Project Review

Transport Phenomenon
Dr. PK Banerjee

Role of a Process Engineer

Develop Design Engineer equipment & Process Choose right raw materials Operate
- Efficiently - Safely - Economically

Delight customer

What is a Process?
A process is a set of many steps or unit operations An unit operation is based on a common scientific principle and could be utilised in varied applications. examples : size reduction, screening, gravity separation, transportation, Distillation, leaching, distillation, evaporation, drying etc.

Dimensions and Units

Review Dimension: Measure of a physical quantity, e.g., length, time, mass Units: Assignment of a number to a dimension, e.g., (m), (sec), (kg) 7 Primary Dimensions: 1. Mass m (kg) 2. Length L (m) 3. Time t (sec) 4. Temperature T (K) 5. Current I (A) 6. Amount of Light C (cd) 7. Amount of matter N (mol)

Dimensions and Units

Review, continued All non-primary dimensions can be formed by a combination of the 7 primary dimensions Examples {Velocity} = {Length/Time} = {L/t} {Force} = {Mass Length/Time2} = {mL/t2}

Dimensional Homogeneity
Law of dimensional homogeneity (DH): every additive term in an equation must have the same dimensions Example: Bernoulli equation

{p} = {force/area}={mass x length/time2 x 1/length2} = {m/(t2L)} {1/2V2} = {mass/length3 x (length/time)2} = {m/(t2L)} {gz} = {mass/length3 x length/time2 x length} ={m/(t2L)}

Non dimensionalization of Equations

Given the law of DH, if we divide each term in the equation by a collection of variables and constants that have the same dimensions, the equation is rendered nondimensional In the process of nondimensionalizing an equation, nondimensional parameters often appear, e.g., Reynolds number and Froude number etc.

Nondimensionalization of Equations
To nondimensionalize, for example, the Bernoulli equation, the first step is to list primary dimensions of all dimensional variables and constants

{p} = {m/(t2L)} = {L/t} {g} = {L/t2}

{} = {m/L3} {z} = {L}

{V}

Next, we need to select Scaling Parameters. For this example, select L, U0, 0

Nondimensionalization of Equations
By inspection, nondimensionalize all variables with scaling parameters

Back-substitute p, , V, g, z into dimensional equation

Nondimensionalization of Equations
Divide by 0U02 and set * = 1 (incompressible flow)

Since g* = 1/Fr2, where

Nondimensionalization of Equations
Note that convention often dictates many of the nondimensional parameters, e.g., 1/20U02 is typically used to nondimensionalize pressure.

This results in a slightly different form of the nondimensional equation

BE CAREFUL! Always double check definitions.

Nondimensionalization of Equations
Advantages of nondimensionalization
Increases insight about key parameters Decreases number of parameters in the problem
Easier communication Fewer experiments Fewer simulations

Extrapolation of results to untested conditions

Dimensional Analysis and Similarity

Nondimensionalization of an equation is useful only when the equation is known! In many real-world flows, the equations are either unknown or too difficult to solve.
Experimentation is the only method of obtaining reliable information In most experiments, geometrically-scaled models are used (time and money). Experimental conditions and results must be properly scaled so that results are meaningful for the full-scale prototype. Dimensional Analysis

Dimensional Analysis and Similarity

Primary purposes of dimensional analysis
To generate nondimensional parameters that help in the design of experiments (physical and/or numerical) and in reporting of results To obtain scaling laws so that prototype performance can be predicted from model performance. To predict trends in the relationship between parameters.

Example
A steady stream of liquid in turbulent flow is heated by passing it through a long, straight heated pipe. The temperature is assumed to be greater by a constant amount than the average temperature of the fluid. It is desired to find a relationship that can be used to predict the rate of heat transfer from the wall of the liquid.
q q = heat flow per unit are = HL2t 1 = ( D,V , , , cP , k , T ) A A D = Pipe inside diam = L V = Average Velocity = Lt 1

= Liquid density = ML3 = Liquid Vis cos ity = ML1t 1

c p = Liquid Vis cos ity = HM 1t 1 k = liquid thermal conductivity = HL1t 1T 1 T = temperature difference

Example contd.
a b c d e f g q A = ( D ) (V ) ( ) ( ) ( cP ) ( k ) ( T )

