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lRE TRANSACTIONS
ON MICROWAVE
THEORY
AND
TECHNIQUES
Filters
Couplers
J. T. BOLLJAHN~
SummaryTkis paper describes the theory of operation of coupled strip line tilt ers and dhectional couplers, and presents information from which these components may be easily designed. Low-pass, band-pass, all-pass, and all-stop filter characteristics are obtained from these coupled lines either by placing open or short circuits at two of the four available terminal pairs, or by interconnecting two of the terminal pairs. Directional couplers having perfect dk-ectivity and constant input impedance at all frequencies, and for all degrees of coupliig, are obtained by placing equal resistive loads at each of the four terminal pairs.
INTRODUCTION HE exists T gators coupled coaxial been to ELECTROMAGNETIC between used construct open-wire lines.15 This to parallel advantage filters and. COUPLING transmission by a number lines of couplers and can that has
~-
Fig. 1.NTotation used in deriving the impedance of coupled transmission lines. matrix
transmission natural
be This
used transpaper
well line
in
the
strip
of
one
to
grcmnd
filters
same ~s/2
formulas and
coupled-strip-line
be designed.
COUPLED AND TRANSMISSION-LINE ADMITTANCE IMPEDANCE MATRICES
%3(2)
= %3(Z) =
jzoez-s
sin
. ki
odd or
(2)
of of
s+rin ----tcoupled
The anced
current voltages
generators on the
i,
produce form
COS
bal-
in Fig.
of the
k(l kl
Z)
ZJa2(Z)
~b2(z)
jiZ.,,iZ
Consider in Fig.
sin
(3)
1, where
and
COS
are and
between of five curwhere Zoo = characteristic with equal current 2, 3, and of the the then the impedance currents and of one 7Ja4(z) = %4(Z) =
jzooi4 ~
driven
a set The
kz
)
(4)
at each the
four
sm
kl
or
producing
conductors
of the
wire
to
ground
v.,(z)
= n,(z)
Cos
= j.zo.il
k(z z)
>
sin
(1)
kl
The minals
total (1,
to the
currents Asa
~ Stanford Research Institute Menlo Parkj Calif. I .\. Alford, Coupled networks in radio-frequency circuits, PROC. IRE, vol. 29, pp. 55-70; February, 1941. J. J. Karakash and D. E. Mode, .1 coupled coaxial transmission-line band-pass filter, PROC. IRE, vol 38, pp. 4852; January, 1950. Analysis of transmission line directional s W. L. Firestone, couplers, PROC. IRE, vol. 4?, pp. 1.529-1538; October, 1954. 4 B. M. OIiver, Directional electromagnetic couplers, FROC. IRE, vol. 42, pp. 1686-1692; November, 1954. s R. C. Knechtli, Furtheranalysis of transmission-line directional couplers, PROC. IRE, vol. 43, pp. 867869; JuIv, 1955.
and sume
voltages that
positive terminal
terminal;
currents
Il=il+;z
12=ili2 13=i3i4 14 = i?, + i4.
(5)
IRE TRANSACTIONS
ON
MICROWAVE
THEORY
Afdi)
TECHNIQUES
April
FILTER
-u
8c, ; 1LOW PASS z= II [-(~0< L.12
[(zoe
+ 200)2
cosh(a
Cos 6 2 d-.
(Zoe - Zoo)zlk
+ IE)
OR c2
2ZOC ,700 + (Zee z Z*,
Cos !3
+zOO)cosd]x
- zoo)
200
1---8---1
+.!J.LLAZ..
~osh(a
+ j~)=
H
0+1 F--,0 Loc z -1 do
2
Cos ti
2- BANO PASS
CCS d 1
-Cosd=
1:
06
z~
-1
=+1 -7:
F--8--I
(a + .j,B)
Fig. CASE 7 ,2
2(a)
N
zoo /:0= -1 ,? .0
=+1
Cos e
~:ca
4- BAND PASS z= 11
y-~
I---l
-O
[(z.. -z..)
sm z=12
- (Zo= +2..)
+ ZOO) zoo z IL
msDl
B (Z ., z
I-----el
~r, =
z . . +3 . .
2
3=9
6-
ALL I------O*
PASS z ., -.0 z =
- tanz
. ,,
7ALL PASS
=/c-n
:0s $
..
tan2 d
Fig.
2(b)
/
1956 Jones and Bolljahn: Transmission Line Filters and Directional Couplers
CASE
. ,,I
cl,
,0,
l--t)-,
a=~
8-ALL
STOP
y-+---z
z=
11 +
OC
zoo
zoo
,=
ta.nf+
cosh
z 0.
9-ALL
sToP
1---81
cosh a =
z
_.S_._. z 0.
+ ,Z
-
00
zoo
IO-ALL
STOP
Fig. 2(c) .Image parameters for coupled transmission line filters.
