BATHS of JANUBIO

Jonathan Hopkins

Roger Williams University

School of Architecture, Art and Historic Preservation Arch 513 Comprehensive Design Studio Roberto Viola Ochoa, Adjunct Faculty Summer 2011

Jonathan Hopkins | Graduate Student

Table of Contents
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5
Introduction Context Analysis Site Analysis Baths of Janubio Technical Solutions 01 03 43 63 103

Black and White Construction Set Research Additional Documentation

Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C

Architecture deals with spaces, the thoughtful and meaningful making of spaces.
Louis Kahn, 1973

1 | 00

Introduction

Lanzarote is a place that sees value in its unique landscape. The celebration of that landscape through built intervention cannot come at the expense of the natural features that so define this place. The right balance of preserving the environment, respecting the landscape, and allowing visitors to experience the island is essential to sustaining the economy of Lanzarote. The project is a showcase of these principles and a continuation of the built legacy and tradition of Lanzarote. The Baths of Janubio act as both windows to the landscape and as a mirror for the vernacular-inspired architecture of the building itself.

1 | 01

 F or m e, it w as the most be autiful plac e on e arth a n d I re a lize that if they w ere c apable of se e ing the island through my e y es , the n the y would think lik e me . Since then I m ade it a point to show Lanzarote to the world.
Csar Manrique

2 | 02

Context Analysis
L a n z a r o t e

Location
Geography Geology

04 06 10

Formation History

Settlement Development

Environment
Landscape Built

32

2 | 03

Context Analysis
Geographic Location
The Canary Islands are a Spanish archipelago located off the western coast of Africa, approximately 1200 miles southwest of Madrid. The island is named for the dogs that inhabit the islands and play a large role in the prehistoric culture of the islands. With over 12 million visitors a year, the Canaries are a major tourist destination, which reflects the history of the islands as a place of exploration, settlement, and conquest. The environment of the Canaries is a result of the African-Sahara climate, and the volcano landscape of the islands. The seven main islands that make up the Canaries, from left to right (below), are El Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. There are also several smaller islands that make up the archipelago. Tenerife is both the largest geographic island as well as the most populous. The length of the archipelago stretches roughly 300 miles, from the eastern tip of Lanzarote to the western edge of El Hierro. The Canaries are broken into two provinces - Las Palmas, which includes Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and Gran Canaria; and Santa Crus de Tenerife, which include El Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera and Tenerife.

Canary Islands, Spain 2 | 04

Lanzarote is the easternmost island of the Canaries located 80 miles from the Moroccan coast at the closest point and is just under 7 miles from Fuerteventura. The islands proximity to the coast played a large role in the settlement and eventual conquering of the entire Canaries. In many ways, it was the stepping stone that led to further exploration of the island chain. Lanzarote was also the first land mass to emerge from the ocean floor during the geologic formation of the archipelago.

Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain 28 06N, 15 24W

2 | 05

Context Analysis
Geologic Formation

2 | 06

The geologic formation of the Canary Islands is connected to its location off the coast of Africa. Cooling processes in the mantle layer of the Earth and plate tectonic movement emerged in this region of the Atlantic Ocean as a result of continental drift separating the American continent from the African. The Canary hotspot - a deep volcanic hotspot atop a mantle plume - appeared off the western coast of Africa around 60 million years ago . Activity in the hotspot formed the island of Lanzarote around 35 million years ago with fiery blasts of volcanic eruptions and solidified lava and rock formations. The island is populated with over 100 volcanoes, some of which were active as recently as the 19th century. Although, the most intense volcanic activity in the modern era occurred in the 18th century. The island is an ever evolving and expanding land mass that owes much of its uniqueness to its geologic formation. Jurassic Period: Islands arise from oceanic crust Cretaceous Period: Underwater magmatism ceases Miocene Period: The ocean surface is breached by volcanic activity

2 | 07

Context Analysis
Landscape Features

La Graciosa, Lanzarote

The volcanic history of the island plays an enormous part for the landscape environment and character of Lanzarote today. Its unique features have both been the cause of troubling times on the island as well as its economic base as millions of people from around the world seek it as a tourist destination each year. This landscape can be experienced in all its forms - from the historic urban centers to modern resorts and popular beaches - thanks to the efforts made to preserve Lanzarote and its one-of-a-kind features. The history of the island is intimately intertwined with is location, formation and resulting environment, which makes for an important story that should influence any new development on the island.

2 | 08

Parque Natural de Los Volcanos

2 | 09

Context Analysis
P r e h i s t o r y

According to the oldest written record by Greek philosophers, Lanzarote was settled in the 12th century BC by the Phoenicians, making it the first island of the Canaries to be inhabited by people. These early visitors most likely had trouble leaving the island due to the opposing wind direction, which forced a longer stay for the inhabitants than they may have intended. Survival on the island was based on rudimentary farming and fishing, as well as gathering various plants and berries. Livestock was also raised by early settlers as a means of subsistence. Settlements were located in strategic locations where the landscape naturally blocked winds, the ground was fertile, and where vantage points allowed for surveillance of the sea and surrounding land.

2 | 10

Archaeological excavations also reveal an early building typology that reflects a west African tradition of semi-buried huts. Excavating into the Earth allowed the dug out material to be reused for walls, in addition to the protection provided from these style of dwellings. Shelter is very important on Lanzarote where solar heat gain and the absence of large canopy trees make for a hostile midday environment.

Grapes that may have been gathered by aboriginals

Livestock on Lanzarote

2 | 11

Context Analysis
C o n q u e s t

In the 14th Century AD, Lanzarote de Framqua of Portugal arrived at the eastern most island of the Canaries. A fort was erected where the town of Tequise is now located, thus beginning the Conquest of the island.

The French arrived at the island in 1402. Slavery, of both Aboriginals and people imported from other places, was also brought to Lanzarote at this time. Two years later, the Castilians conquered the island from the aboriginal inhabitants of the island, the Guanches, which eventually led to controlling the other islands as well. In the 16th Century, an Ottoman admiral gained control of the island for a short period of time, but power was eventually regained by the Castilians.

2 | 12

The early part of the 18th century saw the rise of a traditional economy based on classes and trade, in addition to agriculture and fishing. Colonial ships from the Americas traded with western Europe and the Canary Islands for wine and other goods in the 1700s. Settlements at this time formed around fishing villages that had access to the water as well as agricultural lands.

Between 1730 and 1736, Lanzarote experienced severe volcanic activity that dramatically changed the landscape of the island. Many villages and the islands most fertile soil was covered by the eruptions. The agricultural production of the island was massively compromised as a result of active volcanoes. A drought in 1768 forced many inhabitants to flee across the Atlantic. These events had profound effects of the economy and culture of the island in coming decades. A new, unique landscape emerged that would bring people from around the world to the island and would put new demands on the ability to provide for inhabitants needs.

2 | 13

Context Analysis
O l d C e n t e r - Te q u i s e

Castillo de Guanapay

Teguise, 1897

Teguise is a city in central Lanzarote dating back from the 15th Century, when Spanish Conquistadores used the area to stock supplies for ship expeditions. The high elevation and location in the hills of Lanzarote provide a strategic place where the coastline can be observed. This was important in thwarting attempts by pirates to invade the city. There was time provided to inhabitants of Teguise to plan an escape or mount a defensive attack should a pirate ship be spotted in the distance. Teguise

The urban growth in Teguise is a traditional pattern of narrow streets and squares. The growth radiates outward from a central location where civic and religious activities intermingle. The density in the core reflects this growth as buildings were subdivided and added to throughout the years. Lower density development surrounds the core and is more recent. The streets were laid out periodically and do not follow a formal logic. The town boasts a small population of just over 1500 residents currently.

2 | 14

Market in Tequise

Teguise developed as the cultural and urban center of Lanzarote. Many of the islands vernacular buildings and traditional architecture have been retained to provide modern visitors with a glimpse of the citys past. The buildings rarely rise higher than 2 stories except for institutional buildings which usually sport a tower to orient people and present the wealth - both communal and private - of the specific owner or proprietor. Teguise is home to the islands largest market place, which remains active throughout the year selling various goods to residents and visitors (facing page, bottom image). Teguise is the old center of Lanzarote that became a secondary center with the rise of Arrecife.

2 | 15

Context Analysis

Yearly Prevailing Winds

After the intense volcanic eruptions of the 18th Century, the most fertile land on Lanzarote was covered in volcanic rock. The islands ability to grow and harvest produce was massively compromised and helped drive out inhabitants in the decades following the eruptions. As a result of this diminished agricultural landscape, less desirable soil had to be used in less desirable locations in order to supply the needs of inhabitants. These less desirable conditions are defined by high wind speeds, loose soil, and a severe lack of annual rainfall. Intense sunlight bakes the surface of the island and makes the dirt dry and brittle. This issue is exacerbated by the minimal rainfall in summer months.

2 | 16

In order to respond to and counteract these issues, various traditional techniques have been implemented for the growing of produce on the island. Plants are often chosen that have strong roots, which can hold onto the soil during periods of high wind speeds. By planting in depressed areas of land, plants can avoid the worst of the winds and retain water. A third strategy is to construct small walls, often semi-circles, around the plants to protect them from winds while not blocking needed sunlight. Volcanic rock is readily available and therefore used for the construction of these short walls.

Traditional Mediterranean agriculture technique

2 | 17

Context Analysis

Technological development in Lanzarote was necessary in the wake of the 18th Century volcanic eruptions to meet the needs of people living and visiting the island. The modern era saw the decline of slavery as an acceptable practice and animal and wind power was developed as a replacement for some of the labor demands on the island. The industrial revolution in Europe also provided a rising demand for a higher standard of living in the Western world.

The design and construction of industrial facilities was shaped by available materials and traditional building techniques. Large spaces were required for the production of exportable goods, which demanded open interior space. Wood rafters supported by columns and stone walls, and a central beam (above photo) provided the space needed to produce goods. Windmills were constructed mostly from local rock as wood remains difficult to come by. The economy was still based largely around fishing in the late 18th Century, but the growth of urban and cultural centers would lead Lanzarote into the modern era with a solid economic foundation.

2 | 18

2 | 19

Context Analysis
New Ce n t e r - Ar r e c ife
Arrecife (red in the map below) dates back to the 15th Century when it was established as a small fishing village. In the 16th Century, the city grew as a major port for trade with Europe and the British Colonies in America. Arrecife became the capital of Lanzarote in 1852 as it continued to grow into an urban center. Arrecifes natural reef gave the city both its name and protection from outsiders. Teguise, the old capitol, was no longer of strategic importance as the Conquest had ended, threats from invasion had subsided, and the Spanish Civil War was still eight decades away. The 20th Century has seen the rapid expansion and urban growth of the city as it continues to evolve economically and spatially. The population of Arrecife is just over 50,000. The volcanic activity on the island produced a unique and beautiful landscape of rock formations and vast areas of rocky terrain. This created enormous demand for tourism as people wanted to experience this one-of-a-kind landscape. Arrecife became the natural location for accommodating new growth to serve tourists.

2 | 20

Block Pattern of Arrecife The center of Arrecife, near the water developed organically as a fishing village with streets being laid out periodically often in response to the terrain. These vernacular streets often dont line up and are relatively narrow as compared to more recent street sections. The core is radial and clustered in accordance to walking distance. Modern urban growth in the city is defined by new streets that are extended in a grid pattern then subsequently developed with block buildings. This new growth is much more systematic and similar to suburban expansion than traditional urban growth of previous centuries. The development of most of the new growth is rather generic and designed in a more international style rather than being informed by the vernacular buildings and traditional architecture of Lanzarote. Visitors often have expectations of certain modern standards, which is reflected in the design of contemporary hotels and residences.

Museum in Arrecife

Modern Urban Growth in Arrecife

2 | 21

Context Analysis
Some of the sprawling growth in places like Arrecife threatens to undermine the natural beauty of Lanzarote, which makes it such a desirable place to visit. By haphazardly providing for visitors with unsustainable expansion, the island risks losing those landscapes that draw visitors.

2 | 22

Beach development in Lanzarote

The volcanic eruptions of the 18th Century dramatically changed the landscape of Lanzarote - completely covering many small towns and villages. This created a new landscape , which are now untouched by human development. The less recent sediments have been changed and manipulated with settlements, making them less worthy of preservation that newer landscapes, which makes for an interesting situation.

Newer sendiment on Lanzarote

2 | 23

Context Analysis
Food & Po t a b l e Wa t er

With the reduction in agricultural land as a result of the volcanic eruptions and modern development to accommodate tourist growth, the food productivity on the island cannot sustain the population. Food must be imported using the ports of Lanzarote to supply inhabitants with their needs. In response to this phenomenon, many of the remaining agricultural lands are being retained to keep the traditional landscape as well as ensure that the island is not completely dependent on outside sources for food.

2 | 24

The lack of rainfall also creates an issue with supplying the population with potable water. Technological developments in desalination devices as well as importing water to the island supply Lanzarote with the water they need. Individuals also sometimes use semi-circular plastic instruments to evaporate salt out of small amounts of water for personal consumption. Infrastructure to move water throughout the island exists in the form of roads to deliver water via truck to facilities and populated areas, as well as makeshift canals to carry water across a site.

Road in Lanzarote

2 | 25

Context Analysis
Land Conservation
The desire to preserve the landscape of Lanzarote was realized in the 20th Century with the creation of conservation areas on the island (at right). The volcanic activity of the 18th Century is preserved on the island to showcase the islands unique geologic features to visitors. Development that compromises these protected areas is banned in order to keep them in a natural state for generations to come. Protected areas fall into five main categories, which are: -Nature and Rural Parks -Nature Reserves; Integral and Specials -Nature Monuments -Protected Landscapes -Places of Scientific Interest The protected zones preserve the unique landscape of Lanzarote and its history.

2 | 26

2 | 27

Context Analysis
Csar Manrique
Csar Manrique was born on April 24, 1919 in Arrecife. He was a painter, artist and architect. Manrique played an integral part in preserving Lanzarotes landscape. He wanted to ensure that the built tradition in Lanzarote was preserved and respected for its uniqueness and quality. Manrique realized the beauty of Lanzarote and the effect this had on tourism, which is why he felt so compelled to design in a way that was respectful to the island, its culture, history and traditions. Throughout his career, Manrique won numerous awards and honors for his work in both Europe and the Canary Islands. Csar Manriques home on Lanzarote was opened to the public in 1982 so visitors could learn about his efforts to retain Lanzarotes character and integrity through preservation and design. The home (p. 38, top photo) was designed to be part of the landscape as a way to showcase its beauty and history. Allusions to the 18th Century volcanic eruptions are ingeniously made in the house. Manrique died on September, 25, 1992 in Teguise. His built legacy remains intact on the island and serves as an influential presence for future development to draw from.