HL2t 1 = La Lb t b M c L3c M d L d H e M eT e H f L f t f T f T g

exp onents of H : 1 = e + f exp onents of L : 2 = a + b 3c d f exp onents of t : 1 = b d f exp onents of M : 0 = c + d e exp onents of T : 0 = e f + g
7 variables & 5 Unknowns so two variables must be retained, here b & e are retained

Example contd.
So rearranging in terms of b & e

f = 1 e, g = 1, d = e b, c = b, a = b 1
Substituting above values it becomes
b 1 b b e b e 1 e q = ( D ) (V ) ( ) ( ) ( cP ) ( k ) ( T ) A

DV cP qD DV cP qD => = k => Ak T = , k Ak T q k T DV cP => = , D k A

e

Fluids (liquids and gases) are a form of matter that cannot achieve equilibrium under an applied shear stress but deform continuously, or flow, as long as shear stress is applied. The fluid flow means the movement of materials through certain bounded regions (pipe). The study of fluid flow can be divided in to : 1) Fluid Static : it deals with fluid at rest in equilibrium. 2) Fluid dynamic : it deals with fluid in motion.

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
1.Viscosity. Viscosity is a property that
characterizes the flow behavior of a fluid, reflecting the resistance to the development of velocity gradients within the fluid. A fluid is contained between two parallel planes each of area A m2 and distance h m apart. The upper plane is subjected to a shear force of F N and acquires a velocity of u m/sec relative to the lower plane. The shear stress, t, is F/A, N /m2. The velocity gradient or rate of shear is given by u/h or, more generally, by the differential coefficient du/dy, where y is a distance measured in a direction perpendicular to the direction of shear.. For gases, simple liquids, true solutions, and dilute disperse systems, the rate of shear is proportional to the shear stress.

2.Compressibility.
Compressibility is the measure of the change in volume a substance undergoes when a pressure is exerted on the substance. Liquids are generally considered to be incompressible. For instance, a pressure of 16,400 psi will cause a given volume of water to decrease by only 5% from its volume at atmospheric pressure. Gases on the other hand, are very compressible. The volume of a gas can be readily changed by exerting an external pressure on the gas

3.Surface Tension.
Surface tension, a property confined to a free surface and, therefore, not applicable to gases, is derived from unbalanced intermolecular forces near the surface of a liquid. This may be expressed as the work necessary to increase the surface by unit area. Although not normally important, it can become so if the free surface is present in a passage of small diameter orifice of tube.

FLUID STATICS
Fluid static's deals with the fluids at rest in equilibrium Behavior of liquid at rest Nature of pressure it exerts and the variation of pressure at different layers

Pressure differences between layers of liquids

Point 1 Point 2

h1

h2

STATICS CONTD.
Consider a column of liquid with two openings Which are provided at the wall of the vessel at different height The rate of flow through these opening s are different due to the pressure exerted at the different height Consider a stationary column the pressure ps is acting on the surface of the fluid, column is maintained at constant pressure by applying pressure The force acting below and above the point 1 are evaluated
Force acting on the liquid + Force excreted by the liquid = Force on the surface At point 1 Above point 1

Substituting the force with pressure x area of cross section in the above equation
Pressure at point 1 x Area = Pressure on the surface x area + mass x acceleration

STATICS CONTD.
P1s = P2s + volume x density x acceleration = P2s + height x area x density x acceleration P1s = P2s + h1 S g Since surface area is same

P1 = Ps + h1 g
Pressure acting on point 2 may be written as

P2 = Ps + h1 g
Difference in the pressure is obtained by

P2 - P1 = g (Ps + h2 ) ( Ps + h1 ) g P = (Ps + h2 Ps - h1 ) g =hg

Fluid is in Motion

FLUID DYNAMICS Fluid dynamics deals with the study of fluids in motion This knowledge is important for liquids, gels, ointments which will change their flow behavior when exposed to different stress conditions
MIXING

FLOW THROUGH PIPES

FILLED IN CONTAINER

TYPES OF FLOW
Identification of type of flow is important in Manufacture of dosage forms Handling of drugs for administration The flow of fluid through a closed channel can be viscous or turbulent and it can be observed by Reynolds experiment Glass tube is connected to reservoir of water, rate of flow of water is adjusted by a valve, a reservoir of colored solution is connected to one end of the glass tube with help of nozzle. colored solution is introduced into the nozzle as fine stream

