type converter Tracking type converter
Successive approximation type converter.
19.What is linear error?

The linear error is defined as the amount by which the actual output differs from the ideal straight line output characteristics of DAC.
20.Define settling time.

It represents the time it takes for the output to settle within a specified band LSB of its final value following a code change at the input (usually a full scale change). It depends upon the switching time of the logic circuitry due to internal parasitic capacitance & inductances. Settling time ranges from 100ns. 10 s depending on word length & type circuit used.
(Or)
It is a comparison of actual output voltage with expected output. It is expressed in percentage. Ideally, the accuracy of DAC should be, at worst, of its LSB.
21.
What are the stages through which PLL operates?

Free running Capture Phase lock
22. Where is the successive approximation type ADC used?
The Successive approximation ADCs are used in applications such as data loggers & instrumentation where conversion speed is important.
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23.Listout the advantage and draw backs of dual slop ADC.

Advantages: For accurate measurement of slowly varying signals, such as thermocouples and weighing scales. It provides excellent noise rejection of ac signals whose periods are integral multiples of the integration time T. Disadvantages: Long conversion time. The dual slope ADC has long conversion time. This is the main drawback of dual slope ADC.
24. Write the two problems associated with DM. Problems associated with DM:
Slope overload Granular noise
25.
Define Voltage to Frequency conversion factor.

Voltage to Frequency conversion factor is defined as,
Ky = f0 / VC = 8f0 / VCC
Where, VC is the modulation voltage required to produce the frequency shift fo.
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TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS UNIT III 1. Define radix. PART A
Total numbers available in a number system is called base or radix.
(Or)
The number of values that a digital (one character) can assume is equal to the base of the system. It is also called as the radix of the system.
2. What are the number systems?

Decimal number system Binary number system Octal number system Hexadecimal number system
3. Define the following: minterm and maxterm. Minterm

The n variables forming an AND term, with each variable being primed or unprimed, provide in 2 n possible combinations, called Minterm or Standard Products. Each individual term in standard SOP form is called minterm.
Maxterm
The n variables forming an OR term, with each variable being primed or unprimed, provide in 2 n possible combinations, called Maxterm or Standard Sums. Each individual term in standard POS form is called maxterms.
4. What is meant by prime implicant?

A prime implicant is a group of minterms which cannot be combined with any other minterm or groups.
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TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 5. Convert the given binary (1101010110)10 into gray code.
The most significant bit (MSB) in the Gray code is the same as the corresponding MSB in the binary number. Going from left to right, perform an EX-OR operation between the adjacent pair of binary code bits to get the next code bit.
Binary : 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
Gray : 1
Gray code : 1011111101 6. Distinguish between 1s and 2s complements.

In 1's complement, a negative number is represented by taking all the bits in the positive number and inverting them: 0's become 1's, 1's become 0's. The 2s complement of a binary number is obtained by adding 1 to the 1s complement of that number. Therefore , 2s complement = 1s complement + 1
7. Define the terms disjunction and conjunction. Disjunction

A coordinate construction that uses a disjunctive conjunction (usually or or either . . . or) to indicate a contrast. The items on either side of the disjunctive conjunction are called disjunctions. Logical disjunction is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of false if and only if both of its operands are false. More generally a disjunction is a logical formula that can have one or more literals separated only by ORs. A single literal is often considered to be a degenerate disjunction.
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Conjunction
In logic and mathematics, a two-place logical operator and, also known as logical conjunction, results in true if both of its operands are true, otherwise a value of false. The analogue of conjunction for a (possibly infinite) family of statements is universal quantification, which is part of predicate logic.
8. What are the logic gates?