Spanish Primary School, Tahiche Manrique was influenced enormously by the vernacular buildings of Lanzarote. He used volcanic rock as a primary building material and used it in very similar ways to much older buildings. The finish materials of much of Manriques work on the island is also connected to the vernacular tradition with the use of whitewashing to reduce solar heat gain

2 | 28

Street in Arrecife

Vernacular Buildings in Lanzarote

Examples of Manriques work (top photos)

The entrances to larger complexes also reflect traditional architecture on the island, especially religious buildings. The proportions of openings are designed to a human scale that gives some level of domesticity to Manriques work that differentiate it from the monumental towers and points of the churches as well as larger scale tourist development in cities like Arrecife.

2 | 29

Context Analysis

Cesar Manriques House

Piscina de Jameos del Aqua

In addition to being influenced by the building tradition in Lanzarote, Manrique also took inspiration from the landscape itself. A key characteristic to Manriques work was to celebrate the unique views of natural elements on the island such as volcanoes. Manrique also used techniques of burying buildings within the ground to preserve the landscape for visitors while providing functional space. Natural Cove in Lanzarote

Another technique to connect to the landscape was to recreate miniature versions of natural features such as coves. Digging into the ground also served the dual purpose of minimizing issues associated with wind and direct sunlight.

2 | 30

Cueva de Jameo del Aqua Buried building in Lanzarote

Lanzarote also has many natural spaces that are extremely interesting and merely needed to be accessed for people to experience them. This was another initiative by Manrique. By creating stairs and paths through these unique formations, people could appreciate them like never before and the space could be preserved without compromising it. Natural Cove in Lanzarote Piscina de Jameos del Aqua

2 | 31

Context Analysis
Climatic Region

Lanzarote, like the rest of the Canary Islands, has a semidesert climate closely related to the weather conditions that exist in southern Morocco. The islands are located slightly north of the desert region of Saharan Africa, but do not enjoy the relatively milder climate of the Mediterranean either. Days are characterized by intense sun light, very dry air, and mild temperatures around 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Humidity is negligible in the Canaries due to low annual rain fall, and the geographic location of the islands.

2 | 32

Temperature

Humidity

The Canaries receive trade winds from the northeast during Summer months. High pressure air travels from the desert region in Africa to the coast, resulting in warm air flowing through Lanzarote at an average speed of 14 mph. In Winter months, cool air from the Atlantic ocean and the North Pole traverse the island from the Southwest and Northeast, respectively. While the temperature in Lanzarote is favorable year round, the warm desert air in the summer and extreme solar radiation on the island makes for an intense climate that has profound effects on vegetation, vernacular building tradition, and modern facilities that serve the islands inhabitants.

Summer trade winds from the northeast

Winter winds

2 | 33

Context Analysis
Environment - Vegetation
The Canary Islands natural vegetation is similar to that of the African semi-desert region. Lanzarote itself has seven vegetation areas where certain kinds of plants grow. Because of the enormous variation in the islands landscape due to volcanic activity and inactivity, there is a diversity of plant types that grow. Plants that naturally grow have evolved to go long periods of time without water and retain root strength to protect from harsh winds. Many plants also grow very close to the Earth and spread horizontally. Plants also grow far apart so that they do not complete with one another and compromise the root strength of other plants. The vegetation also has evolved to grow in soil that contains volcanic rock.

2 | 34

Various kinds of cacti are found throughout the island, which are common to desert and semidesert climates. Various kinds of lichens can also be found on the island. Wild olives, grapes and watermelons grow in the more fertile San Bartolome Chain in the center of the island. Trees like the Canary palm (at right) are rarer today than they once were as a result of the harsher climate that has emerged in the last couple centuries. The winter months in Lanzarote see the most significant amount of rainfall so the following months of February and March see the most colorful displays of flowers as compared to other seasons.

2 | 35

Context Analysis
Environment - Building

Vernacular building in Lanzarote is influenced by the available materials on the island and the climate. Volcanic rock has been the traditional building material on the island due to its wide availability. The volcanic rock offers a solid and sturdy structure for walls when it is tightly stacked. However, since the volcanic rock is a very dark color, it requires the application of a lighter finish material. The exterior of vernacular buildings are often a solid white color that comes from the lime-based paint used to reflect light. Windows are punched through the thick, rock walls and kept small in dimension to ensure that the building is not structurally compromised as well as not allowing too much light to penetrate the facade. Wooden windows with blinds are used to control light and are painted green for aesthetic purposes as well as to seal the windows to prevent rot.

2 | 36

Volcanic rock is sometimes left exposed on corners for aesthetic reasons as a connection to the classical tradition in architecture. The structure of the roofs is often revealed through the facade in the form of wood beams that penetrate the wall. The vernacular building typology used for dwellings is connected to the terrace tradition that can be found in other Mediterranean settlements. Terraces and courtyards are used effectively in Lanzarote to protect buildings and inhabitants from harsh sunlight and strong winds. Strategically placed walls and openings, however, can bring cooling winds through inhabitable spaces while not over-exposing that space to solar conditions.

2 | 37

Traditional Architecture

Context Analysis

In addition to vernacular buildings that were most heavily influenced by access to certain materials and specific climatic conditions, there is also a rich history of traditional architecture in Lanzarote. While building materials are identical, their use and assembly details often differ between the two design types. The traditional architecture of Lanzarote is largely found in religious and public buildings, but some residential buildings also have elements of high-style design. Styling for this architecture is heavily informed by classical design and orders. Ornament is achieved in both stone details as well as carved wood. The use of higher quality materials and better construction techniques in the traditional architecture yielded itself to cleaner exposures of the structural material, less use of whitewashing, and a reduced need for painting wood to preserve it.

2 | 38

2 | 39

Context Analysis
A nalysi s C o n c l u s i o n
Issues to address in contemporary Lanzarote very much reflect the work that Csar Manrique did on the island to develop an architectural language that was grounded in place and local conditions. New development on Lanzarote has been increasingly reflecting modern patterns of beach-side tourist development typical of other areas around the world. This rapid growth along arterial roads greatly compromises the character of Lanzarote with generic, modern growth. Manriques principles of drawing inspiration from vernacular and traditional buildings and respecting the landscape with sunken buildings is a much more thoughtful response to the site that should be continued with any new development project.

2 | 40

Urban Growth out of Arrecife

2 | 41

3 | 42

Site Analysis
Salinas de Janubio

Location
Geography

44 46

Form

Geology Topography

History

Functions

50 52

Analysis

Approaches Experience Environment

3 | 43

Site Analysis
Geographic Location

On the island of Lanzarote it is important to produce potable water for the inhabitants due to lack of rainfall and fresh water sources. However, the salt water is useful for many other things including producing salt as an exporting good. Las Salinas de Janubio are one of two salt flat facilities on the island of Lanzarote, which produce salt for use on the island and abroad.

3 | 44

Located in the southwestern portion of Lanzarote are Las Salinas de Janubio. These salt flats face west towards the Atlantic Ocean and the dominant horizontal element of the horizon is unobstructed by the other islands of the Canaries. Summer winds are also partially blocked by the surrounding landscape.

3 | 45

Site Analysis
Geologic Form

Las Salinas de Janubio are built on a natural cove that developed over millions of years. The cove forms almost a complete circle except for a narrow lowrise portion of marshy land that protects the inner cove from the Atlantic Ocean. To the north of the site is the largest preserved volcanic landscape on the island. Once one of the best ports in Lanzarote, this area was destroyed by the volcanic eruptions of 1730-36. The Caleta del Janubio lagoon was later enclosed by todays sandbar, which is an important refuge for limicolas birds. Marine algae also causes a green color on the lagoon, which adds to the character of the flats.

3 | 46

3 | 47

To p ogr a phy

Site Analysis

The topography throughout the site varies enormously in different locations. There are low-slope portions of the site mainly located in the protected volcanic land, while steep topography is found on the east and southeast area of the cove. The rocky landscape creates many large cliffs that have steep drops of nearly 150 feet. The topography provides both protection from the elements as well as difficulties for building. The areas of the site that are zoned for building are, unfortunately, the least hospitable land to develop due to the rocky nature of the soil and the steepness of topography.

230 + 200-220 170-200 140-170 110-140 90-110 50-90 30-50 20-30 0-20 0

Site Sections

West

East

North

South

3 | 48

At right is a map of the percentage of slope. The darkest areas indicate places where the terrain is very steep.

3 | 49

Site Analysis

Functions & Structures

The salt flats were used for agricultural purposes prior to the 20th Century. The surrounding terrain provided some natural relief from the northeast winds and the flatness of the lower level of the site provided an excellent chassis for crop rows. The volcanic rock on the site also provided building materials for the agricultural strategy of Lanzarote. In 1895, these crop areas began their transition towards use as salt flats. By 1945, after a unique hydraulic system was added, the Salinas were fully developed and producing about 10,000 tonnes of salt per year. This salt is used locally as well as exported. More recently, however, they have been producing closer to 2,000 tonnes with only 9 of the original salt flats still in operation. Also located on the site are several lime ovens that are used for the salt flats, five mills to bring water to the channels (picture on p. 33), and other facilities associated with salt production. Marine salt has many useful functions. It can be used for cooking and marinating food, as bathing salts, and in the treatment of skin diseases. Marine salt can also be used for naturally maintaining and preserving water in swimming-pools, as an alternative to chlorine, which is a chemical product that is more harmful for eyes and skin.

3 | 50

3 | 51

A p p r o a c h e s

Site Analysis
Las Brenas is a small residential community south of the Salinas. It was initially intended to house wealthy salt merchants. However, it has since become a highly sought after residence for people of all professions. Views to the ocean, the salt flats and the volcanoes make for a highly desirable residential enclave that boasts many expensive, elaborate and large private homes. Las Brenas is connected to surrounding areas and the salt flats via modern roadways.

3 | 52

Road within the Site

The primary approach to the site is along the major roadway (orange in above diagram) from the east. Many dirt roads turn off from the major roadway to access abutting properties and facilities. A scenic drive around the volcanic landscape is located to the north, heading west from the roadway interchanges. Roads within the site are narrow and built to serve the operation of the salt flats. They are built of local volcanic rock and left as dirt surface.

3 | 53

Site Analysis
E x p e r i e n c e

Panoramic views of the salt flats are offered from the high vantage points in the site. The topography provides almost arena seating that wraps around the Salinas. Wind is noticeably lower in this area as compared to the western approach which is thanks to the natural windbreak of the cove. The salt flats are colorful in light and present an incredible display during the day.

3 | 54

3 | 55

Site Analysis
Environmental Data

The climate in the Salinas de Janubio is similar to that of the rest of the island. The temperature remains between 65 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit throughout the year. Rainfall is minimal annually, especially during summer months. The lack of fertile soil in the area provides no shade tree coverage in the area, which helps the salt flat process but exposes inhabitants to harsh sunlight for several hours a day.

Winter Solstice

Spring Solstice

3 | 56

Summer Solstice

Fall Solstice

The natural cove helps reduce the hot summer winds, but the western exposure of the cove allows cool winds to circulate the interior of the inlet and follow along the walls of the cliffs. This helps to diminish the harsh effects of constant daytime sun.

3 | 57

Site Analysis

Materials & Vegetation

The site is covered in volcanic rock that was once used during the agricultural period of the site and is now used for the structure of the salt flats. The rocky terrain of the surrounding cliffs makes for a rather bare landscape that is only occasionally broken up with vegetation. The water in the salt flats is all at various stages of the salt extraction process and create different textures and colors on the site.

3 | 58

The vegetation at the Salinas de Janubio is similar to that which is found on the rest of the island since it is effected by a similar climate and soil quality. Various kinds of cacti are found in the area as well as some flowers that typically bloom colorfully in the Spring months. The landscape is composed of bushes such as furzes, brusca and coscos that are thinly dispersed throughout the area. White lichens are the most prevalent.

box thorne

common sea grape

ice plant

tree tabacco

3 | 59

Site Analysis
Zones & Di st r i c t s

The site is bounded by the roadway that wraps the periphery of the Salinas. The roads create both a physical and physiological barrier with the structure of the roadway and the high speeds that characterize it. The preserved volcanic landscape to the north also provides a barrier that bans development in addition to the roadway. The western boundary of the site is marked by the coast and Atlantic Ocean. The largest section of developable land is located on the south of the site where the roadway bends away from the cliffs and opens up the landscape.

3 | 60

The Ocean leads into a small inlet that is separated by a low-rise piece of land. The Salinas surround the inlet, which in turn are enclosed by cliffs of varying steepness. There is a significant portion of developed land around the roadways that include facilities for the salt flats and private buildings.

3 | 61

A building is a w orld w ithin a world.

Louis Kahn, 1969

Vernacular
: from the Latin vernaculus, domestic, indigenous

Vernacular building is the artisan culture of construction.

View Inside Baths p. 93

4 | 62

Baths of Janubio

Conceptual Framework

Program

Project Requirements Bathhouse Typology

64

Design Intent

Precedents Spatial Experience

68

Architecture

Site Strategy Building Strategy

72

4 | 63

Baths of Janubio
Bathhouse Program
The Baths of Janubio is a bathhouse overlooking the Salinas de Janubio in Lanzarote. The bathhouse will include several different pools of various size and experience. The facility will also include preparatory areas for changing and showering. In addition to the bathhouse there will also be lodging rooms for overnight and weekly stays by tourists and other temporary housing arrangements. A restaurant with attached kitchen will also provide visitors with a social gathering place and eating location. Service space will be provided to operate the complex both administratively and mechanically.

4 | 64

Traditional Bathing Process Steaming helps prepare the skin for bathing by opening pores. This process also helps clean the skin, and can be done after showering. Thermal baths can be done with salt to give needed minerals to the skin and help the bather relax. Hot water bathing is a quick process that opens up the pores after a salt water bath. Cold water is an important follow-up to the hot bath as it provides a shock to the skin, closes pores and stops the sweating. Relaxation balances the body by bringing it to equilibrium. This can be done in addition to various massages.

______

In modern facilities, the exact and completed process is less necessary than in classical times and visitors are often encouraged to use the facilities that they want to in the desired order. It is important to provide both the traditional experience of public bathing as well as providing options for users to choose from to make them as comfortable as possible. Different programmatic spaces needed to be designed in relation to one another so as to make them easily navigable on foot and accessible for the physically handicapped. The climate in Lanzarote imposes an additional layer of necessity to provide logical relationships between the program in the complex visitors will want to enjoy the location without overexposure to the elements.

4 | 65

Baths of Janubio
B a t h h o u s e Ty p o l o g y
Greek baths originated from swimming in the ocean and bathing in natural warm springs in the hills of Greece. Private bathing with the help of slaves was popular in the time of Homer. Public bathing offered the opportunity to socialize in ancient Greek society, but was reserved for the ruling classes. Bathing was also attached to gymnasiums for the rejuvenation of Olympic athletes. Roman baths took advantage of Romes elaborate aqueduct systems and natural springs. Roman baths followed in the Greek tradition with some variations and unique building forms that put the rounded Roman arch to use.

Ruins of the East Baths in Olympia, Greece Turkish Hypocaust System

Roman Bath

4 | 66

Plan of a Roman Bath in Pompei

During the Renaissance, the revival of classical orders also brought about a renewed appreciation for public bathing. Roman springs provided many civic squares with fountains that mirrored those of the classical world. During subsequent classically inspired movements such as the Baroque era, Second Empire and the City Beautiful, a continued revision of the public bath came in the form of fountains, pools, and bathhouses. In contemporary times, leading architects like Peter Zumthor have lead the way in modern design of bath houses. His Switzerland bathhouse takes a unique approach to creating both intimate and open bathing areas that are tied to the tradition of previous societies. Construction and assemblies was guided by local materials and local conditions that make for a unique and masterful building.

Turkish baths (facing page) developed after the classical baths and in the Roman tradition. Bath attendants were exact about cleansing the skin and ensuring that the proper oils and scrubs were used to exfoliate the skin. The fall of public bathing can largely be blamed on the Middle Ages, which focused on strictly following biblical texts, and frowning upon open displays of the human body.

Zumthor Bathhouse Sections

4 | 67

Baths of Janubio
Design Intent - Precedents
Louis Kahn Louis Kahn has been an important reference with the creation of spaces in the Baths of Janubio. While his architecture is not connected to the culture and traditions of Lanzarote, specifically, his ideas on the creation of space are relevant in any context. The vernacular buildings of Lanzarote was important to incorporate in design work because celebrating the cultural and built history of Lanzarote is appropriate for new design. The vernacular building also has a well-learned response to the climate of Lanzarote. The familiarity visitors will feel in the Baths of Janubio is very much connected to a respect for built tradition. Bath Tradition The bathhouse tradition is also incorporated into my concept for the Baths of Janubio by affording guests the opportunity of experiencing the bathing process in the traditional order. The landscape around Las Salinas de Janubio have also been a big inspiration for spatial design in the project as it is the most dominant feature of the surroundings.

The Landscape

Vernacular Building

4 | 68

Spatial Experience Collage One

Lanzarotes history is intimately tied to the geologic formation of volcanoes and the effect their creation has had on the island. This collage attempts to capture the dark, enclosed spaces that are found throughout the island in both caves and volcanoes. In these spaces, light guides the way as it hits walls and floors from above. Views forward guide occupants to the next sequence of spaces. Narrow and dynamic corridors also have the effect of providing a sharp transition between hallways and large, open spaces that have expansive views of the site.

4 | 69

Spatial Experience Collage Two

The second collage depicts a possible interior space that reveals the massing of the complex and communicates its possible function. The massing is a reflection of volumes that protrude from the landscape to create a unique form that is reminiscent of traditional building in Lanzarote. The tower typology is utilized to serve as a beacon for the building, an orienting presence and a connection to past forms. The materiality of the facade is of the ground and at the same time, contrasts and connects with similarity of texture but difference of color.

Massing and Tower Precedents from Lanzarote

4 | 70

Spatial Experience Collage Three

A dominant feature of the site is the westward view of the Atlantic Ocean from the salinas. This final collage seeks to emphasize the horizontality of the horizon, where the sky and the ocean meet. This monumental space serves appropriately as a place of relaxation and reflection. The connection to the seemingly infinite plane of water brings a soothing presence to ones mind. This moment represents the culmination of the bathing process in a grand and dignified way.

4 | 71

Baths of Janubio
S i t e S t r a t e g y

In order to create the extruded volumes depicted in the second collage and the dramatic panoramic view offered in the third, a strategically located building site within the Salinas de Janubio district would have to be chosen. A complex that displays its massing demands a site that can be viewed from multiple angles. To achieve this, a building site located on a natural cliff that extends into the bay revealed itself as the best choice. A structure built on this vantage point becomes a prominent fixture on the site, not only with impressive views to the Atlantic Ocean, but with views of the building from nearly every other point on the site. The formation of the natural cove and the cliffs of this area provide an informal pedestal for an inviting and civically-inclined building. An existing dirt path leading to the site from the major circumferential roadway stands as a testament to the importance of the land feature with attractive views. Not only would building at this location provide impressive views of the complex, but it would continue to offer visitors exciting and memorable views out onto the surrounding landscape as a way of reinforcing what people already do there.

4 | 72

Building atop the protruding cliffs will provide an eye-catching structure, but it will not necessarily take away from the existing views of the expansive horizon from other locations on the site, such as the view across the Salinas as seen above. In the shadow lines of the aerial photo on the facing page and the birds eye perspective to the right, the dramatic topography of the cliff is showcased. The steep terrain of the site provides a building challenge, but the height of the cliff produces a vantage point that is too good to give up.

4 | 73

Baths of Janubio
The building is located at the mouth of two small valleys that are on the western side of the cliff. This area is relatively flat as compared the immediate surroundings and provides the most ideal building location for ease of construction, maintenance of important views and prominent presence on the site. The complex is entered from the existing major roadway that operates on the periphery of the salt flats. A 20 foot wide, walled gravel road accesses the parking area for the complex. Throughout the short, winding entry sequence views towards the ocean and the Baths of Janubio building are offered. A view of the vernacularly-inspired entry gate is provided on the facing page. Fundamentally, I think that any building that is located on such a prominent site should be respectful to the heritage and culture of the area in which it is constructed. For this reason, much of the conceptual design work for this complex has been guided by the vernacular building tradition in Lanzarote. I want there to be something familiar about this building for visitors. A building which belongs is an important concept for this project. The building orients itself towards entering visitors by breaking the grid of its organization in the Southeast corner. These two facades now face the roadway and point directly at the entry to the complex (see facing page diagram). Site Plan of Baths of Janubio

4 | 74

The View of the Bath of Janubio from across the Salinas

render or photos of 1/200th inch model of view from salinas

Preliminary Sketch

Baths of Janubio Entry Gate

Orientation of Complex Towards the Entry Point

4 | 75

Baths of Janubio

The Baths of Janubio descend with the topography to connect it with the ground and reinforce the stereotomic nature of the building. In order to grow from the Earth, the building has to conform to the falling topography. The massing of the building is articulated vertically most strikingly on the western portion of the complex where the ground descends to the shore. Doing so helps to establish another important concept of the building which is to differentiate the interior spaces from each other on the exterior. The varying heights of spaces - as influenced by the changing topography - allows views to be maximized and access to light to increase. The high point of the complex to the east, where the lodging program is, opens views of the water to visitors and provides the needed height to make the Baths of Janubio visible from other parts of the salinas. This two-story anchor on the backside of the building is also used to brace the building and enclose it like a bracket.

South East Aerial View

4 | 76

South Facade

Western Aerial View of the Baths of Janubio

West Facade of the Baths of Janubio

North East Aerial View of Complex

4 | 77

Baths of Janubio

The environmental conditions on the site formed the massing of the complex. The negative space left in between masses provides spaces for entry, views out onto the site or access for wind to enter the center of the building. Along with other considerations, natural light influenced the creation of a central courtyard to allow light to protrude the complex. The courtyard also establishes an inward focus of the building that encourages its users to take advantage of all that the Baths of Janubio have to offer. This inward focus, with selectively controlled views out to the site that some may view as isolating, is compensated by the vernacularly-inspired design. Extruded Volumes - Massing

Solar Diagram - Azimuth

Cooling Summer Wind & Views from Site

4 | 78

Generation of Extruded Volumes to Respond to the Site

4 | 79

Baths of Janubio

Massing Study Model Tower Typology in Lanzarote

Preliminary Sketch of Courtyard North Elevation, Displaying the Prominence of the Tower

4 | 80

Preliminary Study Model by Louis Kahn

The courtyard is home to an overlooking tower that is derived from traditional Lanzarote precedents that use towers and height to display important landmarks and establish power in the setting. The tower casts strong, linear shadows throughout most of the day and is an ever present fixture in the complex with views through skylights, lodging room windows, or from the courtyard. Additionally, this vertical element helps attract views from a distance, which provides exposure for the building to the visiting public. Within the complex, the tower creates an interesting focal point that adds to the human scale of the interior court; from the outside of the site, the tower orients viewers and creates a beacon to the Baths of Janubio. Aside from environmental considerations, the massing of the Baths of Janubio complex was guided by spatial studies by master architects like Louis Kahn. In the image to the left, a preliminary design model is depicted. The interior spaces are honestly expressed through the massing of the building, which makes for dynamic and dramatic cast shadows. The different volumes are delineated from one another through varying heights, parapets, and small gaps between spaces. The articulation of the roof lines reinforce these concepts and provide for a strong design.

Southwest Aerial View of Complex, showing the Salinas

4 | 81

Baths of Janubio

The courtyard itself, like the tower, is inspired by vernacular precedents from Lanzarote. In hot climates a central court or terrace is important to promote air flow in the center of buildings and provide a shaded outdoor space for inhabitants. This tradition was brought over to Lanzarote early in its settlement history from various Mediterranean building cultures. Functionally, the courtyard brings light into the core of the building complex, provides easy access to fresh air, and further connects to the history of Lanzarote. The courtyard also offers a public space where views to the site can be accessed and enjoyed by people. The courtyard is a public gathering space that encourages social interaction.

SouthEast Aerial View of Complex

Examples Courtyard Tradition of Lanzarote

4 | 82

Southwest Aerial View

4 | 83

Baths of Janubio
Building Strategy
The organization of interior spaces was heavily influenced by the work of Louis Kahn, specifically in the un-built Dominican Motherhouse project. Surprisingly, the ideas explored by Kahn and his understanding of intersecting geometries and their resulting spaces worked in tandem with the conceptual desires previously outlined for the Baths of Janubio. In Kahns project, a single loaded corridor, lined with private rooms forms a bracket around a courtyard. This courtyard is assembled with rotating boxes that intersect with one another and create informal, smaller courtyards between them. While the goals and program of this project differ from Kahns, the studies of space and their execution are inspirational nonetheless.

The Baths of Janubio complex is laid out around a central courtyard that orients recently-arrived visitors. Around this courtyard are the various functions of the building, which include the Bathhouse, the 20 private rooms on two-stories, the restaurant and the administration and service areas. Over 50% of the courtyard is surrounded by wood cladding, which reflects the vernacular design of residential buildings in Lanzarote while also providing a lighter material to contrast the heavy, thick masonry walls that enclose the outer shell of the complex. At the periphery of the courtyard are circulation paths on two floors that access the various programmatic spaces of the building.

Dominican Motherhouse Plan Louis Kahn

Ground Floor Plan

4 | 84

Program Diagram

Restaurant

The courtyard is the central focus of the complex, bringing visitors together for social purposes, displaying various areas to view the site from, and orienting people within the building.

Rooms

Bathhouse

Courtyard

From the courtyard, all the major functions of the building are accessible and visible. This organizing core connects both to tradition and to the needs of people that are visiting this bathhouse for the first time. Having a courtyard also allows access to light and fresh air to be readily available to building occupants. It also provides a means of egress in case of emergency. The administration building is located on the Southwest of the courtyard and it greets people as they ascend up to the courtyard from the parking area. A corner of the administration area is clad in glass and allows for the bathhouse employees to easily view the social interactions of occupants and stay connected with them.

Admin
Bathhouse Administration Private Rooms Social Space

Rooms
Circulation Diagram

North - South Section through Courtyard

4 | 85

Baths of Janubio
Bathhouse Strategy

Baths

The Bathhouse is accessed from the courtyard. People using private rooms can easily walk down from their suites and take full advantage of the baths, pool facilities and other spa treatments. With showers and changing rooms provided in the Bathhouse, people just using the baths for the day will have no trouble using the facilities and feeling just as welcome as the lodging guests. The Bathhouse consists of four main components, which are the preparatory area for changing and showering, the bathing areas, the pools, and the Turkish baths and massage rooms.

Pools

Changing Rooms & Showers

Similar to the courtyard, the Mens and Womens changing rooms act a central circulation node. From the shower areas, each of the other programmatic functions of the bathhouse can be accessed. In this way, bath attendees are not discouraged from choosing which facility to use and which not to and in what order. This freedom of choice strays from the classical bathing tradition, but better provides for the contemporary needs of people.

Turkish Baths
Bathhouse Circulation

Bathhouse Ground Floor Plan

4 | 86

Bathhouse Program

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Southwest - Northeast Section through Turkish Baths

The Turkish showers and sweat stone are located on the Southwest of the bathhouse. These rooms are tied to the Turkish public bathing tradition in which massages, steam showers and skin treatments are combined to sooth the skin, relax muscles and rejuvenate the body. Users will find a similiarity between this process and that of typical Western spa treatments. The showers and sweat stone rooms have high ceilings, skylights and expansive views to the landscape. The Turkish baths are segregated, like the changing rooms, by sex. This provides optimal comfortability for users, some of whom may not desire co-ed facilities. In the Turkish sweat rooms, especially, it was important to provide separate spaces considering that clothing impedes some of the treatments and multiple people might be using the facilities at one time.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Turkish Baths Examples

4 | 87

Baths of Janubio
Relaxation Pool
Maintaining the conceptual framework for the relaxation pool from the early collages was important because it was such an influential factor in choosing the site, developing the massing of the building and orienting the views. The Atlantic Ocean is a powerful presence on the Salinas de Janubio site since it is an island far off the coast. The Western facade of the building points directly towards the water, and the view is unimpeded by neighboring islands. The experience of the pool is strictly that of the horizontality of the horizon as the Ocean meets the sky. The Relaxation Pool is located to the west of the changing rooms, in the center of the bathhouse both sectionally and in plan. It floats between the sky and the indoor bath (p. 94) as a hanging volume that is almost in a state of meditation. This space is meant to relax bath users and provide an opportunity for reflection after other treatments have been used. The pool is available for swimming and floating to enjoy the view, the landscape, the site and the experience of the bathhouse.

Siting of the Baths of Janubio towards the Atlantic Ocean

4 | 88

Horizon

Horizontal Window of the Relaxation Pool on the West Elevation

View from the Relaxation Pool out to the Atlantic Ocean

4 | 89

Baths of Janubio
The experience of the bathhouse is very much shaped by the spaces that are created through the intersection of volumes, the extrusion of massing and the important views of the site. In the Fisher House, designed by Louis Kahn, the opportunity resulting from the intersection of two cubes provided the perfect framed portrait out onto the landscape. The angle of the walls creates two distinct views out to the site from a single vantage point at the same instance. Light guides the visitors through the space of their choosing to the desired destination point. This idea connects to the first collage concept, which called for corridors that guided visitors with the strategic formation of light.

The creation of Meaningful Spaces through views

View Inside Fisher House

4 | 90

View Inside the Bathhouse

4 | 91

Baths of Janubio

The Baths component of the bathhouse are located to the northwest of the changing rooms. Here users with find a small rest area, the cold bath, the hot bath and employees have a private room for preparation. The hot bath is inspired by the geologic formation of Lanzarote which is connected to the creation of volcanoes across the surface of the island. The feeling one would have inside the hot bath is one of being inside a volcano. The heat in addition to the dramatic height of the bath ceiling provides a unique experience in the complex. This bath is also used as the form for the tower. The skylight at the top is like the mouth of a volcano opening The view from inside of an inactive volcano to the sky. A sharp contrast between the dark walls of the bath and the blinding light from the skylight creates the powerful resulting effect of this space.

Northwest - Southeast Section through Hot Bath

4 | 92

Lower Pools - Basement Level Floor Plan

Pools

Services Mechanical

The Lower Pools are accessed via the twin set of stairs on either side of the relaxation pool. These pools are intended for use by families in general and kids specifically. Children typically wouldnt enjoy the slow, public bathing and spa process. These pools are larger and separated from the core bathhouse by elevation. The Indoor bath is located underneath the relaxation pool and shares with that pools source of natural lighting. The indoor bath is tucked into the building and ground, truly on the inside of the complex. The indoor pool also connects to the Outdoor Pool through a near continuity of views and space, only separated by a glass wall. The lower level of the building also houses the maintenance rooms, service and delivery area, storage and the workers lounge space. These areas a separated from the pools and the bathhouse users.
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Program Diagram

Upon entering the baths, two views out onto the landscape are creating - one looking towards the small rest area and the ocean to the left, the other looking over the hot bath entry and the cold bath to the preserved volcanic landscape to the right. A short, floating wall in the center of the space allows light to access the entire room while also directing views and defining separate spaces.
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

View of Baths

4 | 93

Baths of Janubio
The Outdoor Pool is a defined space with high walls which are open to the sky and break to reveal specific views out to the site. These planar walls break at a height to allow the relaxation pool view to see the horizon. The resulting vistas from the broken and stopped planes connect the pool out onto the landscape. The open ceiling also displays other volumes of the complex that reinforce the extruded massing of the bathhouse. The Outdoor Pool extends to the lowest point on the building, sinking down to conform to the falling ground beneath it. The vertical extension of the walls mimics the horizontal extension of the pool out into the quickly declining cliff face. Relaxation Pool

Outdoor Pool

Indoor Pool

West - East Section through Bathhouse

4 | 94

View from the Lower Outdoor Pool

4 | 95

Baths of Janubio
Building Strategy
The Restaurant component of the complex is located on the north of the courtyard and includes a reception area, kitchen and outdoor patio seating area. The Restaurant is part of the social program of the Baths of Janubio, which incorporates some of the courtyard space for restaurant goers. The indoor seating area and entry greets patrons with a double-height space lined by windows and terminating with a full glass wall looking out to the bay. A window on the west side of the building brings light into the reception space. The outdoor patio points northeast, overlooking the salt flats, offering the best public view of them and it rivals that which are provided in the private guest rooms.

4 | 96

Restaurant Floor Plan

Above is a diagram of the social spaces within the Baths of Janubio complex. The restaurant is an integral part in the social life of the building because food is an excellent way to bring people together in a common place for conversation. The restaurant seating extends out into the courtyard to engage the surrounding program with this social center. Other social spaces include nodes on the periphery of the courtyard that provide views out into the landscape and a space away from the circulation of the complex. The lobby, the lower courtyard around the evaporative pool (p. 110), and the rest areas of the bathhouse are other social spaces where people would gather throughout the day to rest, relax and enjoy the building and the company of other people. Another important social space is the wide deck of the outside pool where guests would lounge on deck chairs and towels (p. 91 & p. 95).

D BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL

West - East Section through Restaurant and Lodging

View of Salinas from Outdoor Restaurant Seating Area

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

4 | 97

Baths of Janubio
Administration & Lobby
The Administration building is located to the south of the courtyard and it houses the lobby, waiting area, offices and access to the mechanical facilities. The Administration area is the first place that visitors see upon entering the complex from the parking area. This space reflects that of the restaurant with a double-height space, but with views to the volcanoes. Underneath the offices is delivery service area where trucks can unload goods and where waste from the restaurant is disposed of nightly. Small windows provide dramatic slits of light into these rooms and open up the administration to the landscape.

View South to Volcanoes from the Administration Lobby

Administration & Entrance Lobby Floor Plan

4 | 98

The Administration building contains an elevator that not only goes to the service floor, but allows handicapped visitors to access second floor lodging rooms. The private suites are influenced by the vernacular residential housing of Lanzarote and offers the most views of the landscape from anywhere in the complex. The rooms are located to the east of the courtyard and are accessed via two stair cases. Several smaller spaces are located throughout the lodging area that provide a space for sitting, relaxing and viewing the landscape in shade and with access to cooling winds. The rooms are organized around a central service core with closets and a bathroom. From the bed, views out to the landscape are provided and controlled views of the sky are created with smaller window openings as well. The wood cladding system on the interior of the lodging brings light into the rooms without sacrificing privacy or exacerbating the heat gain issue.

View of Lodging Suites from Balcony

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Second Floor Plan

4 | 99

Baths of Janubio
Building Structure
The structure of the Baths of Janubio is a concrete masonry unit wall construction that relies of load bearing walls to support the various roofs, and floors of the bathhouse, restaurant and various other program spaces. The thickness of walls and the heaviness of the concrete structure make for a stereotomic architecture that responds to the climate of the site and structural building tradition of Lanzarote. Load bearing walls help to connect to the Earth in a more solid way than a lighter, steel structure would, which continues the concept of a grounded building that is of the Earth and appropriate for the site.

Structural Axonometric

The structure consists of poured concrete foundation walls, on which CMU blocks are placed with grout filled cores and steel reinforcing bars. The footings are proportioned to the wall thickness and the depth of the foundation reflects the weight that is supported above. Because Lanzarote is a semi-dessert climate, there was no need to consider the ground freezing depth for the site foundation walls. The walls terminate in a parapet above where concrete decks for floors or ceilings are attached to the wall. Mechanical ducts, in some cases, must penetrate through the structural walls, which requires double walls to be constructed in some places and for accommodations for pipes or ducts in others. Openings in the walls with reinforced, grout-filled beams allow for these openings for plumbing and mechanical systems to be made. Structural Bay Model through Bathhouse The concrete structure provides a solid foundation on top of which a cladding is applied that expresses the conceptual and aesthetic desires of the building by using materials that better reach those goals than concrete would.

4 | 100

Structure Ground Floor Plan

Concrete Masonry Unit Wall Construction

4 | 101

[Stereotomic architecture] is a massive, stony, weighty architecture, which settles down on the earth as if it had been born there. It is an architecture that seeks light, that perforates its walls so that light may enter. Stereotomic architecture looks for light. It perforates its walls so that, crossed by the suns rays, it can trap light within its interior. The windows here will be excavations in the walls in order to carry that light inside.

Alberto Campo Baeza

Vernacular building is necessarily shaped by geoclimatic conditions and local materials. A regional style represents the culture of forms and techniques suitable for a region, responding to its climate, material, and topographic conditions. Its aesthetic and character emerge from the infinitely varied, intelligent repetition of a basic, continuously adapted formal and typological inventory.

5 | 102

Technical Solutions
Program Reconciliation
Code Requirements Passive Strategies 104 108 114 124 128

Context Response Mechanical Systems Structural Systems

Building Construction Building Envelope

Heating, Ventilation & Cooling

Enclosure Systems

5 | 103

Technical Solutions
Program Reconciliation

The Baths of Janubio are a recreational facility and spa with an attached lodging component. This mixture of uses brings a diversity of occupants and in varying quantities throughout different times of the day and the year. There are semi-permanent occupants who stay for short periods of up to about a week and may use the spa, pools and restaurant as well as travel around the island to various other sites during the day. Other temporary users may just visit for the day to use the spa, pools or restaurant but do not stay overnight because they either live in another town or, more likely, they are tourists staying in another location. Other users of the building include the staff who are in charge of the administration portion of running the building and managing guests, planning activities and coordinating schedules. There is another set of employees who may work delivering food and water or that dispose of refuse at the end of the day and are accounted for in the design. The workers in the building such as mechanical technicians, cooks and bath attendants also are thought of in the design process in terms of programmatic space, egress, and ease of their job. This means providing adequate space for storage, off-loading deliveries, space for relaxation and a safe means of egress. The chart on the facing page displays the occupancy levels expected in each programmatic space of the Baths of Janubio, which gives a sense of the complexs users.

5 | 104

Ground Level The plans to the right (continued on p. 106) map the route of egress from the buildings different rooms and levels to show how a potential occupant might exit the building in case of an emergency. The lower level gives direct access to the parking area through the delivery service room and to the elevator and stair case, which brings occupants up to the courtyard. The main level of the complex has easy and direct access to the courtyard and the parking area with multiple locations of egress. Max Travel Distance: 250 feet Max Path of Egress: 75 Feet Basement Level

5 | 105

Technical Solutions
Occupancy & Egress

Second Level

This design for the Baths of Janubio seeks to comply with international building code requirements for safe egress from the building in case of emergency, proper fire-rated doors, and accessibility for all users. Egress is handled differently in each part of the complex. The open, central courtyard offers easy access to the outside for occupants, which in turn allows people to exit the complex to a safe distance. Open air egress stairs for the lodging component bring guests down to the courtyard in two locations at either end of the complex. Internal stairs and double doors allow other building occupants to easily and quickly exit their building. In the case of people on the lower level, access directly to the parking area and the surrounding landscape is readily available in addition to stairs and the elevator. The bathhouse, the lodging, the restaurant, and the administration buildings each offer at least two means of egress in case of emergency.

5 | 106

Building Accessibility

Basement Level Egress

Ground Level Egress Accessibility for all potential guests is also an important and necessary component of the design for the Baths of Janubio. Wheel chair access is accommodated with wide doors, a large elevator, and ramps throughout the complex. The courtyard is accessed by a ramp from the parking lot as is the lower level mechanical area. The courtyard, in turn, allows access to each other programmatic component. In case of emergencies, the elevator also provides a means of egress for handicapped guests of the second level lodging. If the elevator is not working, patios are located near the egress stairs at either end of the corridor. Second Level Egress

5 | 107

Technical Solutions
Passive Strategies
Skylights for Daylight

Passive Systems Overview

An important part of designing for the 21st Century is to plan for energy conservation, and for the wellbeing of building occupants. Creating environmentally sustainable and energy-conscience architecture is one of the duties for contemporary architects. Building a glass box in the desert with a massive air handling unit is no longer acceptable in todays design world, or at least it shouldnt be. In addition to the energy and environmental component, access to the natural lighting is an important part of the human condition and without access to the Sun there are physiological and physiological implications for building occupants. Windowless, florescent light-lit rooms are probably not a good conductor of happy, sociable people and these considerations have to be made in the planning of any project, but especially in the design of a bathhouse complex. To address these factors, several passive strategies are outlined in the diagram to the right. Passive strategies are the architectural response to site context that take advantage of local conditions on the immediate site. By forming the building around how the sun hits the land, and where wind is coming from and from strategies implored by vernacular builders, architects are able to produce buildings that conserve energy, create an inhabitable environment and establish roots into the site that go deeper than aesthetic concepts.

Wood Exterior Cladding

Water Element for Cooling

Local Basalt Rock Wall

Natural Cooling

Exterior Cladding Systems

Exterior Wall Systems

5 | 108

Location of Skylights Roof Plan

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Section through Turkish Baths

June Sun 86 degrees

December Sun 38 Degrees

Relaxation Pool
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Sky lights are deployed throughout the Baths of Janubio to access natural lighting for interior spaces. Doing so will help reduce demand on artificial lighting and it will have positive effects on the wellbeing of building users by providing for their needs. Because of the harshness of Lanzarotes solar exposure, especially in the Summer months, light is restricted by using small skylights like in the Turkish baths and by deflecting light off of walls to reach lower spaces like in the Lower Pool.

Outdoor Pool Indoor Pool

5 | 109

Technical Solutions
Evaporative Pool
Another passive strategy is the courtyard of the complex, which provides access to natural light for interior spaces during some hours of the day, but also provides needed shade for spaces during other times of the day with the balcony. Shade and other cooling strategies are important in Lanzarote where solar heat gain for buildings, and constant sunlight make for a hot and dry environment even though the temperature may not always reflect this. Wind from the south comes up off the Atlantic Ocean to the Salinas de Janubio site. It would be a mistake not to take advantage of this natural element. The opening of the courtyard to the south between the administration and lodging buildings in addition to the turning of the southeast lodging mass help to capture wind and bring it into the center of the courtyard.

Annual Temperature by Month

Plan of Courtyard

5 | 110

Within the courtyard, there is a shallow pool running east-west in the middle of the complex. This shallow, evaporative pool draws moisture upward during the day and the wind from the Ocean blows through, catching this moisture and moving it across the courtyard into the surrounding functions. This element helps make the courtyard inhabitable and a desirable place to be, in addition to the views and social components. While the wind from the south is naturally cooling, by the time it reaches the courtyard it is relatively warmer and the evaporative pool helps to bring the temperature of the wind back down to an ideal condition. The pool also serves as an informal sitting area and it provides a nice aesthetically pleasing element for occupants to congregate around and converse about. The courtyard also helps with natural ventilation of space to aid the mechanical system.

Annual Humidity by Month

Courtyard Section

Southern Winds

Evaporative Pool Southern Winds

5 | 111

Technical Solutions

E x t e r i o r Wa l l S y s t e m s

The exterior wall system of the Baths of Janubio consists of using local volcanic rock to clad the structural walls of the complex. This local material is readily available throughout the site and helps lower the construction costs of the project by reducing the need for importing building materials from far distances and the rock can be used in its natural state without being subjected to chemical alternation as is required for synthetic materials. This helps reduce the overall carbon footprint of the building as well. The volcanic rock exterior cladding is covered with an exterior finish system consisting of a lime-based paint that has been used in Lanzarote for hundreds of years to reduce the effects of solar heat gain. The technique is called encalado and refers to the whitewashing process of constructing vernacular buildings on the island. The technique is simple but effective. It relies on the fact that white reflects light and does not gain solar heat by absorbing light energy in the way that dark colors do. Plan Diagram -Thick, Masonry Walls -Painted Wood Cladding System December Sun 38 degrees

June Sun 86 degrees

Wall Section through Suite Exterior Wood Cladding System

5 | 112

D BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL

Section through Concrete Masonry Unit Wall Exterior Cladding of Whitewashed Volcanic Rock The volcanic rock adds to the thickness of the exterior walls as well, which complies to the established conceptual framework of the project by creating a hard exterior shell around the building that contrasts with the lighter interior.
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Light coming through Wood Slats

For the interior of the complex, a combination of whitewashed volcanic rock and painted green wood systems are used. The overall character of the courtyard, however, is defined by the green wood. This design choice again ties into the vernacular traditions of building in Lanzarote. The exterior finish wood system consists of alternating 4 inch wood slats attached to a frame and enclosed in the concrete structure. The alternating wood allows light to access the interior spaces through illumination, but maintains the privacy of the guests in their private suites. The effect is similar to that of the picture on the left, but the contrast between light and shadow is less intense, more diffused and illuminating, and maintains privacy. A warm yellow wood color would be displayed on the interior, with the green paint on the exterior.

5 | 113

Technical Solutions
Active Strategies
Active strategies for heating cooling and ventilation are also necessary in our contemporary world to provide the needs for modern people who expect a certain standard of living. This is especially true for a complex like the Baths of Janubio in a place like Lanzaorte, where the majority of guests would be from the Western world where a high standard of living is enjoyed and expected. This resort spa is also serving a higher class clientele, not only because of its specific site and location, but because of the high quality of spaces and design that make up the character of the building. The climate in Lanzarote is semi-dessert and it is effected by Saharan winds as well as Atlantic trade winds. While the temperature on the island is mild and steady throughout the year, the solar heat gain is a major factor in this location and amechanical system must be chosen with that in mind. Various strategies for heating, cooling and ventilation are used in the Baths of Janubio for the creation of a comfortable environment for building occupants.

Heat Exchanger for Geothermal Cooling System

Temperature in Lanzarote

5 | 114

The large, rectangular courtyard of the building provided the ideal locations for a Geothermal field where pipes could be placed deep within the Earth and not be affected by the building foundations. A Geothermal system uses a continuous loop of pipes to bring warm water from one location to another place with cool water. In this case, warm water near the surface of the Earth (within the building) is forced deep into the ground (1000 feet) where there is cool water. This cool water travels up into the building to a heat exchanger unit (example on the facing page) which creates usable energy out of the transfer. Geothermal systems are a sustainable option for energy production for mechanical systems and other functions that require energy. This technique helps to ensure the long lifespan of the building as a functional space. Compared to other techniques that depend on oil and gas, geothermal technology is very efficient and cost effective when considering the rising prices of the conventional options.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Heat Exchanger Air Handling

Return Ducts Supply Ducts

Geothermal

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Heat Exchanger

Geothermal Section through Mechanical Systems Floor

5 | 115

Technical Solutions
Zones & Air Hand l i n g
The Geothermal system operates on the heat exchanger unit, which provides energy for air handling units, which then control the cooling and ventilation for the complex. The air handling units force air through a series of ducts that move across the entire building to provide cool air and ventilation vents to interior spaces. A fresh air intake vent pulls air from the outside and brings it into the returning air of the air handling units to provide fresh air to interior spaces. This is a necessary component of the design, because it is unhealthy to reuse dirty air without a fresh air source. The reasoning behind these elaborate systems of ducts to each room is to provide the occupants of this complex with a proper human comfort level in this environment. Below is a chart that graphs the temperature in Lanzarote with the ideal human comfort levels imposed on it.

Basement Floor Plan of Mechanical Systems

Human Comfort Level Graph

5 | 116

Diagram of Baths of Janubio Zones for Mechanical Systems

Zone 2

There are three air handling units for the Baths of Janubio, which serve the three zones of the mechanical system. The zones correspond to the use of the spaces within the zone. It was important to zone similar spaces together to ensure that the air handling units were being used efficiently and each space was provided for with its specific needs. Zone 1 is the bathhouse, where the air handling unit will respond to a moist, damp interior environment in each space of the bathhouse. Zone 2 contains the restaurant and the administration area which are located at either end of a primary circulation corridor, which was perfect for running ducts underneath and in the ceiling of the covered pathway to each space. Zone 3 is the lodging component of the complex and the uniformity of use for each of the 20 rooms made it ideal to combine into a single air service zone.

Zone 3

Zone 1

Air Handling Unit

5 | 117

Technical Solutions
C o o l i n g & Ve n t i l a t i o n

Cooling and ventilation ducts are separated from one another vertically to allow the ducts to pass over one another freely when necessary. When turning corners and servicing every area, it become necessary for ducts to cross. This reality had to be designed as part of the development of ceiling sections and wall sections. Drop ceilings and double walls are used throughout the building to hide ductwork from the view of occupants. The suspended ceiling structure is attached to the concrete deck and a finish system of wall board is applied to the ceiling.

Displacement cooling is used in the Baths of Janubio as a way of saving energy that would be unnecessarily wasted by only cooling the occupiable and inhabitable spaces in large rooms with high ceilings rather than cooling the entire volume of the space. This technique is effective at conserving energy because the air handling unit only has to cool a portion of the entire room volume which allows it to work less to get the job done. In the private suites, the supply vents are located in the floor with the return air vents near the entry where particles from outside would get into the rooms.

Mechanical Floor Plan Cooling & Ventilation Ducts

Wall Section of Lodging Suite Cooling & Ventilation Diagram

Return Ducts

5 | 118

Supply Ducts

In the Hot Bath, natural ventilation through the skylight works with the mechanical ventilation to allow warm air to escape. Regulating the air temperature in the bathhouse is important because it effects and is effected by the temperature of the water in these various spaces. The restaurant has special ventilation and cooling requirements because of the attached kitchen component. Kitchens get very hot at peak meal times when the stoves and ovens are going at the same time, and chefs are running around building up heat energy. In the restaurant there are two ducts each for the cooling and heating which supply the main seating and reception area and then the kitchen separately.

Section of Restaurant

Section of Baths

Hot Bath Section of Turkish Baths

5 | 119

Technical Solutions
Wa t e r S e r v i c i n g
Water Supply & Servicing Diagram Hot Water Plant The heat exchanger also powers the water treatment plant in addition to the hot water heater for the bathhouse. Water trucks bring water to the site and fill up a tank located under the parking area via a pump located on the south edge of the complex. This does not get it the way of delivery trucks or guests looking to park. Water from the storage tanks enters the water treatment plant where solutions are added to it to clean the water and make it suitable for the pools. From this area, the water travels to some of the pools already being ready for use. However, some of the water still needs to be heated to the proper temperature, in which case it goes to the nearby water heater located directly under the hot bath. From here, it goes to where it is needed through a series of pipes. Pools

Return Water

Hot Water Heaters for Swimming Pools & Spas

Water Pump

5 | 120

Mechanical & Wall Systems Bay Model Return & Supply Ducts

Like the mechanical systems, the water supply and return pipes needed to be accommodated for in the construction process to ensure structural stability of the complex as well as a ease of service to the spaces and for maintenance purposes. Like a normal pool, the baths in the complex require both supply and return service of water. A continual stream of treated water needs to replenish the pools as dirty water is carried back into the water treatment plant. The mechanical floor beneath the bathhouse holds all the major infrastructure for the water like the treatment plant, the hot water heater and the pipes. This mechanical and service level allows easy access for repairs and maintenance of the facilities while keeping the ugly pipes and machinery away from the guests, which helps not to spoil the spatial experience of the complex, especially in the rest areas and relaxation pool where reflection and calmness are expected.

Return Water Gutters

Locating the mechanical room underneath the bathhouse conforms to the topography of the site which leads to minimal site disturbance and land-moving. Positioning the service area here also puts the bathhouse and the pools in direct connection to the service systems.

Section through Water Supply & Treatment Systems

Water Truck

Water Tank

Water Treatment Hot Water Plant

5 | 121

Technical Solutions
P o o l s & B a t h s
The pools operate like any typical pool facility where there are varying heights of water for various users. The height of the water is regulated by the gutters and the supply pipes. If there isnt enough water in the pools, the lip of the gutter wont receive any water so the pool will remain at a constant height. In contrast, if many people enter the pool at once, the level rises and more water is carried out of the pool back to the treatment plant. Similarly, the water needs to be replenished more when more people are using the pools, and it needs to be replenished less frequently when fewer people are using the pools. The demand for the treatment plant to supply water to the pools is determined by the size of the pools and the users of the pool at a given time. The size of the plant is determined by doing simple volume calculations and occupancy estimates.

Hot Water Supply Hot Bath Plant

Used Water Treated Water Supply

Section through Hot Bath showing Water Treatment Supply & Returns

5 | 122

The pipes for the pools and baths operate in a similar manner to the duct work for the air supply and returns, in that the pipes cannot cross each other in the same location because the supply water must be separate from the return water. In other words, it is unlike a sewer system which just dumps storm water and debris in a single location. A strict separation is necessary to have a working system. Again this is achieved through planning for the construction process. Holes are created in the concrete structural walls by reinforcing openings where pipes will eventually be placed to service the various areas of the complex.

View from the Lower Outdoor Pool

Water Treatment

Heat Exchanger

Section through Bathhouse showing Water Treatment Supply & Returns

5 | 123

Technical Solutions
Structural System
Structure Ground Floor Plan The structure of the Baths of Janubio is a concrete masonry unit wall construction that relies on load bearing walls to support the various roofs, and floors of the bathhouse, restaurant and various other program spaces. The thickness of walls and the heaviness of the concrete structure make for a stereotomic architecture that responds to the climate of the site and structural building tradition of Lanzarote. Load bearing walls help to connect to the ground in a more solid way than a lighter, steel structure would, which continues the concept of a grounded building that is of the Earth and appropriate for the site.

5 | 124

CMU Wall Construction Diagram

Exploded Structural Axonometric

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

CMU Wall Assemblies Diagram

The structure consists of poured concrete foundation walls, on which CMU blocks are placed with grout filled cores and steel reinforcing bars. The footings are proportioned to the wall thickness and the depth of the foundation reflects the weight that is supported above. Because Lanzarote is a semi-dessert climate, there was no need to consider the ground freezing depth for the site foundation walls. The walls terminate in a parapet above where concrete decks for floors or ceilings are attached to the wall. Mechanical ducts, in some cases, must penetrate through the structural walls, which requires double walls to be constructed in some places and for accommodations for pipes or ducts in others. Openings in the walls with reinforced, grout-filled beams allow for these opening for plumbing and mechanical to be made.

5 | 125

Technical Solutions
The concrete structure provides a solid foundation on which a cladding can be applied that expresses the conceptual and aesthetic desires of the building by using materials that better reach those goals than concrete would. For these purposes, concrete was the ideal structure for a solid, stable building that achieved the desired concepts of the design.

Structural Axonometric

Structural Bay Model Pool Assemblies Structural Bay Model Bathhouse Assemblies

5 | 126

5 | 127

Technical Solutions

Building Envelope

In addition to the wood cladding system used in the project, which is explained on pgs. 111-112, the building implores the local building material of Lanzarote. The exterior envelope of the building is a local volcanic rock cladding system. The CMU block structural walls are assembled with metal ties that support the volcanic rock in a way similar to any other veneer wall such as brick or stone panels. Volcanic rock is a readily available material on Lanzarote and it is a primary building material in vernacular and traditional architecture. The rock is strong, durable and culturally linked to the traditions of the island as well as linked to the geologic formation of Lanzarote. The rock is a result of volcanic explosions that have shaped and defined the Canary Islands for millions of years.

Volcanic rock is sometimes used on both sides of CMU structural walls, especially in the pool area where the outside is connected to inside spaces through expansive views through large glass windows. In other places, wall board is used.

Volcanic Rock

Volcanic Rock Exterior Cladding System Assemblies Bay Model

5 | 128

5 | 129

Technical Solutions
Exterior Finish System
While volcanic rock is readily available throughout the site, it is black, which creates an issue for solar heat gain on the island. To address this, the exterior is traditionally painted white using a lime-based paint. This whitewashing technique is referred to as encalado. This white color reflects light and keeps the surface of the building relatively cool. It also contrasts with the dark landscape of Lanzarote to create eye-popping architecture that emerges from the ground at the same time that it contrasts with it. These thick, masonry walls also create deep window sills which help to shade windows from the harsh sun while not creating dark interior spaces. This helps to reduce energy bills and increase access to light for building inhabitants. Two very important things in 21st Century architecture.

Whitewash Lime Paint Exterior Finish System Bay Model

Whitewash Lime Paint Exterior Finish System

5 | 130

Exterior Finish Systems Southwest Aerial Perspective

5 | 131

A | 132

Black and White Construction Set A p p e n d i x A

A | 133

A | 134

A | 135

The Baths of Janubio is a bathhouse overlooking the Salinas de Janubio in Lanzarote. The bathhouse will include several different pools of various size and experience. The facility will also include preparatory areas for changing and showering. In addition to the bathhouse there will also be lodging rooms for overnight and weekly stays by tourists and other temporary housing arrangements. A restaurant and attached kitchen will also provide visitors with a social gathering place and eating location. Service space will be provided to operate the complex both administratively and mechanically.

A | 136

A | 137

The lower level gives direct access to the parking area through the delivery service room and the elevator and stair case brings occupants up to the courtyard. The main level of the complex has easy and direct access to the courtyard and the parking area with multiple locations of egress.

A | 138

Egress is handled differently in each part of the complex. The open, central courtyard offers easy access to the outside for occupants, which in turn allows people to exit the complex to a safe distance. Open air egress stairs for the lodging component bring guests down to the courtyard in two locations at either end of the complex. Internal stairs and double doors allow other building occupants to easily and quickly exit their building. In the case of people on the lower level, access directly to the parking area and the surrounding landscape is readily available in addition to stairs and the elevator. The bathhouse, the lodging, the restaurant, and the administration buildings each offer at least two means of egress in case of emergency.

A | 139

This design for the Baths of Janubio seeks to comply with international building code requirements for safe egress from the building in case of emergency, proper fire-rated doors, and accessibility for all users. Accessibility for all potential guests is also an important and necessary component of the design for the Baths of Janubio. Wheel chair access is accommodated with wide doors, a large elevator, and ramps throughout the complex. The courtyard is access by a ramp from the parking lot as is the lower level mechanical area. The courtyard, in turn, allows access to each other programmatic component. In case of emergencies, the elevator also provides a means of egress for handicapped guests of the second level lodging. If the elevator is not working, patios are located near the egress stairs at either end of the corridor. There are semi-permanent occupants whom stay for short periods of up to about a week and may use the spa, pools and restaurant as well as travel around the island to various other sites during the day. Other temporary users may just visit for the day to use the spa, pools or restaurant but do not stay over because they either live in another town or, more likely, they are tourists staying in another location. Other users of the building include the staff who are in change of the administration portion of running the building and managing guests, planning activities and coordinating schedules. There is another set of employees who may work delivering food and water or dispose of refuse at the end of the day and are accounted for in the design. The workers in the building such as mechanical technicians, cooks and bath attendants also are thought of in the design process in terms of programmatic space, egress, and ease of their job. This means providing adequate space for storage, off-loading deliveries, space for relaxation and a safe means of egress.

A | 140

A | 141

A | 142

A | 143

A | 144

A | 145

A | 146

A | 147

A | 148

A | 149

A | 150

A | 151

A | 152

A | 153

A | 154

A | 155

A | 156

A | 157

A | 158

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

The structure of the Baths of Janubio is a concrete masonry unit wall construction that relies on load bearing walls to support the various roofs, and floors of the bathhouse, restaurant and various other program spaces. The thickness of walls and the heaviness of the concrete structure make for a stereotomic architecture that responds to the climate of the site and structural building tradition of Lanzarote. Load bearing walls help to connect to the ground in a more solid way than a lighter, steel structure would, which continues the concept of a grounded building that is of the Earth and appropriate for the site.
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

A | 159

Active strategies for heating cooling and ventilation are also necessary in our contemporary world to provide the needs for modern people who expect a certain standard of living. This is especially true for a complex like the Baths of Janubio in a place like Lanzaorte, where the majority of guests would be from the Western world where a high standard of living is enjoyed and expected. This resort spa is also serving a higher class clientele, not only because of its specific site and location, but because of the high quality of spaces and design that make up the character of the building. The climate is Lanzarote is semi-dessert and it is effected by Saharan winds as well as Atlantic trade winds. While the temperature on the island is mild and steady throughout the year, the solar heat gain is a major factor in this location and a mechanical system must be chosen with that in mind. Various strategies for heating, cooling and ventilation are used in the Baths of Janubio for the creation of a comfortable environment for building occupants.

A | 160

The large, rectangular courtyard of the building provides the ideal locations for a Geothermal field where pipes can be placed deep within the Earth and not be affected by the building foundations. A Geothermal system uses a continuous loop of pipes to bring warm water from one area to another place with cool water. In this case, warm water near the surface of the earth (within the building) is forced deep into the Earth (1000 feet) where there is cool water. This cool water travels up into the building to a heat exchanger unit, which creates energy out of the transfer.

A | 161

Geothermal systems are a sustainable option for energy production for mechanical systems and other functions that require energy. This technique helps to ensure the long lifespan of the building as a functional space. Compared to other techniques that depend on oil and gas, geothermal technology is very efficient and cost effective when considering the rising prices of the conventional options. The Geothermal system operates on a heat exchanger unit, which provides energy for air handling units, which then control the cooling and ventilation for the complex. The air handling units force air through a series of ducts that move across the entire building to provide cool air and ventilation vents to interior spaces. A fresh air intake vent pulls air from the outside and brings it into the returning air of the air handling units to provide fresh air to interior spaces. This is a necessary component of the design, because it is unhealthy to reuse dirty air without a fresh air source. The reasoning behind these elaborate systems of ducts to each room is to provide the occupants of this complex with a proper human comfort level in this environment.

A | 162

Cooling and ventilation ducts are separated from one another vertically to allow the ducts to pass over one another freely when necessary. When turning corners and servicing every area, it become necessary for ducts to cross. This reality had to be designed as part of the development of ceiling sections and wall sections. Drop ceilings and double walls are used throughout the building to hide duct work from the view of occupants. The suspended ceiling structure is attached to the concrete deck and a finish system of wall board is applied to the ceiling. Displacement cooling is used in the Baths of Janubio as a way of saving energy that would be unnecessarily wasted by only cooling the occupiable and inhabitable spaces in large rooms with high ceiling. This technique is effective at conserving energy because the air handling unit only has to cool a portion of the entire room volume which allows it to work less to get the job done. In the private suites, the supply vents are located in the floor with the return air vents near the entry where particles from outside would get into the rooms.

A | 163

A | 164

A | 165

In the Hot Bath, natural ventilation through the skylight works with the mechanical ventilation to allow warm air to escape. Regulating the air temperature in the bathhouse is important because it effects and is effected by the temperature of the water in these various spaces. The restaurant has special ventilation and cooling requirements because of the attached kitchen component. Kitchens get very hot at peak meal times when the stoves and ovens are going at the same time, and PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT chefs are running around building up heat energy. In the restaurant there are two ducts each for the cooling and heating which supply the main seating and reception area and then the kitchen separately.
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Heat Exchanger Air Handling Unit

A | 166

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Return Ducts Supply Ducts

Geothermal

A | 167

B | 168

Research A p p e n d i x

B | 169

LANZAROTE LA PALMA FUERTEVENTURA

oldest ages of the subaerial volcanism

TENERIFE GRAN CANARIA

LA GOMERA

_the canary islands

LANZAROTE LA PALMA

The Canary Islands formed around 30 million years ago off the northwest coast of Africa as a result of magmatic activity. The earths crust collided working folds upward from the ocean floor forming seven major islands of mountains and volcanoes.

_the canary islands

TENERIFE

FUERTEVENTURA

LA GOMERA

GRAN CANARIA

Population: 142,000 inhabitants Lanzarote was the first island to emerge from the ocean of the Canary Islands. It is the only island that has a sounding system that crossed the entire island strcuture. Lanzarote has continuouse vocanic activity and is know as the island of 100 volcanoes, and really having 110 volcanos registared. In 1993 the island was decleared a Biosphere Reserve in order to preserve the islands natural landscape. Before conquest, the economy was based on agriculture and livestock as well as recollection of wild plants species, fishing, and seashell fishing. The increasing tourism is now a major fuel in the economy.

Formation stages of volcanic islands associated with hot spots

Development and future of Canary Islands

_lanzarote
B | 170

_the canary islands

Lanzarote has had volcanic eruptions for six years running from 17301736 and a smaller one in 1824. During the major eruptions from 17301736, many villages were destroyed and new mountains and volcanoes sprung up forming what is now Timanfaya National Park. The villages that were destroyed include Tingfa, Mancha Blanca, Maretas, Santa Catalina, Jaretas, San Juan, Timanfaya, Rodeo and Mazo. Much of the land destroyed by the eruptions was once fertile land that was used to grow vines, cereals, and graze cattle causing the island to go into famine and encounter a huge economic loss. Some of the people who inhabited the villages that were destroyed by the eruptions moved east while others left the island altogether to search for new lands to recover their fortunes. Many of the people emigrated to Cuba and Venezuela. Much of the lava flow remained relatively constant for the six years flowing in a west and southwest direction across the island and into the sea. The six year eruptions ended up creating over 100 hundred volcanoes now known has the Montanas del Fuego and also 32 new volcanoes around the island. In total the lava flow covered 200sq. km. or 78 sq. mi. . It mainly extended the lava flow in southwest direction on the island. Today the volcanoes are considered to be dormant but still bring intense heat to the surface.

Series I is considered to be the Old Series or First Volcanic Cycle formed by old basaltic defiles. Curently this surface covers about 200sq. km. of the island into two areas. These areas are called Famara and Femes and ae formed mainly by an agglomeration of basaltic layers. There is existence of plants and animails throughout these areas. Series II and III are considered to be the Second Volcanic Cycle and are characterized as being much less abrupt morphology like a limestone crust sometimes covered by earthen soil. Series IV or Recent Volcanism are well preserved volcanoes and still contain a constant lava flow underneath the surface.

Current Inhabited Space

_lanzarote
Overview:
Teguise, Lanzarote_Old Capital Population: 1650 inhabitants Age: dates back to 1402 City Pattern: The pattern is radial from central point. The buidlings are compact near the center point and get more spread out as the buildings get further from the center. Relation to Geography: Originally placed at high elevation to provide the city with views of the shoreline for safty. Building Style: Simple buildings with white walls and flat roofs. Some corners of buildings are detailed with volcanic rock. In responce to the climate, the design of these buildings have thick walls and small windows. Building Hight: 1-2 stories
One of the oldest cites in Lanzarote and was originally the capital until 1852.It was founded at the beginning of the XV century and Maciot of Bethencourt resided in there with the princess Teguise. Teguise was settled by the Spanish Conquistadores in 1402 and used as a place to stop to refuel and restock. It is strategically located in the center of the island as one of the highest elevations giving it panoramic views of the coastline. This was beneficial during the 16th and 17th centuries due to the ability for inhabitants to watch for the frequent Pirate attracts. Teguise is also home to the largest weekly market.

_lanzarote

_tequise

_tequise

B | 171

Overview:

Arrecife, Lanzarote_New Capital Population: 45,000 inhabitants (majority of Lanzarotes population) Age: Early 15th century City Pattern: the city is divided into sub-sections and then a grid further divides the sub-section. The original port center point however follows a radial pattern divided into unorganized clusters. Relation to Geography: the buildings spread and are connected to the original port. Building Style: The buildings are more developed and compact. Building Height: 1-17(the grand hotel) stories

Located on the center-eastern coast of Lanzarote is the new and current capital, Arrecife. Dating back to the early 15th century, Arrecife was used as a small fishing settlement. At the end of the 16th century the population increased as a response to the need for accommodation and warehousing to support the trade of the new and old worlds. It is now the largest city in Lanzarote and has the largest fishing fleet in the Canary Islands. Arrecife also has the most dominant skyline in Lanzarote, displaying the islands tallest buildings.

_arrecife
Overview:
Las Brenas is located in the southwestern part of the island at a high elevation offering views to the water. The population relatively small compared to the other cities on the island. The city plan is organic and the buildings are spread out.

_arrecife

B | 172

_las brenas

Churches(9)- They were built as the population developed, They express the local economic situation of the particular time in history that they were built. Hermitages(30)- They were built during the XVIII century and were erected by the neighbors themselves. The simplicity of construction of use of materials makes them remarkable. They were originally built with a rectangular body with an attached sacristy room. The corners were detailed with volcanic stone.

_architecture_religious

Unique Structures are designs that are considered special because of there location, use, or origin. These structures include cemeteries, forts, lighthouses, and warehouses. The deceased were moved from beneath the churches and hermitages to cemeteries making this new religious change unique. The castle of Los Colorades is also unique because it has a round floor base and a barrel vault in the upper level, which sustained the reservoir.

_architecture_unique

Industrial architecture was extremely important for the economy of Lanzarote. They used and developed machines for milling grain since their main activity was based on cereal and cattle type farming. As the mills got developed, they were used to bring water up to the salt flats. Janubio is the biggest salt flat in the Canaries and because of their architectonical and hydraulics complexity, they are said to be the most important salt flat invention in the world.

_architecture_industrial

Similar style but adaptations were made to deal with peculiar characteristics of the different locations. For example regions that face the African winds have thick walls with sometimes no windows towards the exterior. Houses are normally SE facing. The structure of the buildings is a quadrilateral ground floor form with another central square inside, forming the patio to which the rooms open up. The materials were received from easily accessed places.

_architecture_residential

B | 173

Cesar Manrique was a painter, sculpter, and architect and his main design principle was to respect the style of the traditional architecture and preserve the original features of Lanzarote. Manrique strived to integrate his works into the natural landscape and to create interior spaces that achieved a harmony between space and volume. His creations were notorious for their simplicity and the natives say he has made Lanzarote. He Felt people should not demolish part of the buildings that were in bad condition or in bad shape and also convinced the government to band billboards. As the number of tourists increase, Manrique wanted his designs to influence the landscape and he allow the tourists to see the landscape in a building form.
B | 174

For me, Lanzarote was the most beautiful place on earth ... ... then I made it a point to show Lanzarote to the world.

_cesar manrique

Baths of Janubio

Precipitation :
MONTHLY

LANZAROTE

Baths of Janubio

Introduction:
YEARLY

LANZAROTE Climate : Sub Desert Characterisics: _Lack of Rain (140mm : 5.5 annually) _Frequent Trade Winds _Canary Current _Average Temperature : 61 to 68 _Average Humidity: 70 % _Yearly Evaporation (2000mm : 78 annually)

lanzarote, spain

lanzarote, spain

20 mm : 3/4 inch

Baths of Janubio studio_summer 2011 arch 513 comprehensive

roger williams university

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

PROVIDENCE
January April

MONTHS

Wind :
July October

LANZAROTE
February May August November

lanzarote, spain

March

June

September

December

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Baths of Janubio

Wind :
DAILY March 21st September 21st

PROVIDENCE

LANZAROTE
January April July October

lanzarote, spain

June 21st June 21st

February May August

December 21st
November

roger williams university ensive studio_summer 2011

March

June

September

December

B | 175

B | 176
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio
LANZAROTE
TYPES & ORIGINS

Winds :

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

LANZAROTE

Prevailing Winds :
MONTHS

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio
LANZAROTE

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio
LANZAROTE
SOUTH ORIENTATION SECTIONAL DIAGRAMS

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

DIAGRAM

lanzarote, spain

Sun:
Baths of Janubio
LANZAROTE
EAST ORIENTATION PLAN DIAGRAMS

Sun Shading:

Sun Shading:

B | 177

Baths of Janubio

Sun Shading:
DIAGRAM

LANZAROTE

Winter - Spring:
Decemeber 21st to June 21st

PROVIDENCE

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Summer - Fall:
June 21st to December 21st

B | 178

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

roger williams university 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio
LANZAROTE

LANZAROTE

June 21st June 21st

roger williams university 13 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

March 21st

March 21st

Solar Radiation :
YEARLY

Solar Radiation:
PROVIDENCE

DAILY - March 21st

December 21st

September 21st

September 21st

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio
LANZAROTE
LANZAROTE

PROVIDENCE
March February January April July October May June September December August November

TEMPERATURE AVERAGES :

January

YEARLY

Solar Radiation:
April July October

MONTHLY

PROVIDENCE

B | 179

Baths of Janubio

Average Temperature :
MONTHLY
January April July October

LANZAROTE
February May August November

Baths of Janubio

lanzarote, spain

GROUND TEMPERATURE :
YEARLY

March

June

September

December

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Baths of Janubio

TEMPERATURE AVERAGES :
PROVIDENCE
DAILY - March 21st March 21st
January April July

LANZAROTE

September 21st September

October

LANZAROTE

lanzarote, spain

February

May

August

November

June 21st
March June September

December 21st
December

PROVIDENCE

arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Baths of Janubio

March 21st
January

Humidity :
April

MONTHLY
July

September 21st
October

LANZAROTE
February May August November

PROVIDENCE
lanzarote, spain

March

June 21st

June

September

December December 21st

B | 180

er williams university tudio_summer 2011

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio
LANZAROTE

PROVIDENCE

RELATIVE HUMIDITY :
MONTHLY

B | 181

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio

RELATIVE HUMIDITY :
YEARLY

Humidity :
March 21st

DAILY - March 21st September 21st

LANZAROTE

lanzarote, spain

lanzarote, spain

June 21st June 21st

December 21st

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

LANZAROTE

PROVIDENCE

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

March 21st

September 21st

PROVIDENCE
June 21st June 21st December 21st

B | 182

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio
LANZAROTE

PROVIDENCE

PSYCHOMETRIC CHART:
YEARLY

B | 183

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_vegetation

_vegetation

Wild Oat

Geological Regions

Avena Canariensis
endemic/ Y spread/ LF_T___ mature size/ 1-3

lanzarote, spain

description/ The Avena genus contains up to 15 species and is often known as the Oats genus, it belongs to the Poaceae family of true grasses. Members of this widespread family are native to Europe, Asia and parts of North Africa. Oats can be grown in the garden both as a food source or more commonly in the garden as a decorative grass. plant-biology.com

sun/ full water/ drought tolerant soil/ poor or average, well-drained

B | 184

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Baths of Janubio

Plants of Janubio
Vegetation around the Salinas de Janubio must not only be able to survive in the arid conditions of Lanzarote, but must also be resitant to the salt which the area is famous for.

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Pin Leg, Aizoon Canariense

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

_vegetation

_vegetation

Ice Plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

Tree Tobacco, Nicotiana glauca

Salinas de Janubio, Lanzarote, Spain

Sweet Tabaiba, Euphorbia balsamifera

Cosco, Mesembryanthemum nodiorum

Macaronesian Polycarpaea, Polycarpaea nivea

Baths of Janubio

Agricultural Strategies
Wind Breaks

and DeKay, 130)

In hot, dry climates, in addition to thermal comfort, windbreaks provide important dust and sand protection.(Brown This quote from Sun, Wind and Light enforces the purpose of the agrarian walls and pits surrounding each plant grown here on a vineyard. Saharan winds can produce problems for growth that barriers reduce.

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

_vegetation

_vegetation

Moorish Tabaiba, Euphorbia regis-juba

Wort of Lanzarote, Lotus lancerottensis

Lustrous Jarilla, Helianthemum thymiphyllum

Boxthorn, Lycium intricatum

B | 185

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio

_vegetation

_vegetation

Agricultural Strategies
Wind Breaks

lanzarote, spain

lanzarote, spain

High on the volcanic slopes the grapes are cultivated in ancient, alienlooking craters called hoyos with small stone walls called abrigos built around the northeastern rim to protect the vines from the prevailing trade winds.
http://thewinebottega.com/canary-island-wines-more/

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Sorrel, Rumex Lunaria

Sea-Blite, Suaeda vermiculata

Common Sea Grape, Zygophyllum fontanesii

Canary Island Spurge, Euphorbia canariensis

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

vhttp://www.islamitica.com/wp-content/uploads/geria2.jpg

Baths of Janubio

Agricultural Strategies
Wind- and Sand Breaks

Baths of Janubio

_vegetation
Due to their light weight, dust particles follow the main air stream around a structure, so eddy areas of reduced velocity formed by courts or walls are less dusty. Brown and DeKay

_vegetation

Vegetative Strategies
Normative Uses

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

vhttp://www.islamitica.com/wp-content/uploads/geria2.jpg

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Prototypical means of cooling and shading with greenery often prescribe uses of large shade trees, which may not apply to the vegetative typologies of Lanzarote. However, burying strategies might be an applicable concept, though the green-roof may not be feasible due to watering needs. Local shrub types should be consulted. Brown and DeKay

lanzarote, spain

lanzarote, spain
vhttp://www.islamitica.com/wp-content/uploads/geria2.jpg

B | 186

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_vegetation

_vegetation

Monterey Pine
Pinus Radiata
endemic/ N spread/ L_CTGHP mature size/ 98 root depth/ minumum 30 spacing/ 6 description/ Pinus Radiata is an introduced species on the islands, used in various reforestation projects that have been carried out in the archipelago. It is a tree up to 30m tall, with horizontal branches erect-patent or ascending. Needle-like leaves, bright green and up to 15 cm are arranged in bundles of 3. The bark is thick, and reddish-brown cones are ovoid, up to 14cm long. oradecanarias.com

Las Tunas Velvet

Opuntia Tomentosa
endemic/ N spread/ LFCTGHP mature size/10 root depth/ 18-36 spacing/ 2-3 description/ O. Tomentosa is another invasive introduced species. It can be treelike and features multiple and persistent purple fruits. oradecanarias.com

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

sun/ full water/ absorbed in fog soil/ acid, well-drained

sun/ full water/ drought-tolerant soil/ mildly acidic and alkaline

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_vegetation

_vegetation

Sweet Tabaiba
Euphorbia Balsamifera
endemic/ N spread/ LFCTGHP mature size/ 1-15 root depth/ 12 spacing/ 12-80 description/ Euphorbia balsamifera forms intricately branched, rounded shrub of variable height from very short bushes hardly rising above the ground to small trees up to 5 m tall. They are pretty variable where leaf characters and stems development are concerned.
cactus-art.biz

Canary Island Palm

Phoenix Canariensis
endemic/ Y spread/ LFCTGHP mature size/ 50 root depth/ 33 spacing/ 30-40 description/ The phoenix canariensis plant is the symbol of the Canary Islands. It is an unbranched palm that can reach 15 m in height. Its leaves are green, numerous and arched, with a barbed spine at the base. The fruit is an oval, yellow to orange drupe 2 cm long and 1 cm in diameter and containing a single large seed; the fruit pulp is edible but too thin to be worth eating. Those that are often seen are hybrids between this species and L. P.dactylifera, which is known as Canary Island date palm or palm. oradecanarias.com

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

sun/ full water/ drought-resistant soil/ average

sun/ full water/ drought tolerant soil/ sandy, well-drained

B | 187

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_vegetation

_vegetation

Wild Olive

Olea Cerasiformis
endemic/ Y spread/ LFCTGHP mature size/ 25 root depth/ maximum 2.5 spreads spacing/ 22-40 description/ Olea Cerasiformis is a plant endemic to the archipelago, which can be found on all islands. Formerly considered a subspecies of Olea Europea, it is usually a shrub with leaves linear-lanceolate, bright green on the visible surface and white on the underside. Fruits are ellipsoid and green, turning brown or black when ripe. oradecanarias.com

Boxthorn

Lycium Intricatum
endemic/ N spread/ LFCTG_P mature siz-e/ 6 root depth/ 18-24 spacing/ 4-6 description/ Boxthorn is a genus of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), containing about 90 species of plants native throughout much of the temperate and subtropical zones of the world. They are mostly found in dry, semi-saline environments. Other common names include desert-thorn, Christmas berry, wolfberry, Matrimony vine, and Duke of Argylls tea tree. Goji is a common English name made popular by several American-made juices and dried berries sometimes branded as Tibetan or Himalayan goji berries, although these terms do not geographically represent where the berries actually originate. wikipedia.org sun/ full water/ drought-resistant soil/ poor, well-drained

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

sun/ full water/ arid plant soil/ well-drained

Baths of Janubio

Canary Island Candle

Kleinia Neriifolia
endemic/ Y spread/ LFCTGHP mature size/ 6.5 root depth/ maximum 2 spacing/ 2 description/ Kleinia Neriifolia is an endemic shrub with succulent stems and lanceolate leaves; eshy, deciduous, and of variable width. Leaves are pale yellow, slender, and arranged in umbelliform orets. Frangrant grey-white owers bloom between March and October. The plant is considered to be in the genus senecio.
oradecanarias.com

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_vegetation

_vegetation

Canary Island Spruge

Euphorbia Canariensis
endemic/ Y spread/ LFCTG_P mature size/ 13 root depth/ 12 spacing/ 12-80 description/ Grows natively in the arid and humid environment of the narrow coastal belt, from sea level to 0 metres to 1,100 metres. It occours in dry lava formations and mainly on the south facing mountain slopes on all islands. It is one of the most abundant plants on the sea-cliffs. It is an easy species to grow that is suited for any well drained soil in full sun. Give the plant an airy growing medium which mainly consists of non organic material such us clay, pumice, lava grit, and only a little peat or leaf-mould. cactuspedia.info

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

sun/ full water/ arid plant soil/ slightly acidic/alkaline

sun/ full water/ drought-resistant soil/ average

B | 188

Baths of Janubio

Canary Morning Glory

Convolvulus Floridus
endemic/ Y spread/ LFCTGHP mature size/ 4-6+ root depth/ 10 spacing/ 18-24 description/ C. Floridus is a shrub to small tree. It is endemic to all Canary Islands. Distiguished by its oblong leaves and paniculate inorescence, stems terminate in numerous white owers. oradecanarias.com

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_vegetation

_vegetation

Lavender
endemic/ Y spread/ LFCTGHP mature size/ 1-3 root depth/ 8-12 spacing/ 18-24

Lavandula Canariensis

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

description/ The Hardy perennial lavender is a beautiful, fragrant and useful plant to grow in the garden. Lavandula reaches from 30cm to 90cm in height depending on the species and carries tubular lavender (or blue or purple) owers from the end of spring to the summer. It is a great plant to grow in the herb garden. To harvest the owers of lavender for culinary use remove them just as the buds are opening, remove the owers from the stems, and keep them in a dry place for a few weeks. plant-biology.com

sun/ full water/ drought-tolerant soil/ rocky, well-drained

sun/ full water/ drought-tolerant soil/ poor, well drained

Baths of Janubio

Duraznillo
endemic/ Y spread/ LFCTGHP mature size/ 5 root depth/ 18-36 spacing/ 2-3

Baths of Janubio
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_vegetation
Ceballosia Fruticosa

_vegetation

Sea Grape
endemic/ N spread/ LFCTGH_ mature size/ 30 root depth/ 36 spacing/ 2

Zygophyllum fontanesii

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

description/ Fruticosa Ceballosia is endemic throughout the islands. It is a small shrub with greenish-white owers and fruits, which are divided into two mericarps. It is known as duraznillo. oradecanarias.com

lanzarote, spain

description/ Tough, exposure resistant shrub of sandy and rocky coastal areas in mild climates. Branching woody stems carry cylindrical, eshy leaves which are green when young, turning yellowish as they age. Some plants also exhibit purplish foliage, most especially in very exposed, sunny locations. Insignicant pinkish owers and more noticeable orange coloured eshy rounded fruit. Grows near the sea on sand and rocky soils in full sun. Thrives in salty conditions (halophyte).
deeproot.co.uk

sun/ full water/ regular soil/ rich, well drained

sun/ full water/ drought-resistant soil/ dry, sandy

B | 189

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Baths of Janubio

_vegetation

_vegetation

Mallow

Lavatera Acerifolia
endemic/ Y spread/ LFCTG_P mature size/ 2-6 root depth/ 16 spacing/ 2-3 description/ Members of the Lavatera genus can be hardy annuals, biennials or perennials, but are normally treated as hardy annuals in the garden. They are shrubbery and can reach a height of 60cm to 1.8M. They carry pink, purple or white trumpet shaped owers. The perennial members of Lavatera ower in the summer, whereas annuals bloom from summer to the rst frost of winter.
plant-biology.com

Sorrel

Rumex Lunaria
endemic/ Y spread/ LFCTGHP mature size/ 2 root depth/ 12-20 spacing/ 12-16 description/ It is generally found in pastures where the soil contains iron. The leaves are oblong, the lower ones 3 to 6 inches in length, slightly arrow-shaped at the base, with very long petioles. The upper ones are sessile. They frequently become a beautiful crimson. As the owers increase in size, they become a purplish colour. The stamens and pistils are on different plants. The seeds, when ripe, are brown and shining. The perennial roots run deeply into the ground. Sorrel is well known for the grateful acidity of its herbage, which is most marked when the plant is in full season, though in early spring it is almost tasteless. botanical.com sun/ full water/ drought-resistant soil/ rich, well-drained

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

sun/ full water/ regular soil/ average, well drained

Baths of Janubio

_vegetation

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_vegetation

Tajasnoyo (fennel)
Ferula Lencerottensis
endemic/ Y spread/ LF_____ mature size/ 6 root depth/ maximum 1 spacing/ 1 -2 description/ Ferula Lancerottensis is endemic to the eastern islands, akin to Ferula Linkii, which is endemic to the reamainder of the islands. It is distinguished by its smaller size, less spectacular umbels, and for linear, at leaf segments less than 2mm wide. Its fruits are ovoid. This species appears on the endangered species list in the Canaries, as special interest to Lanzarote and Fuerteventura.
oradecanarias.com

Tree Tobacco
Nicotiana Glauca
endemic/ N spread/ LFCTGHP mature size/ 7 root depth/ 10-18 spacing/ 12-28 description/ Members of the Nicotiana genus are normally grown as half hardy annuals in the garden. They bloom in the summer with attractive trumpet shaped owers, usually of pink, but also of green, white, yellow or red. These plants are often used for research into plant development by researchers. plant-biology.com

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

sun/ full water/ arid plant soil/ well-drained, rocky

sun/ full water/ drought-resistant soil/ acidic

B | 190

Baths of Janubio

Vipers Bugloss
Echium Decaisnei
endemic/ Y spread/ LFC____ mature size/ 3-6 root depth/ 3-10 spacing/ 10-24 description/ The buglosses, or Echiums, are native to the Canary Islands as well as North Africa and Mediterranean Europe. There are over 20 species growing on the islands, from the tiny ground-hugging Echium lancerottense to the huge Echium wildepretti, which produces spikes of pink owers up to 10 feet tall. Echiums have long, hairy leaves and the owers are white, blue, pink or purple.
ehow.com

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_vegetation

_vegetation

Prickly Tunera (Pear)

Opuntia Maxima
endemic/ N spread/ LFCTGHP mature size/16 root depth/ 6 spacing/ 6-18 description/ O. Maxima is an invasive introduced species. It is a shrubby plant up to 5m high, with eshy, prickly blades 30-50cm in size. Flowers are yellow or orange and the plant has red edible fruits. oradecanarias.com

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

sun/ full water/ drought tolerant soil/ poor, dry

sun/ full to partial water/ drought-tolerant soil/ mildly acidic and alkaline

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_vegetation

_vegetation

Eves Needle
endemic/ N spread/ LFCTG_P mature size/14 root depth/ 6 spacing/ 2-3

Famara Daisy
endemic/ Y spread/ L______ mature size/ 4 root depth/ maximum 1 spacing/ 1