TYPES OF FLOW
water

valve Colored liquid LAMINAR OR VISCOUS FLOW

TURBULENT FLOW

TYPES OF FLOW

TYPES OF FLOW

TYPES OF FLOW

Laminar flow is one in which the fluid particles move in layers or laminar with one layer sliding with other There is no exchange of fluid particles from one layer to other When velocity of the water is increased the thread of the colored water disappears and mass of the water gets uniformly colored, indicates complete mixing of the solution and the flow of the fluid is called as turbulent flow The velocity at which the fluid changes from laminar flow to turbulent flow that velocity is called as critical velocity

REYNOLDS NUMBER
In Reynolds experiment the flow conditions are affected by Diameter of pipe Average velocity Density of liquid Viscosity of the fluid This four factors are combined in one way as

Reynolds number

Reynolds number is obtained by the following equation

Du

INERTIAL FORCES MASS X ACCELERATION OF LIQUID FLOWING = ------------------------------ = ---------------------------------------------------------VISCOUS FORCES SHEAR STRESS X AREA Inertial forces are due to mass and the velocity of the fluid particles trying to diffuse the fluid particles viscous force if the frictional force due to the viscosity of the fluid which make the motion of the fluid in parallel.

TYPES OF FLOW
At low velocities the inertial forces are less when compared to the frictional forces Resulting flow will be viscous in nature Other hand when inertial forces are predominant the fluid layers break up due to the increase in velocity hence turbulent flow takes place. If Re < 2000 the flow I said to be laminar If Re > 4000 the flow is said to be turbulent If Re lies between 2000 to 4000 the flow change between laminar to turbulent

Laminar Flow:
1) layers of water flowing over one another at different speed with virtually no mixing between layers. 2) Fluid particles move in definite and observable paths or streamlines, 3) The center layer moves faster and the layer near the walls moves slower.

REYNOLDS NUMBER - < 2100

Transition Flow:
REYNOLDS NUMBER Between 2100 and 4000

Turbulent Flow:
. 1) layers of water mixes each other 2) Fluid particles move in different direction or not-streamlines,

REYNOLDS NUMBER - > 4000

APPLICATIONS
Reynolds number is used to predict the nature of the flow Stocks law equation is modified to include Reynolds number to study the rate of sedimentation in suspension Variations in the velocity of flow across the cross section When velocity is plotted against the distance from the wall following conclusions can be drawn The flow of fluid in the middle of the pipe is faster then the fluid near to the wall The velocity of fluid approaches zero as the pipe wall is approached At the actual surface of the pipe wall the velocity of the fluid is zero

Pipe wall Relative distance from the center of the pipe

Turbulent flow

Viscous flow

U / U max

The velocity of the fluid is zero at the wall surface there should be some layer in viscous flow near the pipe wall which acts as stagnant layer if the flow is turbulent at the center and viscous at the surface a buffer layer exist, this buffer layer changes between the viscous to turbulent flow

Measurement of pressure
Manometer is devices to measure differential pressure P. 3 type of manometers Simple Differential Inclined

MANOMETERS
Manometers are the devices used for measuring the pressure difference Different type of manometers are there they are Simple manometer Differential manometer Inclined manometer

1) 2) 3)

SIMPLE MANOMETER

This manometer is the most commonly used one It consists of a glass U shaped tube filled with a liquid A- of density A kg /meter cube and above A the arms are filled with liquid B of density B The liquid A and B are immiscible and the interference can be seen clearly If two different pressures are applied on the two arms the meniscus of the one liquid will be higher than the other Let pressure at point 1 will be P1 Pascal's and point 5 will be P2 Pascal's The pressure at point 2 can be written as

= P1+ (m + R ) B g
(m + R ) = distance from 3 to 5

SIMPLE MANOMETER P1 1 LIQUID B 2 Liquid A 5 P2

4 R 3

SIMPLE MANOMETER

Since the points 2 and 3 are at same height the pressure at 3 can be written as Pressure at 3 =P1+ (m + R ) B g Pressure at 4 can be written as = P2 + gm B or = P1+ B ( m + R ) g- a R g Both the equations should be equal

