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All anti-inflammatory drugs are divided into 2 groups:

(a) Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory) drugs ; (b) Steroid anti-inflammatory drugs Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs are classified according to chemical structure and anti-inflammatory activity. I group preparations with strong anti-inflammatory activity A. Nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) I. Acid derivatives

1) Derivatives of salicylic (ortho-oxybenzoic) acid


Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) Sodium salicilate

Lysine acetylsalicylate Methyl salicylate

2) Pyrazolone derivatives
Phenylbutazone Indomethacin

3) Derivatives of indole-acetic acid


Sulindac

Derivatives of phenylacetic acid


Diclofenac Sodium (Volveran)

Derivatives of propionic acid


Ibuprofen Mefenamic acid Naproxen Ketoptofen

Derivatives of anthranylic acid Oxicam derivatives


Piroxicam Tenoxicam Lornoxicam

II. Non-acidic derivatives B. Preferential inhibitors of COX2


Meloxicam Celecoxib Nabumetone Rofecoxib preparations with poor anti-inflammatory activity

C. Selective inhibitors of COX2

II group

Pyrazolone derivative
Metamizol

Paraaminophenol derivatives

Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)

Preparations of other chemical structure-

Ketorolac

Antihistaminic drugs blockers of H1-histaminic receptors: Drugs of the first generation (old): Diphenhydramine (Dimedrol) Promethazine (Diprazine, Pipolphen) Chloropyramine (Suprastin) Clemastine (Tavegyl) Phencarol Mebhydroline (Diazoline) Antihistamines of the second generation: Loratadine (Claritine, Clarotadin) Acrivastine (Semprex) Azelastine Cetirizine (Zyrtec) Ebastine (Kestine) Desloratadine (Aerius)

Fexofenadine (Telfast)

Inhibitors of mast cell and basophile degranulation:


For internal use Ketotifen For inhalation: Cromoglicic acid (Intal) Nedocromil (Tilade) Combined drugs (cromoglicic acid +fenoterol = Ditec) For local use: Cromoglicic acid (Ifiral) Cromohexal

Others drugs with antiallergic action:

Glucocorticoids Antileukotriene drugs: - Lipoxygenase blockers: zileuton - Blockers of leukotriene receptors: zafirlukast, montelukast

FUNCTIONAL ANTAGONISTS OF HISTAMINE:


2-adrenomimetics adrenalin, isadrine, orciprenaline (alupent) Muscarinic receptor blocker: Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) Methylxanthines: theophylline, aminophylline (euphylline) Antileukotriene drugs: lipoxygenase blockers: zileuton blockers of leukotriene receptors: zafirlukast, montelukast

Classification of analgesics,
I.

II.

1. Narcotic analgesics containing alkaloids of opium. Among these are Morphine and Codeine. Synthetic narcotic analgesics. Trimeperidine (Promedol) Fentanyl Piritramide Pentazocine Tramadol Butorphanol Classification of narcotic analgesics according to their action on different types of opioid receptors.
1.

Narcotic analgesics Non-narcotic analgesics

Full agonists of opioid receptors. They stimulate all types of opioid receptors. Among these are Morphine, Trimeperidine, Fentanyl. B. Partial agonists of opioid receptors. The drugs are also called agonists-antagonists because they stimulate some types of opioid receptors and block others. Among these are:
A.

Pentazocine Butorphanol Nalbuphine Buprenorphine Piritramide

Narcotic analgesics with a mixed mechanism of action. For example,Tramadol.


C.

2. Non-narcotic analgesics of different chemical groups.


The main non-narcotic analgesics are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Pyrazolone derivatives: Metamizole sodium Paraaminophenol derivatives: Paracetamol Heteroaryl-acetic acid derivatives: Ketorolac 4. Drugs with a high anti-inflammatory activity can be recommended for the treatment of pain syndrome caused by inflammation of peripheral tissues. Among these are Diclofenac, Indometacin, Acetylsalicylic acid and
1. 2. 3.

