Application of Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Electrical Steel(CRGO) and Non Cold Rolled Non Grain OrientedElectrical Steel

(CRNGO). Grain oriented Electrical Steel CRGO is undoubtedly the most important soft magneticmaterial in use today. Wheather in small transformer, distribution transformer or in largetransformer & generator, grain oriented electrical steel CRGO is a must for the production of energy saving electrical machines. Grain oriented Electrical Steels are iron-silicon alloys that provide low core loss and highpermeability needed for more efficient and economical electrical transformers. CRGO Grainoriented grades of electrical steel are typically used in Transformer and large generators. Non-oriented Electrical steel CRNGO fully processed steels are iron-silicon alloys withvarying silicon contents and have similar magnetic properties in all directions in plan of thesheet. Non-oriented Electrical steel are principally used for motors, generators, alternators,ballasts, small Transformers and a variety of other electromagnetic applications.The earliest soft magnetic material was iron, which contained many impurities. Researchersfound that the addition of silicon increased resistivity, decreased hysteresis loss, increasedpermeability, and virtually eliminated aging.Substantial quantities of Grain oriented Electrical steel CRGO are used, mainly in power anddistribution transformers. However, it has notsupplanted non-oriented Electrical steel, which is used extensively where a low-cost, lowlossmaterial is needed, particularly in rotating equipment. Mention should also be made of therelay steels, used widely in relays, armatures, and solenoids. Relay steels contain 1.25 to2.5% Si, and are used in direct current applications because of better permeability, lowercoercive force, and freedom from aging . Important physical properties of Electrical steels (CRGO) include resistivity, saturationinduction, magneto-crystalline anisotropy, magnetostriction, and Curie temperature.Resistivity, which is quite low in iron, increases markedly with the addition of silicon. Higherresistivity lessens the core loss by reducing the eddy current component. Raising the siliconcontent will lower magnetostriction, but processing becomes more difficult. The high Curietemperature of iron will be lowered by alloying elements, but the decrease is of littleimportance to the user of CRGO Electrical steels.The magnetization process is influenced by impurities, grain orientation, grain size, strain,strip thickness, and surface smoothness. One of the most important ways to improve softmagnetic materials is to remove impurities, which interfere with domainwall movement; theyare least harmful if present in solid solution. Compared with other commercial steels, Electricalsteel is exceptionally pure. Because carbon, an interstitial impurity, can harm low inductionpermeability, it must be removed before the steel is annealed to develop the final texture.The mechanism for the growth of grains with cube-on-edge orientation during the final annealis not completely understood. The process involves secondary recrystallization, which, bydefinition, is characterized by accelerated growth of one set of grains in an alreadyrecrystallized matrix.For secondary recrystallization, normal grain growth must be inhibited in some manner. As thetemperature is raised, certain grains break loose from the inhibiting forces, and growextensively at the expense of their neighbors. Producers know that, on a practical basis,appropriate cold rolling and recrystallization sequences must be carefully followed to obtain the desired secondary recrystallization nuclei and the correct texture. Today`s Electrical Steelsuse MnS as the grain growth inhibitor, but other compounds, such as carbides, oxides, ornitrides, are also effective. CRGO Making and using Grain oriented Electrical steel : Grain Oriented Electrical Steel (CRGO) is more restricted in composition than non-orientedvarieties. The texture is developed by a series of careful working and annealing operations,and the material must remain essentially single-phase throughout processing, particularlyduring the final anneal because phase transformation destroys the texture. To avoid the y loopof the FeSi phase system, today's commercial steel has about 3.25% Si. Higher siliconvarieties, which might be favored on the basis of increased resistivity and lowermagnetostriction, are precluded by difficulties in cold rolling.Temperature, atmosphere composition, and dew point are closely controlled to decarburize thestrip without oxidizing the surface. During this treatment, primary recrystallization occurs,forming small, uniform, equiaxed grains. The coating of magnesium silicate glass which formswill provide electrical insulation between successive laminations when assembled in atransformer core. At this stage, the Electrical steel is graded by cutting Epstein samples fromthe coil; the samples are stress relief annealed and flattened at 790C, and tested for coreloss. Applications for CRGO Grain oriented Electrical Steel