P2 + gm B = P1+ B ( m + R ) g- a R g P1 P2 = gm B - B ( m + R) g + A R g

P = gm B - gm B - R B g + R A
=R ( A- B )g

DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETERS

These manometers are suitable for measurement of small pressure differences It is also known as two Fluid U- tube manometer It contains two immiscible liquids A and B having nearly same densities The U tube contains of enlarged chambers on both limbs, Using the principle of simple manometer the pressure differences can be written as

P =P1 P2 =R (c A) g

DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETERS

P1 1 2 Liquid C

P2 7 a 6 b 5

Liquid B

3 Liquid A

INCLINED TUBE MANOMETERS

Many applications require accurate measurement of low pressure such as drafts and very low differentials, primarily in air and gas installations. In these applications the manometer is arranged with the indicating tube inclined, as in Figure, therefore providing an expanded scale. This enables the measurement of small pressure changes with increased accuracy

.
P1 P2 = g R ( A - B) sin

INCLINED TUBE MANOMETERS

BERNOULLI'S THEOREM
When the principals of the law of energy is applied to the flow of the fluids the resulting equation is called Bernoulli's theorem Consider a pump working under isothermal conditions between points A and B Bernoulli's theorem states that in a steady state the total energy per unit mass consists of pressure, kinetic and potential energies are constant

Kinetic energy = u2 / 2g Pump Pressure energy = Pa / Ag

Friction energy = F

BERNOULLI'S THEOREM
At point a one kilogram of liquid is assumed to be entering at this point, pressure energy at joule can be written as Pressure energy = Pa /g A Where Pa = Pressure at point a g = Acceleration due to gravity A = Density of the liquid Potential energy of a body is defined as the energy possessed by the body by the virtue of its position Potential energy = XA Kinetic energy of a body is defined as the energy possessed by the body by virtue of its motion, kinetic energy = UA2 / 2g Total energy at point A = Pressure energy + Potential energy+ Kinetic energy

BERNOULLI'S THEOREM
Total energy at point A = Pa /g A +XA + UA2 / 2g According to the Bernoulli's theorem the total energy at point A is constant Total energy at point A = Pa /g A +XA + UA2 / 2g = Constant After the system reaches the steady state, whenever one kilogram of liquid enters at point A, another one kilogram of liquid leaves at point B Total energy at point B = PB /g B +XB + UB2 / 2g INPOUT = OUT PUT

Pa /g A +XA + UA2 / 2g =PB /g B +XB + UB2 / 2g

Theoretically all kids of the energies involved in fluid flow should be accounted, pump has added certain amount of energy Energy added by the pump = + wJ

BERNOULLI'S THEOREM

During the transport some energy is converted to heat due to frictional Forces Loss of energy due to friction in the line = FJ

Pa /g A +XA + UA2 / 2g F + W = PB /g B +XB + UB2 / 2g This equation is called as Bernoulli's equation

Application Used in the measurement of rate of fluid flow It applied in the working of the centrifugal pump, in this kinetic energy is converted in to pressure.

ENERGY LOSS

According to the law of conversation of energy, energy balance have to be properly calculated fluids experiences energy losses in several ways while f lowing through pipes, they are Frictional losses Losses in the fitting Enlargement losses Contraction losses

FRICTIONAL LOSSES During flow of fluids frictional forces causes a loss in pressure. Type of fluid flow also influences the losses. In general pressure drop will be PRESSURE DROP VELOCITY (u)

Density of fluid() Length of the pipe (L) 1 / diameter of the pipe (D)
These relationships are proposed in Fanning equation for calculating friction losses Fanning equation p = 2fu2L / D F = frictional factor For viscous flow pressure drop Hagen Poiseullie equation = 32 Lu / D2

LOSSES IN FITTING

Fanning equation is applicable for the losses in straight pipe. When fitting are introduced into a straight pipe, They cause disturbance in the flow, Which result in the additional loss of energy losses in fitting may be due to Change in direction Change in the type of fittings

Tee fitting Equivalent length = 90

Globe valve equivalent length = 300

Equivalent fitting = Equivalent fitting x internal diameter For globe valve = 300 x 50 = 15 meter That means globe valve is equal to 15 meters straight line, so this length is substituted in fanning equation

ENLARGEMENT LOSS

If the cross section of the pipe enlarges gradually, the fluid adapts itself to the changed section with out any disturbance. So no loss of energy

