Oscillators

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SEE 3263: ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
Chapter 3: Oscillators
SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS
OSCILLATORS
Oscillators are electronic circuits that produce a periodic waveform with only the dc supply voltage as an input. inp t No sinusoidal input is needed. If the feedback circuit returns the signal out of phase, an inverting amplifier produces p p positive feedback.
In phase Out of phase
Vf
Av Av
Vout Vout
Noninverting Inverting I ti amplifier amplifier
Divided into two classes: Sinusoidal oscillators. Non-sinusoidal oscillators.
Feedback Feedback circuit circuit
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PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Sinusoidal oscillators action are based on the positive feedback. feedback The output signal is fed back to the input (in phase) causes the next output to be amplified. For most non-sinusoidal oscillators, their actions are rely on the time delay y y associated with the charging or discharging of the capacitor through a resistance.
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SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATOR
v O = Avi = A( vS + v f ) = A( vS + v O ) = AvS + A v O v O (1 A) = AvS vO A = vS 1 A

Kitar 1 2 3 4 vi(p) 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.0125 vo(p) 10 5 2.5 1.25 vf(p) 0.05 0.025 0.0125 0.00625 vf(p) 0.005 A<1 vi(p) A = 100 vo(p)
Kitar 1 2 3 4
vi(p) 0.1 1 10 100
vo(p) 10 100 1000 10000
vf(p) 1 10 100 1000
vi(p) A = 100
vo(p)
vf(p)
0.1 A>1
Kitar 1 2 3 4
vi(p) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
vo(p) 10 10 10 10
vf(p) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
vi(p) A = 100
vo(p)
vf(p)
0.01 A=1
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BARKHAUSEN CRITERION
For an oscillator to operate properly, the following relationship must be fulfilled:
1. Loop gain, A = 1 ( normally A > 1 and < 1 ) Total loop phase shift = 0, 360, ..
2.
STARTING CONDITION
Feedback oscillators require a small disturbance such as that generated by thermal noise to start the oscillations. This initial voltage starts the feedback process and oscillations.
t0
Acl > 1
Acl = 1
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SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR

Divided into two types: i) Low-frequency oscillator: - Wein-Bridge Oscillator - Phase-Shift Oscillator
ii)
Use RC network
High-frequency oscillator: p - Colpitts Oscillator - Hartley Oscillator - Crystal Oscillator - etc.
use LC network
WEINWEIN-BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
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WEINWEIN-BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
The basic Wien-bridge uses the lead-lag network to select a specific frequency that is amplified. The voltage-divider sets the gain to make up for the attenuation of the feedback network. The non-inverting amplifier must have a gain of exactly 3 as set by R1 and R2 to make up f the attenuation. for If it is too little, oscillations will not occur; and if it is too much the sine wave will be clipped.
Voltagedivider
R1 R2 + Vout
R3
C1 C2
R4
Lead-lag network
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FEEDBACK NETWORK
Z1 = R + Z2 = R
1 jC
Can be shown that:
1 jC
Z2 vf = vO Z 2 + Z1
vf = vO
1 1 3 + j RC RC
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The gain will be real when the phase shift is zero. Therefore
1 CR 1 1 fO = = 2RC RC CR =
Thus,
Oscillating frequency at sustainable output
vf 1 = vO 3
Where is the gain of the feedback network.

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To sustain the oscillation, A = 1, then A = 3. But the amplifier gain is:

The feedback circuit in a WienWien bridge uses a lead-lag circuit. When the Rs and Cs have equal values, the output will be of the input at only one frequency and the phase shift at this frequency will be 0o. q y
R1 Vin C2 Vout Vout
1 V 3 in
A = 1+
R2 =3 R1
R2 = 2 atau R 2 = 2R1 R1
C1
R2 f
fr
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Starting with A > 3 to start the oscillation.
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After the amplitude reaches to some value, the amplifier gain, A is reduced to 3 so that the loop gain, A = 1.
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Another type:
A = 1+
Initially, D1 & D2 OFF, and R3 is open circuit.
R2 R1 3 .3k = 3 .2 1 .5 k
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= 1+
Because A > 3, oscillation is started. When vO reach 0.7V, D1 ON while D2 still OFF. till OFF R3//R2 and this reduce A = 3. For ve cycle of output, D2 ON and D1 OFF. In the real application, R3 is normally application variable so as to reduce the distortion at vO.
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Another example (use AGC):
Initially both zener are open. The amplifier gain is:

A= v O R 1 + R 2 + R 3 3R 1 + R 3 R = = = 3+ 3 vf R1 R1 R1
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This means that A > 1, and oscillation is started. When vO reach the zener breakdown, zener ON and shorted the resistor, R3. Therefore A = 3 and the oscillation will sustain at one frequency.
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Determine the oscillating frequency. Show that the oscillator will start oscillate and sustain when vO reach 5.4 V.
fO =
1 1 = = 15.92kHz 2RC 2(10k)(0.001F)
Initially zener is open (OFF), therefore

A= R 1 + R 2 + R 3 40k = =4 R1 10k
Because A > 3, oscillator will start oscillate.

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When vO = 5.4V (0.7V + 4.7V), zener is ON thus shorted the resistor, R3. This makes
A=
R 1 + R 2 30k = =3 10k R1
Oscillation will sustain because
1 A = 3 = 1 3
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(a) In order for the oscillator to oscillate, prove that 1+s2C1C2R1R2+s[C1R1+C2R2+(1-A)C2R1] = 0 where A=1+RA/RB (b) If C1=1nF, C2=100nF, R1=5k, R2=500, determine fO and RA (c) Draw and label the output waveform, vO
RA
RB
+15V
vo
+
-15V
C2 R2
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C1
R1
When the Rs and Cs in the feedback circuit are equal, the frequency of the bridge is given by 1
fr =
2RC
What is fr for the Wien bridge?

C1 Rf
4.7 nF 680
R1
10 k
Vout +
fr =
1 2RC
Q1 R2 C2
D1
1 = = 48.9 kHz 2 ( 680 )( 4.7 nF )
680
4.7 nF
1.0 k
R3
10 k
R4
1.0 F
C3
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PHASEPHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR
The phase-shift oscillator uses three RC circuits in the feedback path that have a total phase shift of 180o at one frequency for this reason an inverting freq enc in erting amplifier is required for this circuit. Each RC network will contribute 60 phase shift.
Even with identical Rs and Cs, the phase shift in each RC circuit is slightly different because of loading effects. When all Rs and Cs are equal, the feedback attenuates the signal by a factor of 29.
Rf
0V
C1
C2
C3 Vout
R1
R2
R3
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Conditions for oscillation with the phase-shift oscillator is that if all Rs and Cs are equal, the amplifier must have a gain of at least 29 to make up for the attenuation of the feedback circuit. This means that Rf /R3 29. Under these conditions, the frequency of oscillation is given by
Rf
0V
C1
C2
C3 Vout
R1
R2
R3
fr =
1 2 6 RC
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(a) Lag-networks
C R
C R
C R
vf
+V CC -
vO
+ -VCC
(b) Lead-networks
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(a) For the lag-network:
It can be shown that:that:

= vf 1 = v O 1 52 R 2 C 2 + j(6RC 3 R 3C3 )
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become real when imaginary term is zero:

6RC 3 R 3C3 = 0 2 = 6 6 atau = t 2 RC (RC) 6 2RC
fO =
At this frequency, =
vf 1 1 = = 180 O v O 1 5(6) 29
For oscillation to occur, A = 1 and A = 0, therefore |A|= 29 and A = 180.