When in terms
these of
are
solved
for it 12)
the
mode that
currents
O is the
electrical matrix
length may
of the also
coupled be derived
wires. by sub-
is found
of voltage configuration
generatom of constant
above. elements
The of
results the
of
this
i3 = i4 = Since ternal terminal that constant-current impedance voltage terminal. VI are is the Thus = (v.,
(~b, (~b, (Va,
admittance
13).
cot Yll =
Y22 = Y33 = F44 = ./woo + y..) -y
cOt
Y12 = Yn =
+
+ + +
1734
Y43
j(Yoo
Y..)
v.,
Vb, Vb, v.,
+
+ + +
v.,
fib, Vb, v.,
+
+ + +
v.,)
?%l) Vb,) b,)
I.=a
l,=. lz=t 1.=2. (7) Y14 = YH = Y23 = Y13 = Y31 = ~24 = Y42 =
~2 =
~, V4 = =
j(yooy..) ~
j(Yoo + l.,)
Csc
Y32 =
Csc y
e
o (9)
(I)(4) of of
and the
(6)
in (7), identified
the
impedance
COUPLED
TRANSMISSION-LINE
FIILTERS
Zll
= 222 =
There of coupled
are
ten strip
that by pairs,
can placing or by
233
244
j(z..
zoo)
--j-
Cot 0
212 = 221 = 234 = 243 = j(zo. 2..) 2
terminal page,
connecting sections
together.
2(a), show
In
(b), single
the
and
of the
diagrams output
213
231
224
z42
j(zoe Z.o)
Csc
sible
image coupled
transmission-line
fillters
schematic input small and open seen
together
~
Csc 8
the by
Zl~
j(zo.
+ zoo) y
(8)
pairs
designated or
circles. looking
impedance,
admittance,
78
these pair. are nated terminal Open-circuited shown with with while the no pairs is
IRE TRANSACTIONS
also shown pairs in near of the the
ON
the
MICROWAVE
terminal lines by Here while For
THEORY
applying [V] [Z] and and
AND
the [~] [Y] in
TECHNIQUES
appropriate are four-element boundary column square that
April
conditions. matrices, matrices. terminal are boundthat are
terminal connection
coupled
filter pairs
terminal that
example, 4 are
filter
grounding
symbol. it is possible filters low-pass centered about that the is just Fig. the same, half from to obtain a pair of
3 and
the all
to Fig. band-pass,
V = O or open-circuited, Zr,
I = O at terminals
respectively. admittance, are Y calculated by the
Second,
YI,
and from
2, 3, and
of pass
centered to note
resulting
four-element
impedance following
is interesting band-pass
filters filter of
is
relations
bandwidth band-pass there ances image filters the equal pedance metrical to are of
low-pass Inspection
Zrl =
image product
impedof the
21, =
(z, ,2,2) /2
product
impedances the
filters of the
3, 5 and
all-pass
Zo.zoo.
lWter ever, infinite and be it 8 does does image 10 are made not into elements circuit shunt series not have interesting at by filters much practical utility; of possessing Filters but they howan 9 can rethe of in have property all
=(y22-y2n ( 1:2)12
Y1l~
Y(ll1722)1/2
cosh (a + j~) = Y12 .
(13)
frequencies.
PHYSICAL
LAYOUT
OF
COUPLED-STRIP-LINE
FILTERS
terminals.
In the
it is necessary shown basic in from filter performance these line output strips and
r composed suscept-
sections
susceptance
sections It is
seen occur
the
input
sections
l..) ~
cot o .
opposite and ever, at the ~ections The is either pedance to connect the
ends the
number end,
of sections as in filters
be cascaded.
The circuit
capacitances band-pass
filter
9 into
be cascaded. impedance or isolated filters the to lower strip. strips in filter an the of the than coupled the strip it line filters im-
higher
characteristic
coupled at
strips, of the
2 In this
filter The Fig. filters case, series inductances a band-pass design in from the or the [v] or [1] = [Y][v] (11) = following admittance four network must be added to this in the the
loss
terminals.
example,
is less than strip, the strips strip, width filters way and
istic is image
to convert 2 are
it into
made
coupled
of an isolated
connecting Fig.
four-element
is obtained
[2][1]
(lo)
bottom filters by
in which to series
converted
band-pass inductors,
adding
capacitors
respectively.
1956
Jones
and
BoHjahn:
Transmission
Line
Filters
and
Directional
Couplers
.
. * -L J
!-l
. 5
BAND PASS
2 4-SECTIONS
BAND
PASS
4 SECTIONS
BAND
PASS -v+r+~qiz .
2-SECTIONS
*
(b] ODD EXCITATION
ALL 5
PASS
4SECTIONS
~
-1 J. .-L .
:s
+==Jqiz
. = (c)
EVEN
ALL
PASS
Fig.
4.Strip
line directional
coupler
2-SECTIONS
r-i
transmission
in
Fig. the
terminated behaves impedance and for all is coupled is fed emerges emerges
in and
the
proper
device
4-SECTIONS
frequencies,
a signal signal
coupled and no
ALL
STOP
2-SECTIONS
signal
pair. coupler here picture from that of can matrix. certain such the a dibe impedance
characteristics
determined However,
10 ALL STOP 2SECTIONS
be derived physical
because
it is believed
J t
operation. schematic at at the each diagram top of Fig. terminal. of The the directional resistance is ex-
A coupler
simplified
4 with
terminations
coupler
Fig.