Logic gates are the basic elements that make up a digital system. The electronic gate is a circuit that is able to operate on a number of binary inputs in order to perform a particular logical function. There are three basic logic gates each of which performs a basic logic function, they are called NOT, AND and OR. The three basic logic gates can be combined to provide more complex logical functions. Four important logical functions are NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR.
9. Define SOP and POS. Sum Of Products

The logical sum of those fundamental products that produce output 1s in the truth table. The corresponding logic circuit is an AND OR circuit or equivalent NAND NAND circuit.
Product Of Sum
The logical product of those fundamental sums that produce output 0s in the truth table. The corresponding logic circuit is an OR - AND circuit or equivalent NOR NOR circuit.
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10.What do you meant by LSB and MSB?

The binary digits (0 and 1) are also called as bits. Thus binary system is a two bit system. The leftmost bit in a given binary number with the highest weight is called as Most Significant Bit ( MSB ) whereas the rightmost bit in a given number with the lowest weight is called as Least Significant Bit ( LSB ).
11.How will you find 2s complement of a binary number?

i) Find 1s complement by replacing 0 by 1 and 1 by 0. ii) Then add 1 to the 1s complement.
12.What are the alphanumeric codes?

ASCII ( American Standard Code for Information Interchange ) EBCDIC ( Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code )
Five bit Baudot Code ( Hollerith Code )
13. Convert the given gray code (1011011101) into binary code.
The most significant bit (MSB) in the binary code is the same as the corresponding bit in the gray code. To obtain the next binary digit, perform an EX-OR operation between the bit just written down and the next gray code bit.
Gray : Binary :
Binary code : 1101101001
ADIC 14.Define karnaugh maps.
The Karnaugh map is a graphical representation of a truth table that can be used to reduce a logic circuit to its simpliest terms.
A Karnaugh map or k map is a pictorial form of truth table, in which the map diagram is made up of squares, with each squares representing one minterm of the function.
15.Write the truth table of AND, OR and NAND gates. A 0 0 1 1 A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 AB 0 0 0 1 A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 A+B 0 1 1 1 Truth table of NAND B 0 1 0 1 AB 0 0 0 1 AB 1 1 1 0
Truth table of AND
Truth table of OR
16.What is meant by excess 3 decimal numbers?

The excess 3 code is a modified form of binary number. It is obtained by simply adding 3 to a decimal number. For example, to encoded the decimal number 4 into an excess 3 code, first add 3. i.e. 4+3=7.
17.Define the law of Boolean algebra.

De Morgan suggested two theorems that form important part of Boolean algebra. They are, 1) The complement of a product is equal to the sum of the complements. (A.B)' = A'+B'
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2) The complement of a sum term is equal to the product of the complements. (A+B)' = A'.B'
ADIC 18.What is meant by universal gates?
A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without need to use any other gate type. The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates. In practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are economical and easier to fabricate and are the basic gates used in all IC digital logic families. NAND and NOR both are called as universal gate. You can built any circuit or design using either NAND or NOR, this will be so flexible to fabricate any circuit in a single chip
19. What is Multivariable Theorem?
In the multivariable theorem, the multiple inputs (x,y and z) can be either a logic 0 or a logic 1. Example: x+ (y+z) = (x+y) +z = x+y+z (associative law) x (yz) = (xy) z = xyz (associative law)
20. Convert (25)10 to binary.
25 14 1 70 31 11
2510 = 11101 2
ADIC 21.What are the types of karnaugh map?
A Karnaugh map provides a pictorial method of grouping together expressions with common factors and therefore eliminating unwanted variables. The Karnaugh map can also be described as a special arrangement of a truth table.
Minimization Technique 2-Variable K-Map Grouping/Circling K-maps 3-Variable K-Map 4-Variable K-Map 5-Variable K-Map Inverse Function
22.Write the truth table of X-OR and X-NOR. A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 A B 0 1 1 0 A B 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 AB 1 0 0 1
Truth table of X-OR
Truth table of X-NOR
23.Distinguish between Boolean addition and Binary addition.