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(a) For lead-network:
The feedback circuit uses CR network. It can be shown that:

= 1 180O 29 1 fO = 2 6RC
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Design a phase-shift oscillator for a frequency of 800 Hz. The capacitors are to be 10 nF. Start by solving for the resistors needed in the feedback circuit:
R= 1 1 = = 8.12 k (Use 8.2 k.) 2 6 f r C 2 6 ( 800 Hz )(10 nF )
Rf
Calculate the feedback resistor needed: Rf = 29R = 238 k.
238 k
C1 C2 C3 Vout +
10 nF
10 nF
R1 R2
10 nF
R3
8.2 k
8.2 k
8.2 k
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fO =
1 = 200Hz 2 6RC
R + R3 A = 2 R 1
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If R3 is set to zero, then

910k + 0 A = = 27.6 33k
Oscillation will not started up because A < -29 If R3 is now set to 100k, then
910k + 100k A = = 33.9 33k
Oscillation will occur because A > -29

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COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
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Uses LC circuit as the feedback network to provide the phase shift and oscillate at particular frequency only.
Oscillating frequency where
fr =
1 2 LCT
CT =
C1C2 C1 + C2
C2 C1
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and
For oscillation to happen,

A = 1
but
C2 C1
therefore
C A 2 = 1 C 1 C A= 1 C2
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initially, A > 1 where
A >
C1 C2
to start the oscillation, until VO reaches some value. A is then reduced to 1 so that the output is sustained. since Zi of the transistor is the load of the feedback network LC, this will reduce the quality factor, Q. For the parallel resonant circuit,
1 fr = 2 LCT
Q2 Q2 + 1
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HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
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Similar to Colpitts oscillator, but the feedback circuit is different. C1 is the blocking capacitor to block VCC from being shorted through L1. C2 is the blocking capacitor to block VCC from being shorted through L2. 1 The resonant frequency is f = r for Q >10 2 LT C where LT = L1 + L2 L1 and
= L2
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CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
Most communication system application needs an oscillator with stable output signal. For conventional oscillators, problems arise if some parameters are changed such as: Transistor:- re, AV thus AV Feedback components Circuit get heated, and this will make the value of the resistance changes If stability in oscillator is very much concerned, y crystal-controlled oscillator is used. This oscillator has a crystal quartz to control the frequency. This quartz is made of silicon dioxide, SiO2. Cuts with 6 sides and placed between 2 plates like a capacitor.
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Its operation is based on piezoelectric effect where crystal will vibrate at a constant rate when an electric field or voltage is applied. The vibrating frequency depends on the physical size of the crystal. i f th t l To produce a precise rate of frequency, crystal must be cut with the right measurement. The only factor that will change the frequency is temperature. But with proper cooling techniques, the crystals temperature can be kept constant constant. Its electrical operation is based on mechanical behaviour.
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+VCC
R1
R3
C4 Vout
R2 R4
C3
XTAL
C1
C2
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Referring to crystal equivalent circuit, the impedance is:

1 Z ( s ) = 1 / sC P + sL + (1 / sC S ) s 2 + (1 / LC S ) 1 Z ( s) = 2 sC P s + [(C P + C S ) / (LC S C P )]
There are 2 resonance frequencies:
S =
1 LC S 1 C C L S P C +C P S
series resonance
P =
parallel resonance
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From the Colpitts oscillator with crystal:-
CC L is in series with C S and C P + 1 2 C1 + C 2

Therefore
C P >> C S 1 LC S = S
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P > S
dan
Thus the oscillating frequency is
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MULTIVIBRATORS
Is a circuit with zero, one or two stable output. 3 types:(1) Astable (free running) No stable output (2) Monostable (one shot) One stable output (3) Bistable Two stable output
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ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING OPAMP
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For the circuit shown below, (a) Find tH and tL for the output, VO. (b) Determine the duty cycle. (c) Clearly draw and label the waveforms of VC and VO.
R1 1k +15V vC vO + C 5 F R3 2k -12V R2 4k
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E EO t H = R 1 C ln E EC 15 ( 4) = (1k )(5F) ln 15 5 19 = (5 10 3 ) ln 10 = 3.21ms

D= tH 100% T tH = 100% tH + tL
= 3.21ms 100% 3.21ms + 3.77 ms
E EO t L = R 1 C ln E EC 12 5 = (1k )( 5 F ) ln 12 ( 4 ) 17 = (5 10 3 ) ln 8
= 3.77 ms
= 46%
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BASIC TIMER PRINCIPLE
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555 TIMER BLOCK DIAGRAM
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MONOSTABLE OPERATION
2 VCC 3
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MONOSTABLE USING IC 555

