CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.

1 Introduction Basically review of literature is divided into 3 subheadings that based on the research questions. These subheadings are the main idea of the study. With that, the study is more detail and can be more understand by others. For the first subheading, the topic is the definition of social networking sites. This topic will explain about understanding of social networking site among UMP students. Moreover, second subheading is the involvement of UMP students on social networking site. This topic consists of how the student gets involve towards the social networking sites and how they spent their times towards the social networking sites. Last but not least is the third subheading. The topic is the effect of social networking sites towards the UMP students. In this topic, we focus more about the effect of social networking sites on the academic performance of the students but we also explain about other effects of social networking sites.

2.2 Articles on Definition of Social Networking Sites The social networking site can be defines as a type of connectivity network, become one of the higher development technologies and helps people to interact with one another. As mention by Boyd D. M., Ellison B. N. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, social networking sites have developed since 1997. Based from the article, the social networking site helps users to create their own profile and send any private messages. Besides, the social networking site will become a type of connectivity network that allows people to have their own profile and privacy. As mention in Camscore, social networking site has developed rapidly as the technologies also change in various dimensions and features. In addition, social networking sites also help people to interact with one another. One of the main functions of social networking site is to help people stay connected whether within their friends, family and beloved. Moreover, Kent (2008) also support this statement in such his way, which he said that social networking site has been developed successfully especially in the issue of trust and privacy.

2.3 Articles on The Involvement of Users on Social Networking Sites Two-thirds of the worlds internet population involved in social networking sites such as Myspace, Tagged, Facebook, and Friendster (Malita et al., 2010). They get involved by logging on social networking sites, interacting with friends, creating profiles, giving feedbacks to each others and spending some of their times to observe.Much of the literatures suggest that adult and adolescence are the majority users of the social networking sites. In a research article by Pfeil et al. (2008) there was one specific objective that is addressed that touch upon to the involvement of users on social networking sites which is investigate age differences and similarities in the use of the social networking website MySpace. The result showed that teenagers are the highest to use social networking sites for fostering their social interaction between peers as the age of their own friends are nearly the same. Similarly with

Lenhart and Madden (2007) as well as Wiley and Sisson (2006) on surveys of teens and college students with social networking site memberships reveal that youth primarily use these sites to stay in touch with friends they see often and those whom they see rarely. As the social networking sites are usually targeting users from the age of 20 and above, this is why those social networking sites are actively sign up by teenagers these days. The times spent by users are also related to the involvement in social networking sites. Regardless of how busy students were during the week, Facebook is one of the part of their everyday routines, with approximately about 30 minutes of time will be reserved for Facebook (Pempek, et al. 2008). This picture that students especially in this case are building a habit that they will surely do everyday which is checking their social networking accounts. Kirschner and Karpinski (2007) make clear that aside from the 350 million active users, 50% of active users log onto Facebook in any given day with more than 8 billion minutes spent on the website worldwide each day. In the research article by Pempek, et al. (2008), a huge majority of students were recorded to use Facebook for communicating with friends and the lowest percentage was presenting oneself to others through the content in ones profile. This is because logging on social networking sites are lot easier and money consuming. On the other hand, one study of online teen bulletin boards found that many visitors spend their time lurking, or reading others' posts without posting any reply and without giving any feedback on what they observe on the social networking sites (Suziki & Calzo, 2004). Thus, this indicates that there are two different main activities that has been revealed regarding the activities on social networking sites. It is clearly shows that the topic involvement of students on social networking sites is related with the majority of online social networking sites users, time they spend and the activities they usually done within the sites.

2.4 Articles on The Effects of Social Networking Sites Research on the social networking sites have pointed out a lot of effect of the social networking sites towards the students. Krischner (2010) and Angela (2010) assert that one of the effects of social networking sites is getting a worse academic performance. This is because people become easily addicted to the social networking sites. They tend to use their time for online rather than studying, doing tutorial or finishing their assignment. Although they know that studying is important in order to get an excellent result to ensure a better career, but they become obsess towards the social networking sites such as Facebook. This is because through that, they can have fun with their friends. Therefore, if this case continued to happen their GPA is low compared to other person that not obsess to the social networking sites and those that spent more time to study than online. Students who reported Internet caused schoolwork problems were found to have spent five times more hours online than those who did not, and they were also significantly more likely to report that their Internet use caused them to stay up late, get less sleep, and miss classes. Research suggests that excessive Internet use can have a wide range of negative effects, including loneliness, depression, and academic, professional, and personal problems. Last but not least, Angela asserts that one of the effects of social networking sites is self-esteem. Online social

networking not only directly influences university students learning outcomes, but also helps the students attain social acceptance from others.

2.5 Summary As a conclusion, based from all articles reviewed and many researches, social networking site is mainly about a type of connectivity network that mainly becomes one of the obsession of UMP students.