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2011DanGoodman Thisworkisthesixthinaseriesofarticlestheauthorhaswrittenonblunders madebytheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.Originally,hedecidedtowriteon onlytwomistakesmadebytheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.However,the authorreconsideredafterwritingaboutthethirdblunderoftheSupremeCourtof theUnitedStates,tonotplaceanylimitonthenumberofblundershefindswiththe SupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates. ThesixthblunderoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesisinthecaseofChirac v.LesseeofA.F.Chiracet.al(15U.S.(Wheat.2)259,1817).Theblunderoccursat page269,wherein,theChiefJustice,JohnMarshallwrites: ...[T]hepowerofnaturalizationisexclusivelyinCongress.Chiracv.Lessee ofA.F.Chiracet.al:15U.S.(Wheat.2)259,at269(1817).[Footnote1]
http://books.google.com/books?id=920DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false
TheblundermadeisthatCongress,accordingtotheSupremeCourtoftheUnited States,hasbeengiventhepowerofnaturalizationundertheConstitution.However, theConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaonlygivestoCongressthepowerto prescribetheruleofnaturalizationfortheseveralStates.Thatis,toprovidethe criteriaforonetobecomeacitizenofaState,inanyStateoftheUnion.[Footnote 2] ThepowergivenbytheConstitutiontoCongresstoprescribetheruleof naturalizationfortheseveralStatesisatArticleI,Section8,Clause4ofthe Constitution.Referringtothisprovision,AlexanderHamiltonwroteinFederalist Paper#32: AnentireconsolidationoftheStatesintoonecompletenationalsovereignty wouldimplyanentiresubordinationoftheparts;andwhateverpowersmight remaininthem,wouldbealtogetherdependentonthegeneralwill.Butastheplan 1
oftheconventionaimsonlyatapartialunionorconsolidation,theState governmentswouldclearlyretainalltherightsofsovereigntywhichtheybefore had,andwhichwerenot,bythatact,EXCLUSIVELYdelegatedtotheUnitedStates. Thisexclusivedelegation,orratherthisalienation,ofStatesovereignty,wouldonly existinthreecases:wheretheConstitutioninexpresstermsgrantedanexclusive authoritytotheUnion;whereitgrantedinoneinstanceanauthoritytotheUnion, andinanotherprohibitedtheStatesfromexercisingthelikeauthority;andwhereit grantedanauthoritytotheUnion,towhichasimilarauthorityintheStateswould beabsolutelyandtotallyCONTRADICTORYandREPUGNANT.Iusethesetermsto distinguishthislastcasefromanotherwhichmightappeartoresembleit,butwhich would,infact,beessentiallydifferent;Imeanwheretheexerciseofaconcurrent jurisdictionmightbeproductiveofoccasionalinterferencesinthePOLICYofany branchofadministration,butwouldnotimplyanydirectcontradictionor repugnancyinpointofconstitutionalauthority.Thesethreecasesofexclusive jurisdictioninthefederalgovernmentmaybeexemplifiedbythefollowing instances:Thelastclausebutoneintheeighthsectionofthefirstarticleprovides expresslythatCongressshallexercise"EXCLUSIVELEGISLATION"overthedistrict tobeappropriatedastheseatofgovernment.Thisanswerstothefirstcase.The firstclauseofthesamesectionempowersCongress"TOLAYANDCOLLECTTAXES, DUTIES,IMPOSTSANDEXCISES";andthesecondclauseofthetenthsectionofthe samearticledeclaresthat,"NOSTATESHALL,withouttheconsentofCongress,LAY ANYIMPOSTSORDUTIESONIMPORTSOREXPORTS,exceptforthepurposeof executingitsinspectionlaws."HencewouldresultanexclusivepowerintheUnion tolaydutiesonimportsandexports,withtheparticularexceptionmentioned;but thispowerisabridgedbyanotherclause,whichdeclaresthatnotaxordutyshallbe laidonarticlesexportedfromanyState;inconsequenceofwhichqualification,it nowonlyextendstotheDUTIESONIMPORTS.Thisanswerstothesecondcase. ThethirdwillbefoundinthatclausewhichdeclaresthatCongressshallhave power"toestablishanUNIFORMRULEofnaturalizationthroughouttheUnited States."Thismustnecessarilybeexclusive;becauseifeachStatehadpowerto prescribeaDISTINCTRULE,therecouldnotbeaUNIFORMRULE.
