Simulation of AC/DC/AC Converter Fed RLC Series Circuit with Asynchronous Generator Using Mat Lab/Simulink

Subramanian Kulandhaivelu, K.K. Ray, S. Jayachitra, P. Jyothi, and V. Narasinga Rao

Abstract--This paper describes the simulation studies of a 3- self-excited asynchronous generator (SEASG) fed RL load in conjunction with an AC/DC/AC converter fed series RLC circuit. An attempt has been made to analyze the current, drawn by the rectifier circuit due to changes in the inverter frequency and their effects on the terminal voltage of the generator have been studied in open loop control. The frequency variation of the inverter fed series RLC circuit emulate the phenomenon of an inductive, capacitive reactance and resistive effect at the point of common coupling (PCC) of the generator terminal. This methodology could be used to inject leading / lagging VAR into the self-excited induction generator network ( stand alone power generator), used to extract the power from wind, solar, Mini/Micro hydro energy sources. The proposed system has been simulated using power system tool box in Matlab/Simulink software. An attempt has been made to study the performances of SEASG using simulation. The results have been discussed and also presented. Key words--SEASG, AC/DC/AC converter, RLC series circuit, simulation

I. INTRODUCTION N most of the industrial drive systems consist of power Electronics components such as DIODE, SCR, IGBT,MOSFET and etc.. Diode dominates among them in d.c power supply applications, though it requires input transformers in view of variable dc supply. Obviously, the input power factor of diode rectifier affects the system
This work was supported by the Vellore Institute of Technology University, Power Electronics & Drives Division Laboratory development Funds under the School of Electrical Engineering. Subramanian Kulandhaivelu is with Power Electronics & Drives division in School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014 (e-mail: ksubramanian@vit.ac.in). K.K. Ray is with Power Electronics & Drives division in School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014. P. Jyothi is studying M. Tech, Power Electronics and Drives, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014. (e-mail: jyothi.pjr@gmail.com) S. Jayachitra is studying M. Tech, Power Electronics and Drives, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014. (e-mail: jayanethaji@gmail.com) V. Narasinga Rao is studying M. Tech, Power Electronics and Drives, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014(email: narasimha.vurikuti@gmail.com)

1-4244-7882-8/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

current/voltage characteristics, leading to the introduction of harmonics. The performances of diode rectifiers have been explained in details [1]-[3]. The characteristic behavior of the 3- rectifier circuit has been discussed in the references [4]&[5]. Many attempts have been made to improve the input power factor [6]-[13]. Hengchun Mao et al [14] in their paper present the review of high-performance 3- power-factor correction circuits. Recently, sensor less 1- PFC converter circuit has been discussed by Tokyo Ohnishi and Masahide Hojo [15]. Modeling and simulation of rectifier circuits using Mat lab/Simulink has been presented in detail [16]. At the end of 19th century, Professor J. Arrillaga made an attempt to convert static power from self-excited induction generators [17]. Then after, the usage of rectifier circuit is increased gradually in induction generator applications either as d.c power supply or in controller circuits. R. Bonert et al [18] & [19] describe the impedance controller to control the output power of the self-excited induction generators in hydro power generation. In their work 3- rectifier circuit is used to convert a.c to d.c power and a simple d.c chopper circuit is used to control dc power. This technique could control the power that is wasted in the external resistance (Dump load resistance). In this way, the steady state effective impedance of the generator circuit has been controlled, hence called as impedance controller. S.S. Murthy et al [20] & [21] suggested a load controller (using 3- rectifier with a d.c chopper circuit) in constant power operation of .induction generator. The rectifier and d.c chopper circuits are used as power balancers between the loads and dump load in such way that, the induction generator assumed to be fully loaded in all conditions. Hence, it is known as load balancer or power balancer in constant speed operations. The function of the load/power balancer is to balance the power consumed by loads and dump load. Bhim sigh et al [22] discussed about the design, analysis and modification of an electronic controller (ELC) in detail and the technique is successfully implemented in hydro power generation control. Transient analysis of induction generator with ELC has been reported by same authors recently [23]. In view of this point, authors made an attempt to study the performances of SEASG conjoint with AC/DC/AC converter fed series RLC circuit. This work is basically an extension of electronic load controller circuit. In this paper, a Simulink model of AC/DC/AC converter

fed RLC series circuit (connected at PCC of the SEASG) and SEASG fed RL are configured using power system tool box in Matlab / Simulink software. A single line diagram of the proposed system is shown in Fig.1. This model could emulate SEASG performances with and without AC/DC/AC converter fed Series RLC circuit.

is known as self-excitation process and hence called as selfexcited asynchronous generator (SEASG).

Fig. 1. Single line diagram of the proposed system

The forthcoming paragraph describes the system configuration. Simulation has been explained in III. Results and discussions have been presented in IV. Conclusion of the proposed system is presented in V. II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION A brief explanation of the proposed systems configuration, principle of operation and basics of controller concept has been discussed in the following sub headings. A. Proposed System The circuit connection of the proposed system is shown in Fig.2. It consists of an induction motor coupled (mechanically) with an external drive (separately excited d.c motor) and an adequate 3- capacitor bank (CE). The excitation capacitor bank, connected across the stator windings of the SEASG, supply power to the load. An RLC series circuit has been powered by a 3- inverter and the inverter is configured with power electronic switches ( S1 S 6 ). A 3- uncontrolled bridge rectifier ( D 1 D 6 ) circuit with DC filter capacitor is connected to the generator terminals at the PCC shown in Fig.2. B. Principle of Operation Initially, all main switches (TPST) are kept open. A 220V, 20A, 1500/1750 rpm separately excited D.C motor (prime mover) is started and allowed to run till the rotor of an induction motor reaches to a speed above the synchronous speed ( N s = (120 f ) / P ) of the rotating m.m.f. Where, Ns is the synchronous speed of the rotating m.m.f, f is the frequency in cycle per second and P is the number of poles. Since, adequate 3- capacitor bank (calculated from the synchronous speed test) is connected across the stator terminals of the induction machine, an e.m.f is generated in the rotor circuit (provided with remanent magnetism in the rotor circuit). As rotor rotates consequently, voltage is induced across the stator terminals (say 415 volts) by induction principle. This process
Fig. 2. Circuit connection of proposed system with controller

Now the switch (TPST) has been closed and the load is connected to the generator terminals. The current, voltage and power drawn by the load have been measured. When the rectifier switch is closed, the d.c voltage builds up to its rated value. Then, the inverter circuit is triggered using the gate pulses (PWM based gate pulsed). The power switches are gated in such a way that the inverter current may resonate, lead or lag in the series connected passive elements of resistor, inductor and capacitor (shown in Fig.2). The performance of SEASG has been changed with AC/DC/AC inverter fed RLC series circuit based on the change in effective impedance. A change of SEASGs performance has been studied at resonance frequency (50Hz); below the resonance frequency (25Hz) and above the resonance frequency (75Hz) of the inverter fed series RLC circuit in constant power operation. C. Series resonance Circuit To understand the basic concept of the proposed control technique, a well known simple circuit of series connected resistance, inductance and capacitance is presented in Fig. 3. In most of the text books explained the characteristics behavior of an RLC series circuit. The authors made an experimental attempt to implement this technique in SEASG power control application [24]. The circuit diagram and characteristic equations have been set forth here.

III. SIMULATION The simulation circuit is made using power system tool box of Mat lab/ Simulink software version 7.0 [25] as shown in Fig.6.

Fig. 3. Typical series RLC circuit

Fig.4. illustrates the RLC series circuit characteristics at different frequencies of operation.

Fig. 4. Characteristics behavior of RLC series circuit with frequency changes

These characteristics can also be obtained from equation (1) at different frequencies. f o = 1 / 2 LC (1) Where, f 0 is the series resonant frequency in cycle per second; L is the inductance of the inductor in henrys and C is the capacitance of the capacitor in farads. The effective reactance offered by this circuit depends on the operating frequency. Suppose, if the operating frequency of the network changes consequently, the effective impedance also changes. The changes in impedance can be characterized by a linear equation, which lies on the locus of the impedance shown in Fig.5.

Fig. 6. Simulation diagram of the proposed system

Fig. 5. Effective impedance changes with different frequency

A 2.2 kW, 415Volts, 4.7A, star connected induction machine is used as generator. A bank of 3- capacitor (16 fd in each phase) is connected across the stator terminals of the motor, used to self-excite the machine. A constant mechanical torque of -13.8 NM (negative sign indicates the external torque applied) has been chosen for the simulation study. In Matlab software, ODE 23tb solver is used to simulate the system for a period of 2 seconds. The external circuit is connected through three main switches (S1, S2 & S3), measuring units (M1, M2 & M33) and load of resistance (R=100 ) and inductance (L = 318mH). The series RLC circuit (R=100; L=318mH; C= 40 Fd), and the inverter are constructed using ideal switches (6 Nos.). Six power diodes (D1- D6) are used to make the rectifier circuit and two D.C links capacitors (C= 1000 fd) are used as filters as well as energy storing elements, The triggering signal (PWM based)

v l g inv l s ota e ot

for the inverter switches are generate at a carrier frequency of 1080Hz. The simulated results are described in the forth coming paragraph. IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 1) The simulation studies of SEASG have been completed with the following conditions A) With out AC/DC/AC inverter fed RLC series circuit No load With R Load and With RL Load B) With AC/DC/AC inverter fed RLC series circuit With resonance conditions Below the resonance conditions and Above the resonance conditions The above cited conditions have been included in this simulation with in 2 seconds. To understand the no load performance of the generator, the external circuit (load/Converter) is disconnected from the generator up to 0.5 seconds (i.e., the switch S1 kept open). Thereafter, the switch S1 is closed and the load is connected to the generator terminal. The simulated result in Fig.7 (a) shows the induced voltage rising more than the rated value and then settled at 2000V approximately peak to peak is shown in Fig.7 (b) (Extracted wave form of Fig.7 (a)). From Fig.7 (a) and Fig.7 (b) it is inferred that, the rise in induced voltage is due to the capacitance value (20 fd) of the excitation capacitor is more than the required value to meet the full load capacity of the generator. Fig. 7(c) and Fig. 7(d) depicted the load voltage wave form and its extracted wave form respectively. The switching transients (0.5s) of the voltages are shown in Fig. 7 (e). The load current wave form is shown in Fig.7 (f). Fig. 7(g) shows the transients of current at 0.5 seconds.
4000

600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 time in seconds

Fig. 7(c). Extracted 3- voltage waveform of SEASG (1.8 seconds)

600 v l a ei v l s ot g n ot 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 time in sec onds 2

Fig. 7(d). Extracted stable voltage of SEASG (108 seconds 2 seconds)

2000 vlaen os o g i vl t t 1000 0 -1000 -2000 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 time in sec onds
X: 0.493 Y : 2029 X: 0.6164 Y : 99.05

Fig. 7(e). Extracted voltage waveform of SEASG with switching transient

lo dc r e t( )ina p r s a ur n iL mee 20 10 0 -10 -20 0 0.5 1 1.5 time in seconds 2
X: 0.5 Y : 19.38

Fig. 7(f). Simulated 3- current waveform of SEASG

lo dc r e t( ) ina p r s a ur n iL mee 20 10 0 -10 -20 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 time in seconds 0.5 0.6
X: 0.5 Y : 19.38

v lta einv lts o g o

2000

-2000

Fig. 7(g). Extracted current transient waveform of SEASG

-4000 0 0.5 1 1.5 time in sec onds 2

Fig. 7(a). Simulated 3- voltage waveform of SEASG

4000

v l a ei v l s ot g n ot

2000

-2000

-4000 0.1

0.2

0.3 0.4 time in seconds

0.5

In Case-1, the inverter frequency is fixed at 50 cycles per second. The variations of voltage current harmonic generated by the AC/DC/AC converter circuits and its effective impedance of the whole system are shown from Fig.8 (a) Fig.8 (d) respectively. The result shows the AC/DC/AC converter is an additional load for the generator, because the RLC series circuit behaves as a series resonance circuit. Fig.8 (d) shows the impedance variation of the system, which reveals the non-linearity.

Fig. 7(b). Extracted voltage waveform of SEASG (0.5 seconds)

4000
X: 0.5014 X: 0.1916: 1831 Y Y: 3565 X: 0.6217 Y : 99.69 X: 1.502 Y : 670.8

v ltg inv lts o e o

2000

impedance of the whole system are shown from Fig.8 (a) Fig.8 (d) respectively. The results show the AC/DC/AC converter is an additional leading VAR load for the generator, because the RLC series circuit behaves under-resonance circuit.
4000 3000
X: 0.177 Y : 3681 X: 0.4936 Y : 1999 X: 1.788 Y : 595.6

-2000

-4000

v l aen os o g i vl t t

0.5

1 1.5 time in seconds

2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000

X: 0.6596 Y : 110.3

Fig. 8(a). Voltage waveform of the system with AC/DC/AC converter (50 Hz)
20 15 10 c ret inaee u n r pr s 5 0 -5 -10
X: 0.5073 Y : 9.454 X: 1.138 Y : 15.62

-3000 -4000
X: 1.951 Y : 5.163

0.5

1 time in seconds

1.5

Fig. 9(a). Voltage waveform of the system with AC/DC/AC converter (25Hz)

60

-15
40

-20

creti a pr s u nnm e r e

0.5

1 time in seconds

1.5

20 0 -20 -40 -60 0 0.5

X: 0.5046 Y : 11.9

X: 1 Y : 59.13 X: 1.138 Y : 15.65

X: 1.851 Y : 4.766

Fig. 8(b). Current waveform of the system with AC/DC/AC converter (50 Hz)

1 time in seconds

1.5

Fig. 9(b). Current waveform of the system with AC/DC/AC converter (25Hz)

Fig. 8(c). (50Hz)

Harmonics in the current drawn by the AC/DC/AC converter

Fig. 9(c). Harmonics of the current drawn by the AC/DC/AC Converter (25Hz)

Fig. 9(b). Effective impedance and phase angle changes at 25 Hz operation of the inverter

Fig. 8(d). Effective impedance and phase changes at 50 Hz operation of inverter

In case-2, the inverter frequency is fixed at 25 cycles per second. The variations of voltage current harmonic generated by the AC/DC/AC converter circuits and the effective

In case-3, the inverter frequency is fixed at 75 cycles per second. The variations of voltage, current harmonic generated by the AC/DC/AC converter circuits and the effective impedance of the whole system are shown from Fig.10 (a) Fig.10 (d) respectively. The results show the AC/DC/AC converter is an additional lagging VAR load for the generator, because the RLC series circuit behaves a over-resonance circuit. Fig.10 d) shows the impedance variation of the system.

4000
X: X: 0.1769 0.4762 Y : 3683 Y : 2015

v lta einv lt o g os

2000
X: 0.6129 Y : 101.5

X: 1.583 Y : 603.5

VAR injection or consumption. Since, the rectifier circuit has been constructed using diodes; it is not possible to make the current to lead the voltage at PCC. But it is possible to adjust the power factor of the system up to certain limits. VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors acknowledge the Management of Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, India, 632014, for the support and keen interest in promoting the research and development in the division by providing the facilities and time. VII. REFERENCES

-2000

-4000

0.5

1 time in seconds

1.5

Fig. 10(a). Voltage waveform of the system with AC/DC/AC converter (50 Hz)

60 40 vla i vls o g no t e t 20 0 -20 -40 -60 0 0.5 1 time in seconds 1.5 2

X: 0.5045 Y : 11.9 X: 1.138 Y : 15.63 1.869 X: Y : 4.799

[1]

[2]

[3] [4]

Fig. 10(b). Current waveform of the system with AC/DC/AC converter (75Hz)

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9] Fig. 10(c). Harmonic of the current drawn by the AC/DC/AC converter (75Hz) [10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14] Fig. 10(d). Effective impedance and phase changes at 50 Hz operation of inverter

[15]

V. CONCLUSION Simulation of the proposed system with AC/DC/AC inverter fed RLC series circuit in open loop has been studied. This conclude that the characteristics impedances of series circuit changes due to frequency changes that reflect into the system at PCC. This reveals that the power factor has been changed. Therefore a conclusion is made that impedance changes at PCC is a similar to the phenomenon of capacitive

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is currently pursuing Master of Technology in Power Electronics and Drives at Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. Her area of interest is self-excited Induction generator, Electrical machines, Power Electronics, Drives and FACTS Controllers.

V. Narasinga Rao, He received B.Tech degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Sri Prakash college of Engineering, Andhra Pradesh in 2008. He is currently pursuing Master of Technology in Power Electronics and Drives at Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, India. His area of interest is Induction generator, Power Electronics

VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Subramanian Kulandhaivelu born in Pattukkottai, Tamil Nadu on May 9, 1967. He received B.E degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering and M.E degree in Power System from National Institute of Technology (Formerly Regional Engineering College), Thiruchirappalli-15 in 1994 and 1998. He is pursuing Ph.D in the field of SelfExcited Induction Generator; His research interest is Induction generator voltage/ VAR control, Electrical machines drives, Modeling & Simulation, Power electronics applications in Reactive Power Control. . K. K. Ray, He obtained his B.E degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Jadavpur University, M.Tech degree in Solid State Control from IIT, Kanpur and Ph.D from IIT, Delhi. Former Professor Indian School of Mines, Presently senior Professor, VIT University, India, His area of Interest is Power Electronics Electrical Machines and Reactive power Control P. Jyothi, She received B.Tech degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Sri Krishnadevaraya Engineering College, Andhra Pradesh in 2007. She is currently pursuing Master of Technology in Power Electronics and Drives at Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, India. Her area of interest is Electrical Machines, Power Electronics and drives.

S. Jayachitra, She received B.E degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Sri Ram college of Engineering, (Madras University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu in 1998. She