Boolean addition Let us begin our exploration of Boolean algebra by adding numbers together:
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The first three sums make perfect sense to anyone familiar with elementary addition. The last sum, though, is quite possibly responsible for more confusion than any other single statement in digital electronics, because it seems to run contrary to the basic principles of mathematics. Well, it does contradict principles of addition for real numbers, but not for Boolean numbers. Remember that in the world of Boolean algebra, there are only two possible values for any quantity and for any arithmetic operation: 1 or 0. There is no such thing as "2" within the scope of Boolean values. Since the sum "1 + 1" certainly isn't 0, it must be 1 by process of elimination. Binary addition These are computed without regard to the word size, hence there can be no sense of "overflow." Work through the columns right to left, add up the ones and express the answer in binary. The low bit goes in the sum, and the high bit carries to the next column left.
Adding binary numbers is a very simple task, and very similar to the longhand addition of decimal numbers. Unlike decimal addition, there is little to memorize in the way of rules for the addition of binary bits:
0+0= 0 1+0=1 &
0+1=1 1 + 1 + 1 = 11
1 + 1 = 10
&
24.What is meant by multilevel gates networks?

Maximum number of gates cascaded in series between an input and output
is the number of levels of gates.

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Example: sum of products form is a two level gate network.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS We do not count inverter gates.
The number of levels can be increased by factoring the sum of products expression for AND-OR network, or by multiplying out some terms in the product of sum expression for OR-AND network.
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25.What are the drawbacks of K map method?
It is a manual technique. We cannot use computers for K map solution. Minimization is extremely complicated as the number of variables exceeds 6. The simplification process depends heavily on human users abilities.
26.State De Morgans law.

De Morgan's laws are rules relating the logical operators "and" and "or" in terms of each other via negation. With two operands A and B:
27.
What is the number of bits in ASCII code? What is the need for ASCII code?
ASCII is abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It is This code allows the manufacturer to standardize I/O hardware such as keyboards,
a seven bit code. video displays and so on.

28. Simplify : A + AB + A + B
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TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS UNIT IV PART A
1. Define half adder.

A half-adder is a combinational circuit that can be used to add two bits. It has two inputs that represent the two bits to be added and two outputs, with one producing the SUM output and the other producing the CARRY.
2. What do you meant by Encoder?

An encoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from 2n input lines to a maximum of n unique output lines. The general structure of encoder circuit is
3.
List out the basic types of PLD.

PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory GAL - Generic Array Logic PLA - Programmable logic arrays PAL - Programming Array Logic Structured ASIC CPLD - Complex Programmable Logic Devices FPSC - Field Programmable System Chip EPLD - Erasable Programmable Device FPOA - Field Programmable Object Array Mask-Programmable Gate Array (MPGA) FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Array

4. Define full adder.

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A full adder is a combinational circuit that forms the arithmetic sum of three Input bits. It consists of 3 inputs and 2 outputs. Two of the input variables, represent the significant bits to be added. The third input represents the carry from previous lower significant position. The block diagram of full adder is given by,
5.
What is PLA? How its differ from ROM?

The most flexible PLD is the programmable logic array (PLA), where both the AND and OR arrays can be programmed. The product term in the AND array may be shared by any OR gate to provide the required sum of product implementation.
A PLA or PAL (programmable array logic) device is like a baby FPGA which can be programmed to perform basic logic functions. Tens to hundreds of gates on a PAL can be connected to perform simple logic functions. A PAL is often read only, in that after programming you have to perform a complete erase to update it. A ROM does not perform logic functions, but stores data. A type of ROM might be EPROM, erasable programmable read only memory. You can use a ROM as a logic device, by implementing a simple logic table lookup. Like a truth table. However, it is somewhat wasteful and expensive to do this compared to actually using a PAL or even a CPLD/FPGA.
ADIC 6. Define half subtractor.
A half-subtractor is a combinational circuit that can be used to subtract one binary digit from another to produce a DIFFERENCE output and a BORROW output. The BORROW output here specifies whether a 1 has been borrowed to perform the subtraction.
7. What is meant by decoder?