+VCC
4 7 8 3
Vout
555 C
6 2 TRIGGER
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5 1
0.01 F
ASTABLE OPERATION
2 VCC 3
+ 1 VCC 3
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ASTABIL USING IC 555
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For the circuit shown below, (a) Design a 555A to produce an output, VOA with a frequency of 1 kHz and a duty cycle of 80%. Use C = 0.01 F. (b) Clearly draw and label the waveforms of VCA, VOA, VCB dan VOB.
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TRIANGULAR WAVEFORM GENERATOR

C
VA
R1 R2 R3
Vout
VA +Vsat -Vsat
VUT Integrator VLT
Comparator
f =
1 R2 4R1C R3
R R VUT = + Vsat 3 ; VLT = Vsat 3 R R 2 2

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TRIANGULAR WAVEFORM GENERATOR

-
A1
+
VA D1
R1
C1
R3 R2 D2 +
A2
VO
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VOLTAGE CONTROL OSCILLATOR (VCO) (VCO)
+ Vcontrol
+ 1 Vcontrol 2
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SAWTOOTH WAVEFORM GENERATOR
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PHASE LOCK LOOP (PLL)

Vout
vi
fi
Phase Detector
ve
LPF
vd
fO
VCO Vcont
With no input, the error voltage, ve = 0, VCO input voltage 0 produce center frequency, fO. When input is applied, phase detector will compare the phase and frequency of vi with VCO and produce ve.
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ve consists of 2 components i.e the Total and Difference. LPF will only allow the different frequency, vd to pass through. This signal will then amplified by an amplifier to produce Vcont. This control voltage will force the frequency of VCO, fO to change and reduce the difference between fi and fO. When fi and fO are equal, PLL will lock vi.
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The phase detector is also function as a multiplier circuit to produce the TOTAL and DIFFERENCE frequency between fi and fO. Say y v ( t ) = v sin t = v sin 2f t
i i i i
v O ( t ) = v O sin t = v O sin 2f O t
When multiplied:-
v out = v i v O (sin 2f i t )(sin 2f O t ) vv vi v O kos(2f i 2f O ) t i O kos(2f i + 2f O ) t 2 2 vv vv = i O kos 2(f i f O ) t i O kos 2(f i + f O ) t 2 2 =

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This shows that the phase detector consists of 2 components i.e (fi - fO) and (fi + fO). When PLL is locked, fi = fO. This means (fi - fO) = 0 (shows pure DC value). This Thi DC will th amplified and feedback to ill then lifi d d f db k t VCO.
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Oscillators

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8/20/2008

SEE 3263: ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

Noninverting Inverting I ti amplifier amplifier

Divided into two classes: Sinusoidal oscillators. Non-sinusoidal oscillators.

Feedback Feedback circuit circuit

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

vi(p) 0.1 1 10 100

vo(p) 10 100 1000 10000

vf(p) 1 10 100 1000

vi(p) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

vf(p) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR

High-frequency oscillator: p - Colpitts Oscillator - Hartley Oscillator - Crystal Oscillator - etc.

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

Can be shown that:

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

Oscillating frequency at sustainable output

Where is the gain of the feedback network.

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

To sustain the oscillation, A = 1, then A = 3. But the amplifier gain is:

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

Starting with A > 3 to start the oscillation.

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

Initially, D1 & D2 OFF, and R3 is open circuit.

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

Another example (use AGC):

Initially both zener are open. The amplifier gain is:

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

1 1 = = 15.92kHz 2RC 2(10k)(0.001F)

Initially zener is open (OFF), therefore

Because A > 3, oscillator will start oscillate.

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

Oscillation will sustain because

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

What is fr for the Wien bridge?

1 = = 48.9 kHz 2 ( 680 )( 4.7 nF )

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

(a) For the lag-network:

It can be shown that:that:

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

become real when imaginary term is zero:

For oscillation to occur, A = 1 and A = 0, therefore |A|= 29 and A = 180.

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

(a) For lead-network:

The feedback circuit uses CR network. It can be shown that:

SEE 3263 OSCILLATORS

Calculate the feedback resistor needed: Rf = 29R = 238 k.