http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed32.htm
Inaddition,theruleofnaturalizationrelatestoonlyresidency: Col.Hamilton:wasingeneralagainstembarrassingtheGovt.withminute restrictions.Therewasononesidethepossibledangerthathadbeensuggested.On theotherside,theadvantageofencouragingforeignerswasobvious&admitted. PersonsinEuropeofmoderatefortuneswillbefondofcomingherewheretheywill beonalevelwiththefirstCitizens.Hemovedthatthesectionbesoalteredasto requiremerelycitizenship&inhabitancy.Therightofdeterminingtheruleof naturalizationwillthenleaveadiscretiontotheLegislature[oftheUnited States]onthissubjectwhichwillanswereverypurpose.Col.Hamilton,August 13,1787,NotesofDebatesintheFederalConventionof1787,JamesMadison. [Footnote4]
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/debates/0813.html
theother.Weoweittomerecasualty,thatveryseriousembarrassmentsonthis subjecthavebeenhithertoescaped.BythelawsofseveralStates,certain descriptionsofaliens,whohadrenderedthemselvesobnoxious,werelaidunder interdictsinconsistentnotonlywiththerightsofcitizenshipbutwiththeprivilege ofresidence.Whatwouldhavebeentheconsequence,ifsuchpersons,byresidence orotherwise,hadacquiredthecharacterofcitizensunderthelawsofanotherState, andthenassertedtheirrightsassuch,bothtoresidenceandcitizenship,withinthe Stateproscribingthem?Whateverthelegalconsequencesmighthavebeen,other consequenceswouldprobablyhaveresulted,oftooseriousanaturenottobe providedagainst.ThenewConstitutionhasaccordingly,withgreatpropriety,made provisionagainstthem,andallothersproceedingfromthedefectofthe Confederationonthishead,byauthorizingthegeneralgovernmenttoestablisha uniformruleofnaturalizationthroughouttheUnitedStates.FederalistPaper#42.
http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed42.htm
Therefore,undertheConstitution,Congressisgiventhepowertoprescribea uniformruleofnaturalizationfortheseveralStates.Sucharulerelatestoresidency withinaStateoftheUnion. Thus,Congresswasnotgiventhepowerofnaturalization. ________________________ Footnotes: 1.ThisisthesecondcaseoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateswhichinvolved anopinionissuedbythedistinguishedJohnMarshall.Asstatedinmywork, BlundersoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates:Part2,Itisunfortunatehe madeamistake,sincehischaracterandreputationwasthathewashonestman.He wouldnotbehappywithhimselfmakingamistake,sincehevaluedthetruthhighly. Withthatsaid. 2.FromFederalistPaper#41andFederalistPaper#42: FederalistPaper#41 THEConstitutionproposedbytheconventionmaybeconsideredundertwo generalpointsofview.TheFIRSTrelatestothesumorquantityofpowerwhichit 4
vestsinthegovernment,includingtherestraintsimposedontheStates.The SECOND,totheparticularstructureofthegovernment,andthedistributionofthis poweramongitsseveralbranches. UndertheFIRSTviewofthesubject,twoimportantquestionsarise:1.Whether anypartofthepowerstransferredtothegeneralgovernmentbeunnecessaryor improper?2.Whethertheentiremassofthembedangeroustotheportionof jurisdictionleftintheseveralStates?.... Thatwemayformacorrectjudgmentonthissubject,itwillbepropertoreview theseveralpowersconferredonthegovernmentoftheUnion;andthatthismaybe themoreconvenientlydonetheymaybereducedintodifferentclassesasthey relatetothefollowingdifferentobjects:1.Securityagainstforeigndanger;2. Regulationoftheintercoursewithforeignnations;3.Maintenanceofharmonyand properintercourseamongtheStates;4.Certainmiscellaneousobjectsofgeneral utility;5.RestraintoftheStatesfromcertaininjuriousacts;6.Provisionsforgiving dueefficacytoallthesepowers.
http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed41.htm
FederalistPaper#42 ThepowersincludedintheTHIRDclassarethosewhichprovidefortheharmony andproperintercourseamongtheStates. Underthisheadmightbeincludedtheparticularrestraintsimposedonthe authorityoftheStates,andcertainpowersofthejudicialdepartment;butthe formerarereservedforadistinctclass,andthelatterwillbeparticularlyexamined whenwearriveatthestructureandorganizationofthegovernment.Ishallconfine myselftoacursoryreviewoftheremainingpowerscomprehendedunderthisthird description,towit:toregulatecommerceamongtheseveralStatesandtheIndian tribes;tocoinmoney,regulatethevaluethereof,andofforeigncoin;toprovidefor thepunishmentofcounterfeitingthecurrentcoinandsecuritiesoftheUnited States;tofixthestandardofweightsandmeasures;toestablishauniformruleof naturalization,anduniformlawsofbankruptcy,toprescribethemannerinwhich thepublicacts,records,andjudicialproceedingsofeachStateshallbeproved,and theeffecttheyshallhaveinotherStates;andtoestablishpostofficesandpost roads.
http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed42.htm
3.TheprovisionMr.Govr.Morriswasreferringto: "ThemigrationorimportationofsuchpersonsastheseveralStatesnowexisting 5
Theprovisionwouldread,underHamiltonssuggestion(citizenshipand inhabitancy): EverymemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallbeoftheageoftwentyfive yearsatleast;shallhavebeenacitizenintheUnitedStatesforatleastthreeyears beforehiselection;andshallbe,atthetimeofhiselection,aninhabitantoftheState inwhichheshallbechosen. Therefore,theruleofnaturalizationhastodowithresidencywithinaStateofthe Union. Also,thereisthefollowing: VII 6