A decoder is a combinational circuit that decodes the binary information on n input lines to a maximum of 2n unique output lines. The general structure of decoder circuit is
8.
Differentiate sum and carry.

The sum output is 1 when any of inputs (A and B) is 1 and the carry output is 1 when both the inputs are 1.
9. What is meant by a full subtractor? Draw a full subtractor circuit.

A full subtractor performs subtraction operation on two bits, a minuend and a subtrahend, and also takes into consideration whether a 1 has already been borrowed by the previous adjacent lower minuend bit or not.
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As a result, there are three bits to be handled at the input of a full subtractor, namely the two bits to be subtracted and a borrow bit designated as Bin. There are two outputs, namely the DIFFERENCE output D and the BORROW output Bo. The BORROW output bit tells whether the minuend bit needs to borrow a 1 from the next possible higher minuend bit.
10.
Draw the logic diagram of half adder.
11.
Write a design procedure of combinational circuits.

The Design of the combinational circuits starts from the verbal outline of the problem and ends in a logic circuit diagram or a set of Boolean functions from which the logic diagram can be easily obtained.
Steps:
Determine Number of inputs and number of outputs to the system and assign names to the input and output variables. Setup a truth table which specifies the output(s) as a function of the input variables. Drive the Algebraic Expression for the outputs. Drive simplified algebraic expressions for the output functions using Kmaps, the Tabulation method, or other similar procedures. Draw the circuit diagram.
ADIC 12.Differentiate decoder and encoder.
13.
What is the similar between a half adder and a half subtractor?
In this both half adder and subtractor produce a same output for sum and difference.
14.
What do you meant by Comparator?

A comparator is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied to one input of an op-amp with known reference voltage at other input. It is basically an op-amp with output + (Vsat).
ADIC 15.Define Multiplier.
A multiplexer is a digital switch which allows digital information from several sources to be routed into a single output line. The basic multiplexer has several data-input lines and a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines. Normally there are 2n input lines and n selection lines.
16.
What is meant by multiple bit adders?

A multi-bit adder adder does not require much more circuitry. The only improvement that it must have over the 1-bit adder is that it has to account for the carry bit coming from the previous bit addition. The change is that after the first adder, there needs to be another one (since we are adding the carry bit in addition to the regular two bits). Since there can be only one carry bit for the operation, and both of the adders can yield a carry bit, both carry bits need to be OR'ed together to be taken into account.
17.Write short notes on ROM.

A Read-only memory (ROM) is essentially a memory device in which permanent binary information is stored. The binary information must be specified by the designer and is then embedded in the unit to form the required interconnection pattern. Once the pattern is established, it stays within the unit even when power is turned OFF and ON again.
There are four types.

Masked ROM, Programmable ROM (PROM) Erasable ROM (EPROM) Electrically Erasable ROM (EEROM)
ADIC 18. Define propagation delay.
Speed of operation expressed interms of propagation delay. It is defined as the time taken for the output of a gate to change after the inputs have charged. It is measured in ns.
19.
What is PAL? How it differs from ROM and PLA?

The PAL consists of a programmable array of AND gates that connects to a fixed array of gates. This structure allows any sum - of products (SOP) logic expression with a defined number of variables to be implemented.
20.
What is meant by Combinational circuits?

A combinational circuit consists of logic gates whose outputs at anytime are determined directly from the present combination of inputs, without regard to previous inputs.
21.
Draw the logic diagram of BCD to Excess 3 code converter.
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22.
Write the truth table of Full adder.
23.
What is meant by binary decoder?

A binary decoder has n bit binary input and a one activated output out of 2 n outputs. A binary decoder is used when it is necessary to activate exactly one of 2 outputs based on an n bit input value.
n
24.
What are the difference between decoder and demultiplexer?