Meloxicam.
AGENTS ACTING ON FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE APPARATUS I.
a)

b)
II.

Agents influencing an appetite stimulants of an appetite (bitter stuffs) preparations inhibiting an appetite (anorectics) Phepranone Sibutramine Agents regulating motor (motional) function of GIT 1. Emetics

a) b)

emetic drugs of direct action Apomorphine emetic drugs of reflex action preparations of Thermopsis 2. Antiemetics a) blockers of dopamine receptors of trigger zone of vomiting centre
c)

d)

Tiethylperazine (Turicam) Bromopride Metaclopramide (Cerucal, Reglan) Domperidone (Mothilium) Blockers of serotonin 5HT3 receptors Tropisetrone Ondansetrone drugs of other mechanism of action M-cholinoblockers (Scopalamine, Aerone) Antigistaminic drugs (Diprazine, Dimedrol)

3. Preparations increasing tone of smooth muscles and motility of GIT Anticholinesterase drug (Proserine) 4. Preparations decreasing tone of smooth muscles and motility of GIT Spasmolitics (Papaverine, Drotaverine, Dibazol) M-chlinergic blockers (Atropine) Gaglionic blockers (Pirilen, Benzoxexonium)

III. Laxatives A. Preparations causing mechanical irritation of mechanoreceptors of mucous coat of intestine according to nature 1. 2. 3. Salt laxatives Magnesium sulfate Sodium sulfate Mineral salts Preparations swelling in intestine Laminaria Bran Seed of plantain Linseed Methylcellulose Carboxycellulose Prune Lactulose preparations Normaze Duphalac B. Preparations causing chemical irritation of chemoreceptors in intestine Preparations containing anthraglycosides Rhubarb root Buckthorn bark Common [purging] buckthorn Senna leaves Rhamnil Antrasennin Senade Agiolax 2. Synthetic laxatives Phenolphtalein Oxyphenisatine Bisacodyl (Dulcolax) Sodium picosulfate (Guttalax) 3. Castor oil C. Preparations softening fecal mass and facilitating their travel through intestine eccoprotic preparations sunflower-seed oil almond-oil olive oil liquid paraffin Poloscalpol D. Carminative agents stimulate passage of gases. Fennel seeds Dill seeds

1.

caraway-seeds aromatic waters (mint, anise, dill) IV. Antidiareal agents. a) Preparations of specific action acting on pathogenic organisms (antimicrobial and antibacterial agents) b) Preparations of non-specific action (for symptomatic therapy) Drugs inhibiting intestine peristalsis

Loperamide Immodium) Attapulgit (Caopectate) Smecta (Diosmectide) V. Agents influencing on secretion of GIT a) Stimulators of secretion

b)

Histamine Pentagastrine agents inhibiting stomach secretion VI. Antiulcer agents 1. Antacids

of systemic action (Sodium hydrocarbonate) of non-systemic action (Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium sulfate, Calcium carbonate, Aluminium hydrate) 2. Preparations decreasing secretion of hydrochloric acid
a) b) a)


b)

c)

histamine H2-receptors blockers: Ranitidine Famotidine Cimetidine proton pump inhibitors (blockers Omeprazole Pantoprazole Lansoprazole muscarinic receptor blockers: nonselective m-cholinoblockers Atropine

K+ - ATPase):

agents blocking M1-cholinoreceptors mainly Pirenzepine

3. Gastroprotectors preparations protecting mucous coat of stomach from lesions a) Preparations producing mechanical protection of mucous coat (ulcer surface). Sucralfat Bismuth tripotassium dicitrate b) Prostaglandin analogues:

