FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGY II TBU 3023

ASSIGNMENT BIODIVERSITY GROUP A

NORHIDAYAH BT MOHD AMIN @HJ ABD KADIR NUR AYUNI BT ROZAKI NOR ASMALIZA BT BAKAR FATIN IZZATI BT ZAINAL ABIDIN NORAMIRA BT AHMAD TAJUDDIN

D20091035082 D20091035084 D20091035095 D20091035085 D20091035139

LECTURERS NAME : DR. SHAKINAZ BT DESA VERTEBRATE ANIMAL

The Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus) is a bear found primarily in the tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia. The sun bear is the smallest of the bears, with a body length of 48 to 60 inches. Local peoples refer to it as the "dog bear" They can weight between 60 and 145 pounds with the males being slightly larger. Sun bears have short, sleek black fur with a golden or white colored crescent shape on their chest and the same lighter color around their muzzle and eyes. The muzzle is short and the ears are small and very round. The paws of the sun bear are large with naked soles, possibly an adaptation for better tree climbing. The claws are long, curved and very pointed. They are found in Southeast Asia; India, Burma, southern China, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Sun bears prefer lowland tropical rain forests.

They are quite arboreal and are believed to sleep in trees. Sun bears are omnivorous, eating birds, small mammals, termites, the young tips of palm trees and the nests of wild bees. They have been known to cause crop damage particularly to oil palms. Nothing is known about the sun bear's social organization in the wild. Cubs are reported to stay with their mothers until fully grown. Through observation of captive sun bears it is believed that cubs can be born throughout the year. Gestation has been reported at 95 days, at 174 days, and at 240 days at varying zoos so it is unclear whether there is delayed implantation. Litters consisted of one or two cubs weighing about 10 ounces (325 grams) each. Sun bears are listed in CITES as Appendix I. Habitat loss in the sun bear's range is of major concern as is the pet trade, poaching for food, fur and the Asian medicinal trade.

The Chital also known as chital deer, spotted deer or axis deer which commonly inhabits wooded regions of Sri Lanka, India and Nepal.They are often considered as the most beautiful cervid. It is the most common species in the Indian forest. Its body coated with reddish fawn, marked with white spots and its underspats are also white.They also have a black dorsal stripe and white bib on their neck. Males antlers will shed annually. Axis buck can be horn at any time of the year. Spotted deer mostly found in evergreen jungles and open grassland. Their food consist largely of grasses at all season, augmented with browse. They preferred less than 10 cm high green grasses. They become tigers favourite prey so they tend to live in jungles where

they get plenty of shade and tall trees so that tiger can easily camouflage. Despite being one of the favourite prey species of predators such as tigers and leopards and only giving birth to a single fawn at a time, their population is quite abundant. Spotted deer are extremely nervous animals and are always on the alert for a stalking predator. The reproductive pattern in axis deer is similar to that in domestic castle. Normally only one fawn is produced per pregnancy after a gestation period of 210 to 238 days. Axis deer hve a very low susceptibility to disease, worms, ticks and fleas. They have a high fertility rate and can breed year round.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMAL

The giant Asian pond turtle is one of the largest hard-shelled, semi-aquatic Asian turtles. The large carapace (upper shell) is brown to greyish-brown or black, with a welldefined ridge running along the centre that may be highlighted with a pale streak. The plastron (lower shell) is yellow, and in young turtles has a pattern of black lines radiating out from black blotches on each scute. The broad head is grayish-green to brown and mottled with numerous yellow, orange, or pink spots, which disappear with age. The jaws are cream to horn coloured, the snout is slightly protruding, and a shallow, v-shaped indentation on the upper jaw is flanked by a pair of tooth-like projections. Its large limbs and webbed toes are perfect adaptations for a semi-aquatic life style. Male giant Asian pond turtles can be distinguished from females by their thicker tails and the slightly inwards

curve of their plastron. The giant Asian pond turtle inhabits a range of freshwater habitats, including rivers, streams, lakes, swamps and marshes, from sea level up to hilly areas. However, the giant Asian pond turtle is not restricted to water, and can also be found partially hidden under vegetation on land. The biology and ecology of this huge pond turtle are poorly known. It is reported that in the wild the giant Asian pond turtle feeds largely on aquatic plants, but in captivity they have an omnivorous diet. Information regarding breeding in the giant Asian pond turtle also comes from observations of individuals in captivity. Males have been seen biting at the head and neck of females, which is likely to be part of an aggressive courtship ritual that lasts up to several hours. Following this, the male mounts the female and tightly grips the females shell during mating. About a month after mating, the female lays a clutch of four to six eggs, which hatch after 100 days of incubation at 27 to 28 Celsius. The young hatchlings have a soft area in the centre of the plastron.

The Red Spotted Purple butterfly belongs to the family Nymphalidae. It is a large black butterfly with a few white markings and patches of blue iridescence on the upper surface of the wings. It has orange/red spots under its wings, which is where the name comes from.The red-spotted purple butterfly is a beautiful forest butterfly.The Red-spotted Purple is mainly a black butterfly with iridescent blue, that is most impressive in fresh specimens and good light, where the red spots that are obvious from below can sometimes

be seen. This butterfly is a mimic of the Pipevine Swallowtail and as such looks like a miniature swallowtail, but with no tail. There are a few white spots near the apex of the forewing. Below, this butterfly is black with blue spots in the wing margins, but obvious submarginal red spots in both the forewing and hindwing and some red spots nearer the body. It can be confused with females of several dark swallowtail butterflies because of the brilliant blue on the dorsal hindwings, but it lacks eyespots and tails.Both female and male are identically except that females are slightly larger than males. The red-spotted purple inhabits woodland edges and clearings, roads and trails through woods. It can be found in all wooded regions, but is less common in northern Ohio.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES ANIMAL

Vertebrates Sunbear
Animalia Chordata Mamalia Carnivora Ursidae Helarctos H. Malayanus Called as Honey Bear Smallest of all bear species Expert climbers

Aspect Example
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Invertebrates Giant asian pond turtle

Animalia Chordata Sauropsida Testudines Bataguridae Heosemys H. Grandis One of the

largest hard shell Other Characteristics Semi-aquatic Asian Turtle

Spend much of the day with sleeping or sunbathing on trees

Large

carapace

(upper shell) The carapace is in brown, grayish brown or black in colour. Known Orange Temple Turtle. Male has thicker tail than female. as Headed

Tropical forest

Habitat

Swampy wet lands and mountain streams

Thailand, Burma, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Sumatera and Borneo Termites, Bees , Earth, Diet Worm, honey Snails , Eggs, Lizard, rodent, fruits and

Distribution

Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Malaysia Figs and other fruits Vegetation Earth worm

Vertebrates

Aspects Example

Invertebrates

Axis deer

Red spotted purple butterfly

Animalia Chordata Mamalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Axis A.axis Best swimmer Considered as the most beautiful deer. More active by day than by night. Female mature sexually and first breed

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Other characteristic

Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Lapidoptera Nymphalidae Limenitis L .arthemis Female slightly larger than male Purple in colour Few white spot near the apex of fowering

at 14 to 17 month of age. Semi evergreen jungle Open grass land Sri lanka, and india Distribution Habitat Wood land adges Clearing woods

Western florida. Eastern texas, north of minesota, wincosin

Fruits,l eaves, grass, fallen flowers

Diet

Caterpillars, feeds on wild cherry and plum

VASCULAR PLANT

Whisk fern, is a genus of fern-like vascular plants, one of two genera in the family Psilotaceae, order Psilotales, and class Psilotopsida (the other being Tmesipteris). There are two species, Psilotum nudum and Psilotum complanatum. Whisk fern is a widespread, rootless, green-stemmed epiphyte. The whisk fern is said to have no leaves, but instead possesses minute enations along the angular stem axis and in association with the 3-lobed spore-producing structure, the synangium. The aboveground portion of the plant is regularly branched, with scalelike outgrowths that resemble small leaves. A subterranean rhizome (rootlike stem) anchors the plant in place and absorbs nutrients by means of

filaments called rhizoids. This is one of only a few surviving members of an ancient group of vascular plants, accepted by some botanists as the most primitive and simplest vascular plant alive today. Because Psilotum is without leaves, the interior parts of the stem conduct food and water, known as the vascular cylinder. In Psilotum the vascular cylinder lacks a central made of large, open-looking cells, called pith. The lack of these cells defined the type of vascular cylinder known as a protostele. The lack of seeds in the reproductive cycle of the whisk fern is another example of its ancient evolutionary origins. In place of the pollen and ovule of angiosperms, Psilotum has multicellular male and female gametophytes, and the whisk fern has spores which give rise to the gametophytes. The gametophyte is the stage of the plant life cycle which has a haploid complement of chromosomes (1n). The gametophytes of flowering plants are extremely reduced in size. The pollen grain and the seven-celled ovule are hidden within the unpollinated ovary. However, in ancient plants suchas the whisk fern, the gametophyte is relatively large. The gametophyte of Psilotum even has vascular tissue and a distinct area of food and waterconducting tissues, unlike the gametophytes of more ancient plants, such as moss and liverworts. The cigar-shaped gametophytes also grow underground, unlike the gametophytes of many other plants, where they are nourished by an endophytic fungus. Scientists have now learned how to germinate the spores of some species of Psilotum in the laboratory, allowing for a more complete study of their gametophytes.. In addition, they lack true leaves and roots (like the Bryophytes The name whisk fern is somewhat of a misnomer, because this is not classified as a fern. Whisk ferns like the warm weather of the tropics and subtropics. They are native to the southeastern region of the United States, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. In the United States, whisk ferns can be found in swamp lands and dry rocky cliffs from North Carolina to Oklahoma.

Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Pteridophyta Class: Equisetopsida Order: Equisetales Family: Equisetaceae Genera: Equisetum Habitat: Wet sandy and clay soils (Acid soils) Distribution: Around the world except Australasia and Antarctica Uses: Strobilus a young fertile stem bearing could be cooked as a meal. Meadow is used to make a tea and thickening powder

Anatomy of Horsetails vegetative stem: B: branch in whorl I: internodes L: leaves N: node

NON-VASCULAR PLANT

Polytrichum is a genus of mosses, commonly called haircap moss or hair moss, which contains approximately 70 species that cover a cosmopolitan distribution. Less common vernacular names include bird wheat and pigeon wheat. The genus has a number of closely related sporophytic characters. The scientific name is derived from the ancient Greek words polys, meaning many and thrix, meaning hair. This name was used in ancient times to refer to plants with fine, hairlike parts, including mosses, but this application specifically refers to the hairy calyptras found on young sporophytes. There are two major sections of Polytrichum species. Polytrichum strictum is plants which is slender, green to whitish green, a densely tufted species and forming tight hummocks up to 40 cm tall. It composed of mostly unbranched, erect shoots. These bear short, evenly spaced, narrowly spearhead-shaped leaves with reddish-brown tips, and have untoothed, inrolled margins. These are held away from the stem when moist and appressed to each other when dry. The stems are densely matted together below with an off-white of rhizoids. Another characteristic feature of the genus is its parallel photosynthetic lamellae on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Most ,osses simply have a single plate of cells on the leaf surface, but those of Polytrichum have more highly differentiated photosynthetic tissue. This is an example of a xeromorphic adaption, an adaption for dry conditions. Additionally, the leaves will curve and then twist around the stem when conditions become too dry, this being another xeromorphic adaptation. The dense mounds of this species are a good indication of deep (<50cm) peat deposits. It is a local and declining plant, typical of raised mires, blanket bogs, valley mires and very wet heaths, but where it occurs it may be locally abundant over extensive areas. It may rarely be found in open, damp, peaty areas in woodlands.

Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Marchantiophyta (Bryophyta) Class: Marchantiopsida Order: Marchantiales Family: Marchantiaeae Genus: Marchantia Species: M. polymorpha Genera: Marchantia alpestris and Marchantia aquatica

Habitat: Moist soil and rocks damp (at the

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VASCULAR AND NON-VASCULAR PLANT

Vascular Whisk Fern

Aspects Example

Non-vascular Polytrichum Strictum

Plantae Pteridophyta Psilotopsida Psilotaks

Kingdom Phylum Class Order

Plantae Bryophyta Polytrichopsida Polytrichales

Psilotaceae Psilotum Psilotum Nudum (L.) Beavois @ Psilotum Complanatum Sw. Tropical and subtopical of South West Europe and highest latitude in South Carolina, Cadiz in Spain Reproduce by spores (asexual reproduction) The only green leaves plant reproduce by spores A rootless, simple plants with rhizoids, as anchoring structures, and hairless (glabrous) upright stems with simple sterile appendages (erations). The large spore cases (sporangia) are fused in twos or threes

Family Genus Species

Polytrichaceae Polytrichum P. Strictum

Habitat

In peatlands and bogs, occasionally in seeps Sortheastern Alaska

Commonly called haircap moss/hairmoss Simply has a single plate of cell on the lower surface

Characteristics

The leave will curve, the twist around the stem during dry condition

Vascular Horsetail
Plantae Pteridophyta Equisetopsida Equisetales Equisetaceae Equisetum Kamchatka horsetail (Equisitum Camtschatcense) Wet sandy soils, Semi

Aspects Example
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Non vascular Marchantia Polymorpha

Marchantiophyta Marchantiosida Marchantiales Marchanticeae Marchantiae Marchantia Marchantia Polymorpha

Distribution

Dense, Flashy mat that

Aquatic and wet clay soils around Being absent only from Australasia and Antartica

grows prostrate. Over the surface of container crops / greenhouse and nursery floor. From tropical to arctic regions.

A herbaceous plant, but in a large quantities, the foliage of same species is poisonous to grazing animals.

Characteristic

Has flat, lobed, thallus about a centimeter in length.

The upper surface of thallus is smooth. Diodcious (sexes are separate ). It reproduce a sexually and asexually. A sexual reproduce involve gemmae in gammae cups on upper surface of thallus.

Could be used to make tea as well as a thickening powder.

It leaves are greatlt reduced and usually non-photosynthetic.

A cone bearing stems are unbranched. Reproduce by producing spores (asexual reproduction)

Sex reproduce depends on antheridia and archegonia

Reference : Starr, C., Evers, C. A and Starr, L. 2008. Biology Concepts and Application. USA : Thomson Learning Inc

Bah Hock Guan, Sri Nasariya, and Tor Siong Guan, 2008. Complete Reference Matriculation Biology. Malaysia. Oriental Academic Publication

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