Decoder: It is a digital device that converts coded information into another code or non coded form. It is a multi input multi output logic circuit. The number of outputs is greater than the number of inputs (n:2 n). Demultiplexer: Demultiplex means one into many. A demultiplexer is a combinational logic circuits with one input many outputs. But applying control signal, we can steer the input signal to one of the output lines.
ADIC 25. Write short notes on priority encoder.
A priority encoder is an encoder that includes the priority function. The operation of the priority encoder is such that if two or more inputs are equal to 1 at the same time, the input having the highest priority will take precedence.
ADIC
TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS UNIT V PART A
1.
What is sequential circuit?

The Circuits whose outputs depend not only on the present input value but also the past input value are known as sequential logic circuits. The mathematical model of a sequential circuit is usually referred to as a sequential machine.
2. Define flip-flop.
Flip-Flops are synchronous bistable devices (has two outputs Q and Q). An edge-triggered Flip-Flop changes state either at the positive edge (rising edge) or at the negative edge (falling edge) of the clock pulse and is sensitive to its inputs only at this transition of the clock.
3. What is shift registers?

A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is called shift register. The logical configuration of a shift register consists of a chain of flip-flops in cascade, with the output of one flip-flop connected to the input of the next flip-flop. All flip-flops receive common clock pulses, which activate the shift from one stage to the next.
4.
List out the various types of flip-flop. All flip-flops can be divided into four basic types.
SR flip - flops JK flip - flops D flip - flops T flip - flops
ADIC
5.
S.MATHAN KUMAR, AP/EEE Define metastability.

A state which exists between either "valid" digital logic states {an undefined voltage}. (Or) Whenever there are setup and hold time violations in any flip-flop, it enters a state where its output is unpredictable: this state is known as metastable state (quasi stable state); at the end of metastable state, the flip-flop settles down to either '1' or '0'. This whole process is known as metastability.
6. Write the specifications of shift register ICs

Voltage at Any Pin : Operating Temperature Range : Storage Temperature Range : Absolute Maximum VCC : Power Dissipation Dual-In-Line : Small Outline : Operating VCC Range : Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.): - 0.3V to VCC +0.3V -55C to +125C -65C to +150C 18V 700 mW 500 mW 3V to 15V 260C
7.
List the function of asynchronous inputs. The memory commonly used in asynchronous sequential circuits is time-delayed devices, usually implemented by feedback among logic gates. Thus, asynchronous sequential circuits may be regarded as combinational circuits with feedback.
ADIC 8. What is meant by trigger?
The state of a flip-flop is switched by a momentary change in the input signal. This momentary change is called a trigger and the transition it causes is said to trigger the flip-flop. 9. Derive the characteristic equation of T flip flop. Characteristic equation of T flips flop:
Characteristic equation: Qn+1= TQn+ TQn 10. What is universal shift register?
The register operates in any of the modes, like SISO, SIPO, PISO, PIPO or bidirectional. If a register can be operated in all the five possible ways, it is known as universal shift register.
(Or)
A register which is capable of shifting data both to the right and left is called a bi-directional shift register. A register that can shift only one direction is called a uni-directional shift register. If the register has shift and parallel load capabilities, then it is called a shift register with parallel load or universal shift register.
ADIC
11.Draw a block diagram of sequential circuit.
12.Derive the characteristic equation of SR flip flop.
13.Write the specifications of counter ICs. Specification

* Logic Base Number * Logic IC Function * Package/Case * Supply Voltage Min * Supply Voltage Max * Operating Temperature Range : : : : : : 4516 Binary Up/Down Counter 16-DIP 3V 20V -55C to +125C
ADIC
14.Define a register and shift register. Register

Memory elements capable of storing one binary word. It consists of a group of Flip-flops, which store the binary information.
Shift Register
A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is called shift register.
15.Write down the 74194 IC specifications.