Misoprostol Enprostil Rioprostil 4. Preparations stimulating regeneration of mucous coat of stomach a) Preparations received from liquorice Carbenoxolon b) Synthetic analogue of enkephalins Dalargin c) Preparations of biostimulants Solcoseril Methyluracil Vitamin U 5. Preparation inhibiting chelicobacter pylori Metronidazole Macrolide antibiotics (Clarythromycin, Roxithromycin) De-nol VII. hepatotropic agents A. Influencing on liver function: Bile-expelling preparations are divided into a) Agents stimulating bile production (choleretica (chole bile, rheo flow) or cholesecretica). b) Agents promoting bile excretion (cholagoga (chole bile, ago turn out) or cholekinetica). c) Preparations relaxing biliary tracts d) Preparations thining bile (dilutent) B. Hepatoprotectors Silibinin Essentiale Corsil LIV-52 C. Cholelitolitics Ursodeoxycholic acid Ursofalc Chenodeoxycholic acid VIII. Agents used in disorders of excretory function of pancreas 1. In deficiency of pancreas function substitute therapy is used Pancreatin enzyme of pancreas 2. Drugs used in increased function of pancreas (acute pancreatitis) Inhibitors of ptoteolitic enzymes

Aprotinin Contrical IX. Drugs regulating balance of intestine microflora (so-called eubiotics) Lactobacterine Bifidumbacterine Bactisuptil Classification of antianginal drugs: group and preparations I. Drugs decreasing the myocardial oxygen demand 1. Nitrates Short acting: Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, Nitroglycerine) Long acting: Isosorbide dinitrate (short acting by sublingual route), Isosorbide mononitrate, Erythrityl tetranitrate, Penta erythritol tetranitrate 2. Nitrites closed to nitrates on mechanism of action: Amylnitrite, Sodium nitrite
3. - adrenoceptor blockers: Propranolol, Metoprolol, Atenolol,

Nebivolol etc. 4. Calcium channel blockers. They decrease the myocardium functions and so the myocardial oxygen consumption too. Phelyl alkylamine: Verapamil Benzothiazepine: Diltiazem Dihydropyridines: Nifedepine, Felodipine, Amlodipine, Nitrendipine, Nimodipine, Lacidipine 5. Potassium channel opener - Nicorandil II. Drugs increasing oxygen delivery to the myocardium: They are less effective and so less popular and used rare.
1. Validol the drug of reflex action, it is used for relief of angina pectoris

symptoms 2. 2- adrenoceptor agonists: Oxyphedrine 3. Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4. Coronary vasodilating drugs with adenosine mechanism of action. They increase adenosine concentration in the myocardium, dilate collateral vessels Dipyridamole III. Inhibitors of platelet aggregation - Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) in small doses up to 100 mg in a day CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS Group I - neurotropic drugs of central action
1) 2)

2-adrenomimetics Clonidine , Methyldopa , Guanfacine Agonist of imidazoline receptors Moxonidine , Rilmenadine Group II - neurotropic drugs of peripheral action

1)

Ganglionic blockers

Hexamethonium Benzosulfonate Trepirium Iodide (Hygronium) 2) Sympatholytics Reserpine Guanethidine Sulfate Combined preparations: Adelphan , Brinerdin , Crystepin
3) a) b) 4)

selective 1adrenoceptor antagonist short term acting drug Prazosin long term acting drug Terazosin, Doxazosin, Bunazosin -adrenoceptor antagonist 1 generation 1- 2- adrenoceptor antagonists Propranolol , Pindolol , Bopindolol , Nadolol 2 generation cardioselective 1- adrenoceptor antagonists Metoprolol , Atenolol , Bisoprolol , Talinolol 3 generation

nonselective Carvedilol, Busindolol selective - adrenoceptor antagonists with vasodilating properties Nebivolol Group III drugs of myotropic action

1)

Blockers of calcium channel L-type - Nifedipine, Amlodipine, Diltiazem T-type - Mibefradil 2) Potassium channel activators Minoxidil Diazoxide 3) Nitrosovasodilators Sodium Nitroprusside Molsidomine 4) Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase Dibasol Papaverine 5) Others Hydrolazine Magnesium sulfate Group IV drugs acting on renin- angiotensin system 1) 2) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors Captopril Enalapril Lisinopril Benazepril Ramipril Perindopril Angiotensin II antagonists

Losartan Valsartan Candesartan Group V diuretics Hydrochlorothiazide Furosemide (Lasix) Spironolactone

CLASSIFICATION OF CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS A. 1) 2) According to nature Dihydropyridine derivatives Nifedipine Nicardipine Felodipine Lacidipine Nimodipine Nitrendipine Felodipine Amlodipine Isradipine They more influence on artery tone then on myocardium. Benzothiazepine derivatives Diltiazem Equal influence both artery and myocardium. 3) Phenylalkylamine derivatives Verapamil Influence on myocardium is greater then on arteries. So it is used in arrhythmia and coronary heart disease. According to generation Generation 1(short term action) Nifedipine Nicardipine Diltiazem Verapamil Generation 2(prolonged forms of preparations of generation I, retard-forms or new compounds with long time of action) Isradipine Nimodipine Generation III Amlodipine Lacidipine Antihypotensive drugs.

Hypotension (low blood pressure) can be acute and chronic. Acute hypotension is observed in collapse, shock and faint. Chronic hypotension is characterized by permanent low arterial blood pressure. For the treatment of hypotension depending on its cause the following groups of preparations are used. 1. Vasoconstrictive agents: a) Agonists of angiotensin II Angiotensinamide (synthetic analogue of endogenous angiotensinamide). It is manufactured in the form of powder in vials. It is dissolved ex tempore and administered intravenously. Angiotensinamide has short-time but vigourous action.

b) Adrenoceptor agonists (mainly - adrenoceptor agonists)

Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) They are non-selective - adrenoceptor agonists. Mesaton selective ones. c) Sympathomimetics Ephedrine It stimulates noradrenaline release from presynaptic membrane. All the drugs are mainly used in acute hypotension. d) Glucocorticoids

Prednisolone Dexamethasone Hydrocortisone They are used in acute hypotension as they increase adrenoreceptor sensitivity to catecholamines, decreases penetrability of vessels. 2. Agents increasing cardiac output (improving heart function). They are used in case of shocks, in postoperative period. a) Dopamine receptor agonists

Dopamine hydrochloride It stimulates heart function and increases tone of vessels and used in cardiogenic shock, traumatic shock. b) -adrenomometics

Dobutamine c) Cardiac glycosides 3. Analeptics. They stimulate both tone of vessels and myocardium function.

Caffeine Cordiamin (Nikethamide) Camphor preparations

4. General tonic (general stimulants) they increase a tone of CNS. Ginseng Aralia Devil's-club Schizandra Tinctures from the plants are used in chronic hypotension conditions.

5. If hypotension is due to loss of blood then preparations increasing volume of blood circulation - plasma-substituting solutions, colloid solutions, crystalloid solutions (salt solutions). Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs, their groups and preparations. I. Drugs blocking ion channels of cardiac hystiocytes (conducting system of heart and contractile myocardium) 1. Drugs blocking sodium channels (membrane stabilizers; group IA) Subgroup IA (quinidine and quinidine like drugs): Quinidine sulfate Procainamide Subgroup IB: Lidocain Subgroup IC: Flecainide Propafenone Ethmosine Ethacizine Phenytoin Disopyramide Ajmaline

2. Drugs blocking L-type of calcium channels (group IV) Verapamil Diltiazem

3. Drugs blocking potassium channels (drugs increasing repolarization duration and action potential; group III) Amiodaron (Cordaron) Ornid Sotalol

II. Drugs mainly influencing on receptors of heart efferent innervation Drugs weakening adrenergic influences: - adrenergic blockers Anaprilin and etc. Drugs increasing adrenergic influences: - adrenergic agonists Isoprenaline sympathomimetics

Ephedrine Drugs weakening cholinergic influences: muscarinic receptor blocker Atropine sulfate III. Different drugs having antiarrhythmic activity Potassium and magnesium drugs Adenosine Cardiac glycosides

Antiarrhythmic drugs are also classified into following groups: A. Drugs used in tachyarrhythmia and extrasystoles Drugs blocking sodium channels Drugs blocking calcium channels Drugs blocking potassium channels - adrenergic blockers Cardiac glycosides (digitalis drugs) Adenosine Potassium and magnesium drugs B. Drugs used in bradyarrhythmia and conduction abnormality Muscarinic receptor blocker - adrenergic agonists Classification of antibiotics (groups and drugs) I. (Beta) - lactam antibiotics Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapenems Monobactams II. Macrolides and azalides III. Aminoglycosides IV. Tetracyclines V. Polymyxins VI. Lincosamides VII. Rifampicins VIII. Glycopeptides IX. Polyene antibiotics X. Others: Chloramphenicol, Fosfomycin, Fusidic acid, Ristomycin, Gramicidin

Biosynthetic penicillins can be classified into: 1. Drugs with a short-term action: Benzylpenicillin: benzylpenicillin-sodium; benzylpenicillinpotassium Phenoxymethylpenicillin Benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin 2. Drugs with a long-term action: Benzylpenicillin-procaine Benzathine benzylpenicillin (bicillin-1, extencillin) Bicillin-3 (benzylpenicillin-potassium + benzylpenicillin-procaine + benzathine benzylpenicillin in equal quantities) Bicillin-5 (1 part of benzylpenicillin-procaine, 4 parts of benzathine benzylpenicillin) Semisynthetic penicillins: drugs and their pharmacological features. Semisynthetic penicillins can be classified into: I. Penicillinase resistant penicillins: Methicillin Oxacillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin Flucloxacillin Nafcillin Extended spectrum penicillins Ampicillin Amoxicillin Hetacillin Talampicillin Pivampicillin

II. III.

Penicillins acting on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (blue pus bacillus) a) Carboxypenicillins: Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Carfecillin b) Ureidopenicillins: Piperacillin, Azlocillin, Mezlocillin Cephalosporins are subdivided into following generations. I. First generation: 1. Parenteral: Cephalothin, Cefazolin 2. Oral: Cephalexin, Cefadroxil II. Second generation: 1. Parenteral: Cefuroxime, Cefoxitin, Cefamandole 2. Oral: Cefaclor, Cefuroxime axetil III. Third generation:

1. Parenteral: Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefoperazone/sulbactam 2. Oral: Cefixime, Ceftibuten IV. Fourth generation: Parenteral: Cefepime, Cefpirome
Modes of manufacturing Natural macrolides Semisynthetic macrolides Fourteen-membered Erythromycin Oleandomycin Roxithromycin Clarithromycin

Ceftazidime,

Cefoperazone,

Fifteen- membered

Sixteen- membered Spiramycin Josamycin Midecamycin

Azithromycin

Midecamycin acetate

Classification:
1. Aminoglycosides of the 1st generation: Streptomycin, Kanamycin,

Neomycin 2. Aminoglycosides of the 2nd generation: Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Netilmicin 3. Aminoglycosides of the 3rd generation: Amikacin Quinolones and fluoroquinolones:
1. Drugs of the 1st generation: non-fluorinated quinolones

Nalidixic acid Oxolinic acid Pipemidic acid 2. Drugs of the 2nd generation: Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Pefloxacin Lomefloxacin (2 F) 3. Drugs of the 3rd generation: Levofloxacin Sparfloxacin Temafloxacin (3F) Enoxacin Tosufloxacin Fleroxacin Rufloxacin 4. Drugs of the 4th generation: Moxifloxacin Clinafloxacin Gatifloxacin Trovafloxacin (3F) 1. Classification of antituberculous drugs (groups and medicines).

According to their chemical structure antituberculous drugs can be divided into: I.


II.

III. IV. V. VI

Antituberculous antibiotics: Rifampicin Rifabutin Capreomycin Cycloserine Streptomycin Kanamycin Amikacin Hydrazides of isonicotinic acid: Isoniazid Metazide Opiniazide Ftivazide Derivatives of para-aminosalicylic acid: Para-aminosalicylic acid Synthetic drugs with other chemical structure: Pyrazinamide Ethionamide Ethambutol Thiacetazone Fluoroquinolones: Lomefloxacin Ciprofloxacin Ofloxacin Macrolides :

Clarithromycin Azithromycin According to their clinical utility antituberculous drugs can be divided into: I. Drugs of first line: These drugs have high antitubercular efficacy as well as low toxicity; are used routinely Streptomycin Rifampicin Isoniazid Ethambutol Pyrazinamide II. Drugs of second line: These drugs have either low antitubercular efficacy or high toxicity or both; are used in special circumstances only. Capreomycin Cycloserine Kanamycin Amikacin Para-aminosalicylic acid Lomefloxacin

Classification of antifungal drugs: According to their chemical structure drugs are divided into following groups: I. Antifungal antibiotics: A. Polyenes: Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Natamycin B. Heterocyclic benzofurans: Griseofulvin II. Synthetic antifungal drugs: A. Azoles: 1. Imidazole derivatives: Clotrimazole, Econazole, Miconazole, Ketoconazole, Oxiconazole 2. Triazole derivatives: Fluconazole, Intraconazole B. Allylamines: Terbinafine, Naftifine C. Thiocarbamates: Tolnaftate D. Nitrophenol derivatives: Nitrofungin E. Derivatives of undecylenic acid: ointment Zincundan, ointment Undecin F. Antifungal drugs with other chemical structure: 1. Dequalinium chloride (Decamin) 2. Iodine drugs: alcohol solution of Iodine, potassium iodide 3. Drugs of salicylic acid I. Synthetic antiviral drugs: 1. Adamantane derivatives: Amantadine Rimantadine 2. Nucleoside analogs: Zidovudine (AZT) Acyclovir Valaciclovir Vidarabine Ganciclovir Idoxuridine 3. Drugs with other chemical structure: Arbidol Oxolin Tebrophen Bonaphton Florenal II. Drugs of a biological origin: 1. Interferons: Interferon alfa () Interferon alfa-2a

Interferon alfa-2b Interferon beta () Interferon gamma () 2. Drugs of a herbal origin: Flacosid Alpisarin Helepin Gossypol According to their clinical utility antiviral drugs are classified into: I. Anti-influenza drugs: a) Adamantane derivatives: Amantadine Rimantadine b) Inhibitors of viral neuraminidase: Zanamivir Ozeltamivir c) Inducers of interferon synthesis: Arbidol II. Anti-herpes drugs: 1. Nucleoside analogs: Acyclovir Valaciclovir Famciclovir Idoxuridine Ganciclovir 2. Inducers of interferon synthesis: Cycloferon III. Drugs used for the treatment of HIV:

1. Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase: a) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) Zidovudine (AZT) Didanozine Stavudine Lamivudine Zalcitabine b) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) Nevirapine Efaverenz 2. Protease inhibitors:

Saquinavir Indinavir Amprenavir Ritonavir IV. Drugs used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus infections: 1. Nucleoside analogs: Ganciclovir Valganciclovir 2. Foscarnet V. Antiviral drugs with an extended spectrum of action (nonselective antiviral drugs): Ribavirin Lamivudine Interferons: Interferon , etc There are drugs which increase resistance of body cells to an action of viruses (nonselective antiviral drugs). Among these are: Interferons: Interferon alfa (), Interferon alfa-2a, Interferon alfa-2b, Interferon beta (), Interferon gamma () Inducers of interferon synthesis: Arbidol, Poludan, Neovir (Cridanimod), Cycloferonum (Methylglucamine acridonacetate), Immunomodulators: Imunofan, Licopid, Levamisole, Polyoxydonium

1. Classification of antiprotozoal drugs.


I. Drugs used for the treatment and prevention of malaria. Chloroquine (chingamin) Pyrimethamine (chloridin) Mefloquine Quinine Primaquine Sulfonamides: Sulfadoxine Tetracyclines: Tetracycline, Doxycycline II. Drugs used for the treatment of amebiasis. Metronidazole Emetine Tetracyclines: Tetracycline, Doxycycline Chloroquine Iodoquinol III. Drugs used for the treatment of lambliasis. Metronidazole Furazolidone Aminochinole IV. Drugs used for the treatment of trichomoniasis. Metronidazole Tinidazole

Trichomonacide Furazolidone V. Drugs used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis. Pyrimethamine (chloridin) Sulfadimidine (Sulfadimesine) VI. Drugs used for the treatment of balantidiasis. Tetracyclines Monomycin Chiniofone VII. Drugs used for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Solyusurmin Sodium stibogluconate Metronidazole Pentamidine Meglumine antimonite

According to localization of amoebas, antiamoebic drugs can be divided into: A. Antiamoebic drugs (amoebicides) used for the treatment of intestinal and extraintestinal amoebiasis. Metronidazole Tinidazole Ornidazole B. Amoebicides (with direct action) which are effective against amoebas localized within lumen of the large intestine. Chiniofon Iodoquinol C. Amoebicides (with indirect action) which are effective against amoebas localized within lumen of the large intestine and in intestinal wall. Tetracyclines D. Tissue amoebicides acting on amoebas localized in intestinal wall and in the liver. Emetine Dehydroemetine E. Tissue amoebicides effective against amoebas localized in the liver. Chloroquine

Classification of antihelmintic drugs: Antihelmintic drugs can be classified into:


I. Drugs used for the treatment of intestinal helminthiasises. 1. Drugs used for the treatment of intestinal nematodosises Levamisole

Pyrantel pamoate Mebendazole

Albendazole Piperazine adipate Pyrvinium embonate Bephenium hydroxynaphthoas 2. Drugs used for the treatment of intestinal cestodosises. Mebendazole Albendazole Praziquantel Aminoacrichine Niclosamide II. Drugs used for the treatment of abenteric helminthiasises.

1. Drugs used for the treatment of abenteric nematodosises.


Diethylcarbamazine (ditrazine citrate)
1.

Drugs used for the treatment of abenteric cestodosises Drugs used for the treatment of abenteric trematodosises

Albendazole Praziquantel
2.

Praziquantel Chloxyl Antimonyl Na- tartrate Emetine Diethylcarbamazine (ditrazine citrate)

Classification of antineoplastic drugs:


I. Aalkylating agents: Chlorethylamines: Cyclophosphamide, Chlorbutin, Dopane, Sarcolysine (merphalan) Ethylenimine: Thiotepa (thiophosphamide) Derivatives of methanesulfonic acid: Myelosan Nitrosoureas: Nitrosourea, Lomustine, Carmustine, Nimustine Triazines: Dacarbazine, Procarbazine Drugs containing Platinum: Cisplatin, Carboplatin II. Antimetabolites:

Antagonists of folic acid: Methotrexate Purine antagonists: Mercaptopurine Pyrimidine antagonists: 5-Fluorouracil, Phthorafur, Cytarabine III. Antineoplastic antibiotics:

Actinomycins: Dactinomycin Anthracyclines: Rubomycin, Doxorubicin, Carminomycin Phleomycins: Bleomycin Drugs with other chemical structure: Olivomycin, Mitomycin, Rufocromomycin IV. Vegetable antineoplastic drugs: Vinca alkaloids: Vincristine, Vinblastine Taxanes (alkaloids of Western yew tree): Paclitaxel, Docetaxel Epipodophyllotoxin: Etoposide, Tenyposide Alkaloids of showy autumn crocus: Colchamine, Colchicine V. Enzymatic drugs: L-Asparaginase VI. Hormones and their antagonists: Androgens: Testosterone propionate, Medrotestrone propionate, Tetrasterone Estrogens: Ethinylestradiol, Fosfestrol, Diethylstilbestrol Gestagens: Hydroxyprogesterone, Medroxyprogesterone Antiestrogens: Tamoxifen, Toremifene Antiandrogens: Flutamide, Cyproterone Antagonists of hypothalamic hormone stimulating release of gonadotropic hormone: Goserelin, Leiprorelin Aromatase inhibitors: Letrozole Glucocorticoids: Prednisolone, Dexamethasone VII. Cytokinins:

Interferons: Interferon alfa Interleukins: Interleukin-2


Derivatives of purine alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine) increase cerebral blood flow. From this drug group Pentoxyphylline (Agapurin, Trental) is used now for stroke treatment. It takes moderate vasodilating action, decreases platelet aggregation, increases erythrocyte membrane elasticity and improves microcirculation. The vasodilating effect is due to the adenosine receptor block. Besides the drug inhibits phosphodiesterase and increases the cyclic adenosine monophosphate contents in platelets. Pentoxyphylline is also used in peripheral circulation disorders, diabetic angiopathy, eye blood flow disorders. Adverse effects include dyspepsia, dizziness, redness.

Classification of drugs influencing tone and contractions of myometrium A. AGENTS INCREASING STRENGTH AND FREQUENCY OF RHYTHMIC CONTRACTION OF UTERUS (DELIVERY STIMULATING) I. Neurotropic agents

1) M-cholinomimetics Acetylcholine Carbachol 2) Anticholinergic drugs Neostigmine 3) Ganglion-blocking agents Pachycarpine hydroiodide Hexamethonium benzosulfonate Azamethonium bromide Pempidine tosylate 4) Dopaminomimetics Levodopa 5) -adrenomimetics Noradrenalin 6) -adrenoblockers Propranolol 7) Serotonin receptor agonists Serotonin adipinate 8) Agonists of histamine receptors Histamine II. Hormonal preparations 1) Preparations of posterior pituitary Demoxytocin Oxytocin Pituitrin 2) Prostaglandins Dinoprostone (prostaglandine E2 preparation) Dinoprost (prostaglandin F2 preparation) 3) Estrogenic hormones Steroid Esrone Estradiol Estradiol dipropionate Nonsteroid synthetic Hexestrol Diethylstilbestrol 4) Corticosteroid hormones Cortisone acetate III. Cyclic nucleotides cGMP IV. Calcium salts Calcium chloride

B. AGENTS INCREASING TONE OF MYOMETRIUM Ergot alkaloids Ergometrine Ergotamine Methylergometrine Preparations of other plants Capsella bursa-pastoris (caseweed) fluid extract (herb) Polygonum hydropiper (water pepper) fluid extract (herb) Nettle fluid extract (leaves) Arnica infusion (flowers) C. AGENTS INHIBITING CONTRACTILITY AND TONE OF MYOMETRIUM (TOCOLYTICS) I. Neurotropic agents 1) M-cholinoblocking agents Atropine Platiphylline Metocinium iodide 2) -adrenoblocking agents Phentolamine Tropodifene hydrochloride 3) 2-adrenomimetics Orciprenaline Salbutamol Fenoterol (Partusisten) Terbutaline Hexoprenaline (Gynipral) Isoxuprine Ritodrine 4) GABA-ergic agents Sodium oxybutirate Gamma aminobutyric acid (Picamolonum) Hopatenic acid (Pantogam) 5) Inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis Indomethacin Ibuprofen Mefenamic acid Diflunisal 6) Hormonal gestagenic preparations Progesterone Oxyprogesterone capronate Allylestrenol (Turinal) 7) Myotropic spasmolitics (inhibitors of phosphodiesterase) Theophylline Aminophylline Papaverine

Drotaverine Pentoxifylline (trental) 8)Magnesium salts Magnesium sulphate IV. AGENTS DECREASING TONE OF NECK OF UTERUS Atropine sulfate Dinoprost Dinoprostone

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