If the cross section of the pipe changes suddenly then loss in energy is observed due to eddies. These are greater at this point than straight line pipe Than u2< u1 For sudden enlargement = H = u1 u2 / 2g H = loss of head due to sudden enlargement

CONTRACTION LOSSES

If the cross section of the pipe is reduced suddenly the fluid floe is disturbed, the diameter of the fluid stream is less than the initial colume this point is known as vena contracta

Viscosity
Viscosity is force required to cause two parallel liquid planes in the fluid, one cm. apart and having unit area to slide past one another with a relative viscosity 1cm/sec. Ab. Viscosity is difficult to measure, hence relative viscosity is measured with reference to water. Kinematic Viscosity = Absolute viscosity of fluid/ density of water

Type of Fluids as per Viscosity behavior Two type 1. Newtonian Flow 2. Non-Newtonian Flow A) Plastic Flow B) Pseudo Plastic C) Dilatant D) Thixotropic flow

Type of Fluids as per Viscosity behavior

1. Newtonian Flow :
When the shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear and if we plot shear stress vs. rate of shear, a straight line passing through origin will be obtained for a Newtonian liq. And tan gives the viscosity of the liq. E.g. Water, Benzene, Alcohol, Glycerin, Chloroform.
= tan

Rate of Shear v Shear stress, T

2. Non-Newtonian Flow
Rheology properties of heterogeneous dispersion such as emulsion, suspension and semisolid are more complex and do not obey Newtons equation of flow (=F/A / dv/dx ) and fail to show the proportionality.

A) Plastic Flow
The curve does not pass through the origin. The substance fails to flow when less amt of stress is applied further increase in stress lead to non-linear increase in shear rates which later get linearised. The linear portion when extrapolated the intercepts the x-axis at a point called yield value. This plastic flow behave like a Newtonian flow above the yield value. E.g. concentrated flocculated suspension, Butter, Ointment. Material that show plastic flow are called as a Bingham.

Rate of Shear v Shear stress, T

B) Pseudo plastic Flow

The curve begins at the origin. As the shear stress increases, the Shear stress, T shear rate also increases but nonlinearly. Shear rate thinning E.g. Polymer Tragacanth, M.C, Na. CMC, Na. Alginate, Rubber Up on withdrawal of shear stress, System revert to its original state and hence viscosity increases. It is called as sol gel sol phenomenon.
Rate of Shear v Shear stress, T

C)Dilatant
The rheogram exhibiting dilatant flow is shown in figure. It exhibit shear thickening. The system gets thickened upon increasing rate of shearing. Up on shearing volume expanded so called dilatant. When the stress is removed, the system returns to its initial state of fluidity. E.g. suspension of starch in water, Kaolin (12%) in water, ZnO (30%) in water.

Rate of Shear v Shear stress, T

D) Thixotropic flow
Newtonian When rate of shear is reduced, the down curve is identical and super imposable on the up curve. Non Newtonian ( Shear Thinning) When agitated and kept aside, it returns to its original fluidity, but it takes longer time to recover. This behavior is known as Thixotropic. Gel to Sol to Gel E.g. gels of Aluminum Hydroxide gels of Magnesium Hydroxide Bentonite Suspension
Newtonian Rate of Shear v Shear stress, T
Non Newtonian Pseudo plastic plastic

Rate of Shear v

Shear stress, T

MEASUREMENT OF RATE OF FLOW OF FLUIDS

When ever fluid are used in a process it is necessary to measure the rate at which the fluid is flowing through the pipe, Methods of measurement are Direct weighing or measuring Hydrodynamic methods Orifice meter Venturi meter Pitot meter Rotameter Direct displacement meter

DIRECT WEIGHING OR MEASURING

The liquid flowing through a pipe is collected for specific period at any point and weighed or measured, and the rate of flow can be determined. Gases can not be determined by this method ORIFICE METER Principle: Orifice meter is a thin plate containing a narrow and sharp aperture. When a fluid stream is allowed to pass through a narrow constriction the velocity of the fluid increase compared to up stream This results in decrease in pressure drop and the difference in the pressure may be read from a manometer The velocity of the fluid at thin constriction may be written as