Logic Base Number : DM54194 Logic IC Function : 4- bit bidirectional universal Shift Register Supply Voltage : 7V Input Voltage : 5.5V Package/Case : 16-DIP Operating Free Air Temperature Range: -55C to +125C Storage Temperature Range: -65C to +150C
16.What are the applications of flip-flop?

Counters Frequency dividers Shift registers Storage registers
17.What is meant by synchronous circuit?

Synchronous sequential circuits change their states and output values at discrete instants of time, which are specified by the rising and falling edge of a free-running clock signal.
18.Define clock period.

Clock period is the time between successive transitions in the same direction, that is, between two rising and two falling edges.
ADIC
19.What is meant by state table?

A table, which consists time sequence of inputs, outputs and flip-flop states, is called state table. Generally it consists of three section present state, next state and output.
20.Draw a logic diagram of counters.
Decade counter Logic diagram
Logic diagram of a 3-bit binary counter 21.What is meant by state diagram? A graphical representation of a state table is called a state diagram.
In the state diagram, a state is represented by a circle and the transition between states is indicated by directed line connecting the circles. There is no difference between a state table and a state diagram except in the manner of representation.
ADIC
22.Draw the state diagram of JK flip flop.
23.What is meant by asynchronous circuit? In asynchronous sequential circuits, the transition from one state to another is initiated by the change in the primary inputs; there is no external synchronization. 24.Derive the characteristic equation of JK flip flop. Characteristic equation of JK flips flop:
Characteristic Equation:
Qn+1= JQ+ KQ
25.What are the bistable elements?

It is a circuit having two stable conditions (states). It can be used to store binary symbols.

ANALOG AND DIGITAL IC Short Question With Answer

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ADIC

S.MATHAN KUMAR, AP/EEE

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1. Define virtual short.

2. What is differential amplifier?

3. Define slew rate.

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 1

S.MATHAN KUMAR, AP/EEE

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

4. List the important characteristics of an ideal op-amp.

5. Define CMRR of an Op Amp. Definition of CMRR:

CMRR= Ad/Ac (Or)

CMRR = | Ad| / |Ac|

6. Differentiate Average & peak detector.

S.MATHAN KUMAR, AP/EEE

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 3

S.MATHAN KUMAR, AP/EEE

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

8. Draw the integrator circuit using Op - Amp.

An op amp acts as an Integrator 9. Define precision diode.

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 4

ADIC 10.What is hysteresis?

S.MATHAN KUMAR, AP/EEE

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

11. Draw the circuit diagram of Astable vibrator.

Astable Multivibrator Circuit Diagram Using the 555 Timer

12. What is meant by filters? What are the types?

Based on configuration: Bessel, Chebychev, Butterworth filters.

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 5

ADIC 13. Define PSRR of an Op - Amp.

S.MATHAN KUMAR, AP/EEE

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

15.What is Peak detector?

16. Draw the circuit diagram of triangular generator.

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 6

S.MATHAN KUMAR, AP/EEE

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Squaring circuit Sine-to-Square comparator Amplitude comparator As flip flops

18.What are the limitations of integrated circuits?

S.MATHAN KUMAR, AP/EEE

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

19.Draw the Op Amp symbol and state its important terminals.

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 8

S.MATHAN KUMAR, AP/EEE

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

20.State the advantages of voltage follower.

21. When inverting amplifier is called phase inverter?

22.Draw the circuit diagram of subtractor.

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 9

S.MATHAN KUMAR, AP/EEE

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Basic differential amplifier used as a Subtractor

23.List the applications of differentiator circuit.

24.State the applications of V to I converter and I to V converter. Applications of V to I converter

25.Draw the circuit diagram of full wave rectifier using Op - Amp.

S.MATHAN KUMAR, AP/EEE

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Full wave rectifier using op-amp

requirements of instrumentation amplifier? Applications of an instrumentation amplifier

Requirements of instrumentation amplifier

27.State the applications of monostable multivibrator.

S.MATHAN KUMAR, AP/EEE

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS