A participle is a word that has some characterisitcs of both a verb and adjectiv e.

They are derived from verbs and are used to form tenses, aspects or act as mo difiers in sentences. Participles in the Russian Language -----------------------------------

Russian makes wider use of participles than English. As well as modifying senten ces, in Russian participles can act as adjectives (e.g. ) or nouns ( h imperfect and perfect verbs (each type also having it's own gerund). Below is a summary (not complete) of particple and gerund formation in Russian. 1) Present active participles are formed from imperfect verbs: - - - - Used alone, present active participles precede the nouns they qualify, agreeing in gender, number and case:

With prepositions, they replace + present tense, and can come before or after the n : , Past active participles are formed from the (masculine) past tense of perfective and imperfective verbs: () - () - - and replace + past tense constructions: , , 2) passive participles can derive from imperfect or perfective verbs. Imperfect passive participles are formed from imperfect transitive verbs: - They replace pronoun - imperfect transitive verb constructions: , Perfect passive participles are likewise formed from perfect transitive verbs: - - - - - They are used to denote actions recently completed, states and conditions and al

so with the verb to give the meaning "was/will be + gerund" (and its derivatives): There is also a long form perfect passive participle: - - which is used as an adjective and in various types of construction: , 3) Gerunds in the Russian language Russian possesses gerunds with a similar verbal adverb usage to English -ing for m words, as well as functioning like adverbs (eg ) or prepositions (). Imperfect gerunds include: - - - - - Imperfect gerunds describe actions in sentences when more than one verb is used, and also replace some prepositons and prepositional constructions: , , , Perfect gerunds are also possible: - - Perfect gerunds are used to denote actions completed before other actions in a s entence: - ,

Particples in the English Language ---------------------------------Although the actual use of participles is similar, unlike in Russian, where verb s take imperfect and perfect forms, participles in English are easier to classif y and fall into two types: a) The present participle (or active; imperfect; progressive) - they are ALWAYS indentical to the gerund (ing form)

b) The past participle (or passive; perfect) - they are usually the same as the past tense of the verb, but different for irregular verbs Examples of participles: Verb to hire to care to to to to to to to do say eat write beat sing see Past Tense hired cared did said ate wrote beat sang saw Past Participle hired cared done said eaten written beaten sung seen Present Participle hiring caring doing saying eating writing beating singing seeing Regular/ Irregular regular regular irregular

Present Participles in English are: Used to form the continuous aspect - Jack was sleeping Used to modify nouns (the same way as adjectives) - People walking are healthier than people sitting Used to modify verbs in sentences or phrases - He spoke, thinking aloud * Note that although the present participle has the same form as the gerund, the two are not (grammatically) the same. Gerunds are (ing) forms acting as nouns. The past participle has various functions and may be used in both active and pas sive aspects: To form the perfect: The chicken has eaten. To form the passive aspect: The chicken was eaten. To modify a noun, with an active sense: the files attached to this mail (= the f iles that are attached to this mail) To modify a noun, with a passive sense: the attached files in this mail (= the f iles that have been attached to this mail) To modify a verb or sentence, with a passive sense: Seen from this perspective, the problem presents no easy solution. (= When it is seen from this perspective, ....) Irregular past particples are usually (but not always) formed by adding -en or n -ne to the root of the verb: Verb to to to to to to to to be do eat fall give show see write past participle been done eaten fallen given shown seen' written

As noun-modifiers, participles usually come before the noun in sentences (like a

djectives), but in many cases they can or must follow it: The visiting students ate the cakes. Please bring all the documents required. (= Please bring all the documents that are required.) The difficulties encountered were nearly too much. (= The difficulties that were encountered were nearly too much.)