3.Physical
layout
of coupled
strip
line
filters.
6 Oliver and Knechtl~, 10C. cit., have also recently transmission-line directional couplers and shown designed to have infinite directivity and constant for all degrees of coupling.
80
cited bottom in two tion, with a voltage 2, the states
IRE TRAAfSACTiONS
ON
MICROWAVE
l,
THEORY
= J, e
AND
J.. v~ino
TECHNIQUES
April
2 IT in series same
with
1. At
the
of Fig. different out-of-phase 1 and voltages of of in is seen strips the with that
is shown excitawith =;
J
of excitation.
[~<~ 00
voltages 2, while
series
d-l
principle
2COS+SWE+?21 18)
V30=0
V4. V40
voltage
(19)
series
be obtained excitations.
V4 = .
impedance excitation
of one
to ground
to ground directional
0+ maximum
is a from
s[>2coupled
quarter
E!] 20)
voltage,
wavelength
In order
to have
that the the
at all frequencies
Z;n be it equal is seen to
it is necessary
Z.. that Applying the input
V2,
occurs (;.e.,
when
the
long
0 = 90).
(18) as
a maximum
coupling
coefficient
principal
of
the as
directional
coupler
terminated
in
Z.
may
be defined
z Oe
1 v,
z 00 =k=-
. 1
(21)
V
(14)
With
written
this
as
substitution,
the
voltage
at terminal
2 can
be
where (ZO + jZOO tan 0) V,=v (15) jk sin 0 ~1kcos9+jsin0 at terminal Vlll V4= (16) Eqs. When that (15) and (16) are substituted in (14), it is found 01iver.4 that for Zlfi = Z. when (22) and (23) to _
~lkcos O+~sin O
(22)
while and
the
voltage
4 becomes P
(23)
are his
the Fig.
same 6 or
Reference small
values
coupler 3 db bandwidths
20 = (2.20.)
This Zao)lfz, width characteristic is always strip lines wider weaker the at of the less line than than impedance than of the the the same
1/2. of width. coupler strips. the change the coupler, Therefore, is required Although in width
a 3 to stronger
1 frequency couplings
between wider
points,
of operation
are obtained.
COUPLED TRANSMISSION LINE IMPEDANCES Zoe AND
characteristic
impedance
of a single be slightly couplings negligible. Under appearing voltages the length either voltage
ZOO
in-
connecting
to the coupled
characteristic thin by for and at high rigorously form paper strips applications rf is minimized Approximate conductors
finitesimally
calcuto
15 db,
condition terminal
Z.= the of
(ZoeZo~)l/, coupler is
the
voltage
Zo, for be
VI=
V. The
from line of at
by a
VA may impedance
must
straightforward
a transmission
(Z~~Z~~)lt2 and
a similar
formulas
round
determined
6 and (Z#o~)l2.
analysis
coupled-strip line, TRANS. IRE, vol. 1955. Research Institute, private communica
1956 He finds
that
Maxweli
and
Leon:
Absolute
Measurement
of Receiver
where Coo = one half
Noise
Figures
at
UHF
the
capacity (p@/cm),
between
the
two
center
(24)
between center
the
parallel
comand
bination
conductors
(25)
conductors, of induction (ppf/cm) (a negative measured when between cluantity). as the the capacity strip lhalf the the center conductors CZZ is easily strip the and
s = center constant
to center plane of
spacing
b = ground
configurations to analysis ZO. from Thus it
spacing, coupled
and
medium of
capacity either
is always
determine capacity of
ground
other one of
measurements
of the
static
while
strips.
between conductors
parallel grouncl.
Ioovc
(27)
DA by
-sc-64t525
sponsc)red
= 3 [C22
C23]
Engineering
!Laboratories.
Measurement
E.
of Receiver
MAXWELL~ AND B. J.
Noise
LEON?
Figures
at U13F*
Srmrmary-Absolute measurements of noise-figures in the UHF range are described, using hot and cold thermal sources as standards. It was found that the noise temperature of the T-5 6 watt fluorescent tube is 16.1 kO.6 db above k TAv. Noise diodes were found to be in error at these frequencies by approximately 1 db. lNTRODUCTION HE fined T Noise power X output noise of receiver power the from from source power of noise techand be noise as figure of a receiver is conventionally de-
The noise
second generator,
which apply
uses and
a is
that
a re-
is available. source
source T, which
some
external
F=
Receiver It is measured by of the generator, known that the gain available by with but
can noise
be Shownz component
whose
either receiver or
noise
a calibrated iz =
in and the frequency interval 2eIAv Av. e is the electronic charge
intensity. (noise
is straightforward
difficult
to do precisely receiver
If the
diode
by with
a so
bandwidth
2eIRAv.
time of
* The research in this document was supported jointly by the .Army, Navy, and Ak Force under contract with the M.I.T. This paper was presented at the URSI-IRE symposium held in Washington, D. C.; May 2-5; 1956. t Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
be neg
Amplifiers,