5.3.4 Protective Device 5.3.4.1 Overload and Short Circuit 5.3.4.1.

1 It is recommended that generators be protected with molded case or power circuit breakers. If a power circuit breaker is used, the use of short time and long time breaker tips is recommended to permit better coordination with other breakers of fuses in the distribution system. The over current trip setting should not exceed 115% of the generator full load current. If molded case circuit breaker is used, a circuit breaker rated for continuous operation at 100% of its trip rating (i.e., a 100% rated breaker as opposed to a standard molded case breaker ) will allow full utilization of generator nameplate capacity. The use of series boost equipment or a permanent magnet generator (PMG) should be considered if a molded case circuit breaker is used to provide adequate short circuit current for proper operation of the breaker during fault conditions. 5.3.4.1.2 In generating stations with two ore more unit not intended to be operated in parallel, generator circuit breakers should be electrically or mechanically interlock to prevent accidental out-of phase paralleling. Molded case circuit breakers may be used for single or parallel operation; how ever, for larger sized units that will be parallel, power circuit breaker are recommended because of their faster operating speed and greater flexibility. 5.3.4.1.3 It is recommended that instantaneous breaker trips not be used on single generators or two generators operated in parallel or generators that have differential protection. It is recommended that instantaneous breaker tips be used on generators to normally operate in parallel with two or more other generators that are not equipped with differential protection. 5.3.4.1.4 Interrupting capacity of circuit breakers should be adequate to interrupt available fault current, considering short circuit current magnitude and power factor (reference IEEE C37.13 and UL489). The available fault current should be re-evaluated when additional generating capacity is added to an exiting system. 5.3.4.2 Reverse Power When two or more generators to operate continuously in parallel, each unit should be provide with a reverse power relay to trip the generator breakers in the event of reverse power flow. 5.3.4.3 Under voltage and overvoltage sensing devices Under voltage and overvoltage sensing device with time delay trips should be considered for protection of electrical system. An under voltage trip device should open the generator main circuit breaker when the prime mover is shut down. 5.3.4.4 Under frequency and over frequency sensing devices Under frequency and over frequency sensing devices with time delay trip should be considered for protection of electrical system. 5.3.4.5 Synchronizing controls It is recommended that controls of generators intended to be parallel be equipped with: 5.3.4.5.1 Syncrhoscopes or synchronizing light, or both, to show when generators are in phase. A synchroscope provides more accurate indication of phase relationship and should be considered in

most applications for smoother switching operations. The synchronizing indicators should be visible from the speed and voltage setting controls. 5.3.4.5.2 A synchronizing relay in the breaker closing circuit of electrically operated circuit breakers to prevent out of phase paralleling. Consideration should be given to the installation of automatic synchronizing controls on unit greater than 250 kW. 5.3.4.5.3 Interlocking controls to assure than all other generator circuit breakers for nonoperating generators and incoming feeders are open when an oncoming generator breaker is closed on a dead bus. 5.3.4.6 Ground Fault Detection 5.3.4.6.1 When the electrical system is ungrounded, a ground fault indication system is recommended, 5.3.4.6.2 When the electrical system is high resistance grounded, a ground fault alarm is recommended. 5.3.4.6.3 When the electrical system is low resistance grounded, ground fault protective devices should be open the generator breaker if coordinated downstream devices do not clear the fault. 5.3.4.6.4 When the electrical system is solidly grounded and the main generator protective device is rated 1000 amperes or greater, ground fault protective device should be provided to open the generator breaker if coordinated down stream devices do not clear the fault. Consideration should be given to providing ground fault protection for generators with protective devices rate less than 1000 amperes. Note: Reference IEEE Std 142 for additional information on generator grounding. 5.3.4.7 Control Voltage For personnel safety, it is recommended that control voltage for generator instrumentation be nominal 120 volt AC or less. The use of dedicated battery for DC voltage and capacitor trip units is recommended for the circuit breaker trip coils on power breakers to ensure trip voltage availability. 5.3.4.8 Special considerations For generator 1000 kVA and larger or with voltage ratings greater than 600 volts, the following protective relaying should be considered in addition to (or in lieu of) the minimum relaying list above. 5.3.4.8.1 Induction disc or solid state relays are recommended to operate generator circuit breakers. These relay provide greater flexibility in setting and are more easily tested than circuit breaker with direct acting, mechanical, integral trips. 5.3.4.8.2 Voltage restraint or voltage control over current relays 5.3.4.8.3 Instantaneous differential current relay to detect internal generator faults. 5.3.4.8.4 Reverse VARs or loss of excitation (loss of field) relays on paralleled units. 5.3.4.8.5 Ground fault time overcurrent relay.

5.3.4.8.6 Negative phase sequence overcurrent relay for protection against unbalanced conditions, for units over 600 volts. 5.3.4.8.7 Stator winding temperature relay for units over 600 volts. 5.3.4.8.8 Voltage balance relay on machines greater than 3000 kW and over 600 volts, where a separately derived power source is feeding thr voltage regulator. Note: Several of these functions may be combined in multifunction relay Reference IEEE Std 242 for additional information on generator protection. 5.3.4.9 Multiple Unit Stations. When a shutdown is initiated, it is recommended that in multiple unit stations the generator main circuit breaker or contactor be opened by either the prime mover shutdown system or the generator control panel. 5.3.5 Metering 5.3.5.1 Nonparallel Operation Minimum metering should include an ammeter (with a selector switch to meter all phases), a voltmeter, and a frequency meter. A voltmeter selector switch (to provide metering all phase), a running time meter, a power factor meter, and a watt meter are optional. 5.3.5.2 Parallel Operation In addition to the minimum metering described in 5.3.5.1 above, a watt meter is necessary for continuous parallel operation. A VAR meter and power factor meter are optional.