include transformers (Power,Distribution, Ballast, Instrument, Audio, and Specialty), and generators for steam turbine andwater wheels.Lay-up cores, in general, utilize the whole spectrum of grain oriented Electrical steel CRGOquality and gages. The gage and grade of material for a given application are determined byeconomics, transformer rating, noise level requirement, loss requirements, density of operation, and even core size. Because the strip must be flat to produce a good core, coils areflattened after the high temperature anneal. Then, the strip is coated with aninorganic phosphate for insulation. Samples from each coil end are graded after a laboratorystress relief anneal, as previously described. From such strip, the transformer manufacturercuts his required length improves the insulation of the strip. Consequently, it decreases theeddy current losses and heat buildup, which is of particular importance in transformers whichmust withstand an impulse test.As noted earlier, an important requirement in the manufacture of lay-up cores is minimizingtransformer noise. Noise is a function of manufacturing and core design factors, the corematerial characteristic being one of the most important. The dependence of magnetostrictionon silicon content has already been noted. In addition, magnetostriction is reduced byimproving the texture and by introducing tensile stresses through application of glass-typeinsulation coatings. Because compressive stresses affect magnetostriction adversely, it isimportant that the lamination (Transformer Cores)remains flat for assembly. Operatinginduction is also a factor that affects noise, and indeed affects the transformer`s generaloperating characteristics. Operating inductions of lay-up transformers are usually in the10,000 to 17,000 G range; power ratings extend over the 500 to 1,000,000 kVA range.Wound cores are wound toroidally with the [100] crystallographic direction around the strip.Processing steps are somewhat different from those used for lay-up transformers though thestarting material is the same-large toroidally annealed coil coated with magnesium silicate,which usually provides sufficient insulation. Grain oriented Electrical steel CRGO for wound core application, unreacted MgO powder isremoved from the strip surface, and a sample from eachcoil end is cut into Epstein strips to be tested as before. After being graded, the coil is shippedto the transformer manufacturer either as slit multiples or as a full-width coil for subsequentslitting. The slit multiple, wound to the given core dimension, must be stress relief annealed at790C in a dry nonoxidizing atmosphere. Annealing trays and plates must be of low carbonsteel to eliminate any carbon contamination, which can be very detrimental to quality.After crgo being stress relief annealed, the cores are cut, and the crgo transformer core isassembled by lacing the steel around the copper (or aluminum) current-carrying coils. In thestress relief annealed condition, grain-oriented steel CRGO electrical steel is sensitive tomechanical strain; therefore, transformer cores must be assembled carefully. Regardless of how carefully assembly is accomplished, the final core quality is always poorer than it was inthe stress-relief annealed, uncut condition.The difference in quality, commonly referred to as the "destruction factor", is due to therelative strain sensitivity of the grain-oriented CRGO steel, the handling procedure infabrication, and the uniformity and amount of air gap in the core. Being a function of thetransformer design and fabrication, the latter two factors are controlled best by themanufacturer. Most CRGO wound Transformer cores are utilized in distribution transformerapplications of 25 to 500 kVA. Making and using CRNGO non-oriented Electrical steels Non-oriented electrical steels do not use a secondary recrystallization process to develop theirproperties, and high temperature annealing is not essential. Therefore, a lower limit on silicon,such as is required for the oriented grades, is not essential.Non-oriented electrical steel grades contain between 0.5 and 3.25% Si plus up to 0.5% Al,added to increase resistivity and lower the temperature of primary recrystallization. Graingrowth is very desirable in the (CRNGO) non-oriented electrical steel grades, but is generallymuch smaller than for the oriented electrical steel CRGO grades.Processing to hot rolled band is similar to that described for the oriented grade. After surfaceconditioning, the bands are usually cold rolled directly to final gage, and sold to thetransformer manufacturer in one of two conditions fully-processed, or semi processed. Afterfinal cold rolling, the strip is annealed, decarburizing it to 0.005% C or lower and developingthe grain structure needed for the magnetic properties. Samples are then taken from each coilend, and tested.CRNGO Fully processed non-oriented Electrical steels are generally used in applications inwhich:Quantities are too small to warrant stress relieving by the consumer, orCRGO Laminations are so large that good physical shape would be difficult to maintain after an843C stress relief anneal.Non-oriented steels CRNGO are not as sensitive to strain as the oriented product.Consequently, shearing strains constitute the only strain effects, which should degrade themagnetic quality. Because laminations are generally large, these shearing strains can be , power generators, and AC alternators.g and gives some additional insulation to the basece is required, fully processed material can beraturel after the final cold rolling. Carbon is not necessarily removed to the samefacturer will subsequently stresse to obtain additionall, cut into specimens, decarburized at 843C for at least one hour andted electrical steels are used for applications in which theing, but it does not withstand stress relief annealing temperatures;G / D M 3 A t 1 . 5 T A t 1 . 7 T . 2 3 2 3 Z D K H 9 0 7 . 6

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