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ABSTRACT.
This work is a study of the effects of frequency selectivity on multi-carrier wideband signals in three different
environments; indoors, outdoor to indoor and outdoors. The investigation was made using measurements carried
out with a sounder with a 300 MHz bandwidth. The main part of this work is related to evaluate the contribution
of several parameters; frequency selective fading, coherence bandwidth and delay spread on the frequency
selectivity of the channel. A description of the sounder parameters and the sounded environments are given. The
300 MHz bandwidth is divided in segments of 60 kHz to perform the evaluation of frequency selective fading.
Sub channels of 20 MHz for OFDM systems and 5 MHz for WCDMA were evaluated. Figures are provided for
a number of bands, parameters and locations in the three environments. It is also shown the variation of the
signal level due to frequency selective fading. The practical assumptions about the coherence bandwidth and
delay spread are reviewed and a comparison is made with actual measurements. Statistical analysis was
performed over some of the results.
Keywords. Coherence bandwidth, frequency correlation, frequency selective fading and multi-carrier
modulation
.
characteristics of the wireless communications
I. INTRODUCTION. channel. The dispersive channel characteristics
arise from the different propagation paths, i.e.
To simulate and evaluate the performance of a multipath, between the receiver and the transmitter.
wireless mobile system a good channel model is This dispersion could be measured, if we could
needed. Mobile communication systems are using measure the channel impulse response (CIR). As a
larger bandwidths and higher frequencies and these general rule the effects of ISI on the transmission
characteristics impose new challenges on channel errors is negligible if the delay spread is
estimation. The channel models that have been significantly shorter than the duration of the
developed for the mobile systems in use may not be transmitted symbol. Due to the expected increase in
applicable anymore. To validate that the old demand of higher data rates, wideband multi-
models can be used for future systems or to design carrier systems such as; OFDM and WCDMA are
new models, it is necessary to answer the question expected to be technologies of choice [1], [12] and
about how the same parameters performs at higher [14]. This is because these two technologies can
bandwidths? Also, we have to be able to measure provide both; high data rates and an acceptable
and validate some parameters and compare them to level of quality of service. However, these systems
well known practical assumptions. Measurements need first to address better the problem regarding
for analysis of the fading statistics at common channel prediction or estimation, because this
frequencies have been performed before, but they condition is the main boundary for higher data
have been performed at small bandwidths, it is rates. The study of correlation of the mobile radio
necessary to update the models with higher channel in frequency and time domains has helped
bandwidths. to understand the problem of channel estimation.
One of this work objectives is to evaluate
As the data rate (the bandwidth) increases the frequency selective fading (FSF) in several
communication limitations come from the Inter environments. This work begins with the results of
Symbol Interference (ISI) due to the dispersive
measurements made with a sounder that uses the E{H (t1 ; f1 ) * H (t2 ; f 2 )} =
chirp technique for sounding. ∞ ∞
∫ E {h(τ ) }e
∞
actual results and a comparison is provided. 2 − j 2π∆fτ
R H ( ∆f ) = dτ
The rest of this document is structured as follow; in −∞
part II the theoretical foundations of the channel (5)
impulse response frequency selective fading and
coherence bandwidth are reviewed. Also in this
part, the characteristics of the three environments where
{
E h (τ )
2
}
is the average Power Delay
sounded are described. In part III, the frequency Profile PDP of the channel. So, under the above
selective fading evaluation and analysis are conditions, RH is the Fourier transform of the
presented. Plots of the dependency of fading deep average PDP.
and frequency separation of two specific points in
the response are studied. At part IV, data about the 2.2 Coherence bandwidth.
relationship between delay spread and coherence The multipath effect of the channel, the arrival of
bandwidth are provided. At the end in part V, different signals in different time delays causes the
conclusions and future work are mentioned. statistical properties of two signals of different
frequencies to become independent if the frequency
II. MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND separation is large enough. The maximum
frequency separation for which the signals are still
2.1 The wideband channel model. strongly correlated is called coherence bandwidth
The radio propagation channel is normally (Bc). Besides to contribute to the understanding of
represented in terms of a time-varying linear filter, the channel, the coherence bandwidth is useful in
with complex low-pass impulse response, h(t, τ). Its evaluating the performance and limitations of
time-varying low-pass transfer function is [4] [6] different modulations and diversity models.
[8] [10]:
∞ The coherence bandwidth of a fading channel is
∫ h(t;τ )e τ dτ
− j 2πf
H (t , f ) = probed by sending two sinusoids, separated in
−∞ frequency by ∆f = f1- f2 Hz, through the channel.
(1) The coherence bandwidth is defined as ∆f, over
Where τ represents delay, using (1) the frequency which the cross correlation coefficient between r1
correlation function for the channel can be written and r2 is greater than a preset threshold, say, η0=
as: 0.9. Namely:
Cov( r1, r 2) ⎛2 λ ⎞ π
C r1,r 2 = = η0 (1 + λ ) E ⎜⎜ ⎟−
var(r1) var(r 2)
⎝ 1 + λ ⎟⎠ 2
(6) ρ ( s, τ ) =
π
2−
Then, using (2) 2
J (ω τ )
2
∞ ∞ = λ2 = 0 2m 2
R( s, τ ) = r1r 2 = ∫ 1+ s σ
0
∫ r1r 2 p(r1, r 2)dr dr
0
1 2
(12)
(7)
It is possible to see in this expression that the
Where p(r1,r2) is
correlation decreases with frequency separation.
This formula has been substituted by several
2π 2π
practical expressions some of them are the
p( r1, r 2) = ∫ ∫ p(r1, r 2, θ , θ
0 0
1 2 )dθ1dθ 2 following [4], [8], [9], [10].
(8) 1 1
BC =0.9 = (13) BC =0.5 = (14)
50σ rms 5σ rms
r1r 2 ⎡ r + r ⎤ ⎛ r1r 2 λ ⎞ 2 2
= exp⎢− I ⎜
2 ⎥ 0⎜
1
⎟
2 ⎟
2
1 1
µ (1 − λ )
2 2
⎣ 2 µ (1 − λ ) ⎦ ⎝ µ 1 − λ ⎠ BC =0.9 = (15) BC = (16)
8σ mean 2πσ rms
Figure 7. RMS delay spread for indoors Table 1, shows the comparisons of Bc for the
three environments with the different versions of
Figure 11 shows the frequency correlation for the expressions 13 -16 and measured results. This
outdoors environment. Figure 12, shows the Bc at table shows that the values of the expressions are
frequency correlation of 0.9. In this case the Bc can always lower than the measured results, which
not be compared to the Bc for the other two induce to conclude that the expressions were
environments, since in this environment a lower underestimated, at least in these environments.
bandwidth is evaluated, 120 MHz instead of 300 Moreover, it is possible to conclude that these
MHz. Despite this difference and observing expressions were deduced with not enough
figures 11 and 12, Bc is not significantly lower measured results. Also, table 1 show that the
even when we have higher distances and higher relationship between delay spread and coherence
delay spread. In outdoors the Bc is not bigger than 2 bandwidth, not necessarily is a single constant.
MHz in average. In the other hand, the RMS delay
spread is 1.5 µS in average.
Figure 11. Coherence bandwidth for outdoors
References.