U0 =C 0 2g H

H = can be measured by manometer C0 = constant U0 = velocity of fluid at the point of orifice meter CONSTRUCTION It is consider to be a thin plate containing a sharp aperture through which fluid flows Normally it is placed between long straight pipes For present discussion plate is introduced into pipe and manometer is connected at points A and B WORKING Orifice meter is referred as the variable head meter, i.e it measure the variation in the pressure across a fixed construction placed in the path of flow

ORIFICE METER

ORIFICE METER

When fluid is allowed to pass through the orifice the velocity of the fluid at point B increase, as a result at point A pressure will be increased. Difference in the pressure is measured by manometer Bernoulli's equation is applied to point A and point B for experimental conditions

U02 UA2 =C0 2g. H

U0 = velocity of fluid at orifice UA = velocity of fluid at point A C0 = constant If the diameter of the orifice is 1/5 or less of the pipe diameter then UA is neglected Applications Velocity at either of the point A and B can be measured Volume of liquid flowing per hour can be determined

VENTURI METER
Throat of Venturi Inlet section

manometer

VENTURI METER

U v = C v 2g . H DISADVANTAGES Expensive Need technical export Not flexible it is permanent Advantages Power loss is less Head loss is negligible

PITOT TUBE

PITOT TUBE

Construction
It is also known as insertion tube The size of the sensing element is small compared to the flow channel One tube is perpendicular to the flow direction and the other is parallel to the flow Two tubes are connected to the manometer

Hp = u2 /2g Working Tube are inserted in the flow shown is the figure U2 = Cv 2g. H coefficient of Pitot tube

PITOT TUBE

ROTAMETER

ROTAMETER

ROTAMETER

Construction
It consists of vertically tampered and transparent tube in which a plummet is placed During the flow the plummet rise due to variation in flow The upper edge of the plummet is used as an index to note the reading

Working
As the flow is upward through the tapered tube the plummet rises and falls depend on the flow rate Greater the flow rate higher the rise DIRECT DISPLACEMENT METER Used for the measurement of domestic water supply PRINCIPLE In this a stream of water enters meter and strikes the moving meter, the rate of rotation of the moving membrane is proportional to the velocity of the fluid.

ROTAMETER

Valves
Valves are used to control the rate of fluid in a pipe Valves should withstand Pressure Temperature Distortion it should made up of brass, iron, bronze, and cast iron E.X Plug clock valve Globe valve Gate valve Diaphragm valve Quick opening valve Check valve

PLUG CLOCK VALVE

Stem

Conical plug Cylindrical bore

It consists of casting body in to which a conical plug is fixed The plug has an opening through liquid will flow Packing material is included around the stem to close it Uses Used for handling of gases Used for wide opening or complete closing Dis advantages Not suitable for water due to the material of which made Some times plug will come out easily For slight rotation also grate change in the flow so difficult to operate

GLOBE VALVE

Globular body

disc

GLOBE VALVE

GLOBE VALVE

Globe valve consists of a globular body with a horizontal internal portion Passage of fluid is through a circular opening which can be opened and closed by inserting the disc Disc is called as seating disc It can be rotated freely on the stem Uses This should be used in pipe with size not more than 50 millimeters Disadvantage Rust, discomfort in opening of valve due to sludge

GATE VALVE

GATE VALVE

GATE VALVE

Wedge shaped inclined seat type of gate is commonly used, pressure on the gate is controlling factor in large valves. Two type of gate valves are there in non rising stem valve thread of the valve stem engages the gate. Gate can be raised and lowered without movement of the stem. In rising stem valve length of the stem is more and gate and stem are single piece. Advantages Available in large sizes, different designs. In minimizes the differential pressure during opening and closing.

Diaphragm valves
It consists of flexible physical barrier, valves are made of natural rubber or synthetic rubber faced with Teflon These are more suitable for fluids containing suspended solids and it can be easily sterilized. Quick opening valves

Pumps

Positive Displacement pumps e.g. Reciprocating pump Gear pump.

Non- Positive Displacement pumps e.g. Centrifugal pump

PUMPS

In positive displacement pumps, the fluid is drawn in to the chamber and the definite quantity of fluid is forced out through the outlet with a pressure for each stroke. Centrifugal pump deliver the volume of fluid depending up on the discharge pressure. The reciprocating pump has an enlargement which moves to and fro in a stationary cylinder.

Reciprocating pump

Diaphram pump

Rotary pump
Gear pump Lobe pump Vane pump

Gear pump

Van pump