Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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Mitchell Guthrie
Independent Engineering Consultant
Alain Rousseau
SEFTIM
Objectives
Discuss typical existing p yp g performance criteria Discuss relationship between resistance and impedance Identify broadband response of grounding system components and systems Relate gro nding s stem impedance to grounding system telecom applications Discuss impedance performance criteria
V(t) = i(t) R + L (di/dt) g q y High frequency content is important for overvoltages Low frequency content is important for f energy dissipated di i t d in the earthing system
Lightning currents flow radially from the point of injection g g y p j into earth as a function of earth resistivity or conductors (earth electrodes) embedded in the earth Providing multiple p g p paths for current injection into the j earth decreases current density at earth / electrode interface; reducing overvoltages
Circuit Model
Z =
R + j L G + j C
Inductance
influenced by geometry of conductors / electrodes increased by bends in conductor routing
C Capacitance it
dominated by electrode-to-earth interface
FREQUENCY IN Hz
Earth Enhancement Compound decreases local resistivity and improves contact (decreases R and Z)
FRE Q UE NCY IN Hz
FREQUENCY IN Hz
Telecom Application
3 legged tower Equipment cabinet Driven rod per leg Driven rod for cabinet Ground loop conductor tying together driven rods
Summary of Observations
Data from tower legs similar ( g (w/in 3 ) )
Effect of ground rods noted @ 202 kHz
R (tower leg cabinet bus) = 1 m ( g ) Bend in solid wire between copper bus bar and grounding electrode shows up as L Rgnd Cabinet = South tower leg = 9 R d (1MH ) C bi t =79.2; t Rgnd (1MHz): Cabinet 79 2 tower = 52 All 3 less than 10 @ low frequency but test bad given HF criteria
Case Studies
A: Building with large g g g grounding system g y B: Factory Extension C: Metal Silos D: Metallic-framed Shed E: Group of Chimneys F: Metallic Tanks
60
40
Z
Z R X(OHM) ) 20
R X
1000 10000 100000 1000000
0 100
-20
-40
ohms 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 10 -20 -30 -40 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency (Hz)
Z R
X
1000000
ohms 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency (Hz)
Z R
X
1000000
ohms 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 50 -60 -70 -80 10 100 1000
Z R
10000
100000
Frequency (Hz)
1000000
ohms 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 10 100 1000
Frequency (Hz)
Z R
10000
100000
1000000
To evaluate the earthing systems we will calculate the voltage generated by the injection of a 10 kA 1/20 current pulse into the earthing impedance measurements reported earlier. p Determine equivalent resistance (RHF)
Summary of Results
Z Impedance value ()
Case C 15 35 40.7 40
Case D 4 22 22.9 22 9
Case E 5 47 45.5 4
Case F 1 16 17.9 1 9
The mean value of the measured impedance between 63 kHz and 1 MHz (Mean Z) computed from data provided by high frequency earth impedance test equipment. This value is consistent with RHF and is suggested as criterion
Proposed Criteria
Based on RHF (or Zmean) ( )
RHF 10 10 < RHF 30 30 < RHF 40 40 < RHF : very good earthing : good earthing : acceptable earthing : bad earthing
Quality of earthing is based on Q y g experience and has been presented to the scientific community (ICLP SIPDA) (ICLP,
Earthing systems for A, B and E are considered bad earthing systems Case C is acceptable Cases D and F are good earthing systems systems.
Summary
Z =
R + j L G + j C
G - earth conductance: related to earth resistivity and contact resistance between earth electrode and soil t t i t b t th l t d d il
may be increased through use of additives to increase contact between soil and earth conductors.
Z =
R + j L G + j C
ZR!
Microsecond rise time of lightning current pulse leads to high frequency components High frequency lightning current content leads l d to overvoltage problems l bl
Increasing length of electrodes can reduce g g resistance-to-earth but resulting effectiveness offset by increased inductance (impedance)
Flat conductors and plates increase p capacitance and reduce impedance Earthing enhancing compounds can help reduce R and Z