Austrocylindropuntia Exaltata

Argyranthemum Maderense

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

description/ Austrocylindropuntia Exaltata is an introduced species to the Canary Islands. It is a tree species, 4-8m high, with cylindrical, well-pronounced branches that have long spines. The liform leaves persist for a long time. Bloom color is reddish. oradecanarias.com

description/ A. Mandarense is endemic to the island of Lanzarote, a small shrub. It is characterized by spatulate or obovate leaves and pale yellow orets, which are unlike most species of the genus, whose orets are typically white. It is sensitive to habitat disturbance and is included in the Canary Islands Protected Species Catalogue 2010 as a species of interest. oradecanarias.com

sun/ full water/ drought-tolerant soil/ mildly acidic and alkaline

sun/ full water/ arid plant soil/ rocky

B | 191

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_vegetation

_vegetation

Ice Plant
endemic/ N spread/ LFCTGHP mature size/ 4-8 root depth/ 4 spacing/ 6-10

Mesembryanthemum Crystallinum

Sea Rosemary
endemic/ Y spread/ LFCTG_? mature size/ up to 8 root depth/ 32 spacing/ 4 -6

Campylanthus Salsoloides

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

description/ Members of Mesembryanthemum are half hardy annuals and perennial succulents. They carry daisy like owers of pink, white, red or yellow that ower from spring to the end of summer (dependent upon species). They reach heights from 10 to 30 cm making them ideal for use in rock gardens, or at the front of borders. plant-biology.com

description/ C. Salsoloides is endemic to most all Canary Islands. It is a shrub up to 2m, with eshy, linear green leaves. Flowers are blue-purple, pink, or white, arranged in terminal inorescences and have two stamens. oradecanarias.com

sun/ full water/ drought-resistant soil/ poor

sun/ full water/ arid plant soil/ sandy loam

Baths of Janubio

Mignonette
Reseda Lancerotae
endemic/ Y spread/ LFC____ mature size/ 14 root depth/ 12-30 spacing/ 6-12 description/ Mignonette (Reseda) is a genus of fragrant herbaceous plants native to the Mediterranean region and southwest Asia, from the Canary Islands and Iberia east to northwest India. The species include annuals, biennials and perennials, and grow to 40-130 cm tall. The leaves form a basal rosette at ground level, and then spirally arranged up the stem; they can be entire, toothed or pinnate, and range from 1-15 cm long. The owers are produced in a slender spike, each ower small (4-6 mm diameter), white, yellow, orange, or green, with four to six petals. The fruit is a small dry capsule containing several seeds.
wikipedia.org

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_vegetation

_vegetation

Strawower
endemic/ Y spread/ L______ mature size/ 1 root depth/ 3-4 spacing/ 8-16

Helichrysum Gossypinum

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

description/ Dwarf Everlast is a rare endemic species unique to the island of Lanzarote. It differs from other species of the genus in the islands by its large, brownish-yellow orets, 6-8 mm, and its white hair. This species is included in the Endangered Species List in the Canaries, as sensitive to habitat disturbance on the island of Lanzarote. oradecanarias.com

sun/ partial shade water/ regular soil/ rich

sun/ full water/ occasional soil/ sandy, dry

B | 192

Baths of Janubio

Spleenwort
endemic/ Y spread/ LFCTG_P mature size/ 4-6 root depth/ 4 spacing/ 3-6

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_vegetation
Monanthes Laxiora

_vegetation

Gouty Houseleek
Aichryson Tortuosum
endemic/ Y spread/ LF_____ mature size/4-5 root depth/ 4-8 spacing/ 3-6 description/ Aichryson Tortuosum is endemic to the eastern Canaries, although it may appear on Tenerife. A small. evergreen shrub, it only grows to about 10cm in height. Its leaves are sessile, hairy, and sticky. oradecanarias.com

lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

description/ Monanthes is a genus of small, succulent, subtropical plants of the Crassulaceae family. The about ten species are mostly endemic to the Canary Islands and Salvage Islands, with some found on Madeira. Its center of diversity is Tenerife, with seven species occurring on this island. On Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, only Monanthes laxiora occurs. Monanthes are not frost-resistant.
wikipedia.org

sun/ full water/ drought-tolerant soil/ rich, well drained

sun/ full to partial water/ drought-tolerant soil/ rocky crevasses

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Baths of Janubio

_vegetation

_vegetation

Thistle

Carduus Clavulatus
endemic/ Y spread/ LFCTGHP mature size/ 8 root depth/ 3 spacing/ 18-24

Sea-Lavender
Limonium Puberulum
endemic/ Y spread/ LF_____ mature size/ 2 root depth/ maximum 1 spacing/ 6 description/ Limonium Puberulum is endemic to the easterm Canaries. This is a small plant (10-15cm) whose leaves form small rosettes. It is sensitive to habitat disturbance and is considered an endangered species on the islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. oradecanarias.com

lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

description/ They are easily identied by their prickly spiny leaves. They grow abundantly in most areas because of their adaptability to poor soils and drought. All parts of the milk thistle are considered edible, and the plant is often grown for its medicinal value. Milk thistle helps cleanse toxins from the liver and can also help heal liver cells. The thistle plants adaptability makes it an easy wild edible to add to the garden.
eHow.com

sun/ full water/ drought tolerant soil/ any

sun/ full water/ arid plant soil/ saline, alkaline

B | 193

_Desalination Plant on the coast of Lanzarote

_desalination
B | 194

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_desalination

Desalination in Relation to the Island of Lanzarote

On the island of Lanzarote, 99% of the consumed water comes from desalination plants. The desalination plants on the island of Lanzarote supplies 1 million people with clean drinkable water. The solution to water shortage lies a problem for the island; the production of clean water is dependent on energy, therefore, the amount and price of clean water is dependent on the cost of energy and the availability of energy. Because of this crisis, the Canary Islands started the industrial production of drinking water from seawater with the use of RES (Renewable Energy Sources), mainly wind and solar energy. Each Island is on its own grid and generates its own electricity; however, the island of Lanzarote has not reached its full potential for capturing these RES. Currently there are two wind farms on the island and codes in place to require new buildings to have a connection put in for solar water heating but they are not required to use it.

B | 195

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_desalination

_desalination

Using Water to Heal

Throughout history there are indications that water was used as a remedy in improving health. Water therapy is as old as humanity dating back to the ancient Greeks and Romans. Almost every warm climate civilization has at some time used baths for therapeutic reasons as well as for pleasant social interaction. Water is a natural medicine that benefits the entire body. Water therapy aim is to overcome sudden or chronic energy blocks and to restore the normal flow of internal energy affected parts or the entire body. In restoring the energy flow, water therapy helps the body to heal itself and prevents many other health problems from occuring.

Using Water to Heal

Each distinctive physical form of water ice, water, steam - must be used differently, for each has its own specific function in healing and in maintaining good health. Depending on its form (liquid, solid, gas), Temperature (cold, hot, ice, neutral), and pressure (light to jet), water will have a specific physical and chemical reaction in and on the body. Cold water is restorative, reenergizing, and helps build resistance to disease. Ice massage is preferred treatment for injuries, because the cold helps to control the bleeding and reduce swelling. Warm water is sedating and relaxes the body. Hot water increases the blood flow and will act to increase any inflammation. Some of the most important therapeutic uses of hot water are the hot bath to induce perspiration, hot compresses to reduce inflammation and pain, and contrasting hot and cold baths to quicken circulation and body reaction. Steam increases skin action and creates perspiration, which in turn cleanses the body from within.

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

Water Therapies
Balneotherapy has a range of treatments with warm mineral salt water, from bathing or underwater massage jets to plain drinking. Alkaline water helps stimulate the secretion of bile, while hypnotic water has diuretic effects and is often used for treating kidney stones. Heliotherapy uses the sunis creative properities of combining skin treatments with both the sun, as an excellent source of energy, boost immunity and stabilizes mood, but also sea salt baths. Phytotherapy is the use of treatments with wild-growing herbs, plants, flowers or leaves. Used in salt baths, oils or infusions, their effect can be superior to pharmacological treatments for some medical conditions. Thalassatherapy is with the use of warm seawater to allow magnesium and potassium to be drawn into the blood stream while toxins are actively eliminated.

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_desalination

lanzarote, spain

_desalination

lanzarote, spain

Possibility for use and the therapeutic effect of Saltwater in the Bath
Both the Greeks and Romans had researched and recognized the therapeutic effects that saltwater baths had on the physical and mental condition of a person. The immediate general effects of warm seawater application is relaxing, regenerative, and stimulating. Seawater application to the body, warmed and usually combined with massage, is referred to as Thalassotherapy. Thalassotherapy baths allow magnesium and potassium to be drawn in the blood stream while toxins are actively eliminated. There are many types of water therapies and sea salt therapy done in spas that can be used as treatment.

B | 196

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Baths of Janubio
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_desalination

Sea salt Therapy Treatments at the Spa

Sea water, which is rich in minerals and microelements, has wonderful therapeutic properties when heated up to 33-34 Celsius or 91-94 Fahrenheit. The following are examples of incorporating Sea salt Therapies: Jacuzzi: A hydromassage in the bath filled with warm seawater for 20 minutes. Sea salt Wrap: Used in combination with sea salts and individualized essential oils, it stimulates circulation, increases lymph flow and detoxifies the whole system. Under Shower Massage: A light body massage with waterproof cream while having a warm sea water shower. Under Water Massage: A strong jet body massage while lying down in a warm salt bath Salt Glows: a special blend of sea salts and aromatherapy oils gently exfoliates dead skin cells leaving the skin toned, glowing and stimulated.
B | 197

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

-Ancient Greeks initially bathed in the salt water of the Mediterranean and fresh water of rivers -Natural Hot Springs provided the inspiration for later man-made facilities and bathing methods -Bathing developed as a private ritual to be conducted at home by ones self, or with the help of servants or others -As techonolgy for controlling water improved, popularity of bathing increased, and demand for post-excercise recooperating facilities grew, public baths became an important staple in the social and civic life of Greeks -Public bathing in the Greek tradition wained as religious conservatism in the Middle Ages moved away from humanist principles -The written history of Ancient Greece and the ruins of public baths allow a deep understanding of the types of baths, methods of bathing, functions of bathing, and the form of baths that ancient Greeks onced used

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_History of Greek Public Baths

_History of Greek Public Baths

-Ancient Greeks initially bathed in the salt water of the Mediterranean and fresh water of rivers -Natural Hot Springs provided the inspiration for later man-made facilities and bathing methods -Bathing developed as a private ritual to be conducted at home by ones self, or with the help of servants or others -As techonolgy for controlling water improved, popularity of bathing increased, and demand for post-excercise recooperating facilities grew, public baths became an important staple in the social and civic life of Greeks -Public bathing in the Greek tradition wained as religious conservatism in the Middle Ages moved away from humanist principles -The written history of Ancient Greece and the ruins of public baths allow a deep understanding of the types of baths, methods of bathing, functions of bathing, and the form of baths that ancient Greeks onced used

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

-Greece is a peninsula -Children swam for recreation -Salt water heals and cleans skin -Soft waves thought to heal the soul -Swimming was a learned skill that was similar in importance to knowing how to read -In the Odyssey, by Homer, Nausicaa is described as using a river to wash clothes and to bathe

-The fountain of Callirrho, in Greece, was well regarded and held sacred by Heracles -Natural warm springs were also considered highly medicinal -The hot springs of Aedepsus in Euboea were famed for their healing properties -In later times it became a great resort for pleasure as well as health, especially in the spring

Baths of Janubio

-Ancient Greeks initially bathed in the salt water of the Mediterranean and fresh water of rivers -Natural Hot Springs provided the inspiration for later man-made facilities and bathing methods -Bathing developed as a private ritual to be conducted at home by ones self, or with the help of servants or others -As techonolgy for controlling water improved, popularity of bathing increased, and demand for post-excercise recooperating facilities grew, public baths became an important staple in the social and civic life of Greeks -Public bathing in the Greek tradition wained as religious conservatism in the Middle Ages moved away from humanist principles -The written history of Ancient Greece and the ruins of public baths allow a deep understanding of the types of baths, methods of bathing, functions of bathing, and the form of baths that ancient Greeks onced used

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_History of Greek Public Baths

_History of Greek Public Baths

-Ancient Greeks initially bathed in the salt water of the Mediterranean and fresh water of rivers -Natural Hot Springs provided the inspiration for later man-made facilities and bathing methods -Bathing developed as a private ritual to be conducted at home by ones self, or with the help of servants or others -Greek aqueducts existed before public baths -As techonolgy for controlling water improved, popularity of bathing increased, and demand for post-excercise recooperating facilities grew, public baths became an important staple in the social and civic life of Greeks -Public bathing in the Greek tradition wained as religious conservatism in the Middle Ages moved away from humanist principles -The written history of Ancient Greece and the ruins of public baths allow a deep understanding of the types of baths, methods of bathing, functions of bathing, and the form of baths that ancient Greeks onced used -Ways of moving, and lifting water were developed for reasons other than bathing -Bathing becoming a social activity prompted water-manipulation technology to be used for baths -Large complexes for bathing were constructed in relaton to athletic facilies -Elaborate public baths allowed for different spaces and uses within a single compelx -Advances in thermal technology allowed for large scale baths to be heated

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

-Tubs were made of wood, marble, or copper -Wter was heated over an open fire and poured onto the bather -Both warm and cold baths were taken -In Ancient Greece, private bathing was popular as a means of cleansing the body to prepare for ceremonial mid-day meals

B | 198

Baths of Janubio

-Ancient Greeks initially bathed in the salt water of the Mediterranean and fresh water of rivers -Natural Hot Springs provided the inspiration for later man-made facilities and bathing methods -Bathing developed as a private ritual to be conducted at home by ones self, or with the help of servants or others -As techonolgy for controlling water improved, popularity of bathing increased, and demand for post-excercise recooperating facilities grew, public baths became an important staple in the social and civic life of Greeks -Public bathing in the Greek tradition wained as religious conservatism in the Middle Ages moved away from humanist principles -The written history of Ancient Greece and the ruins of public baths allow a deep understanding of the types of baths, methods of bathing, functions of bathing, and the form of baths that ancient Greeks onced used

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_History of Greek Public Baths

_History of Greek Public Baths

-Ancient Greeks initially bathed in the salt water of the Mediterranean and fresh water of rivers -Natural Hot Springs provided the inspiration for later man-made facilities and bathing methods -Bathing developed as a private ritual to be conducted at home by ones self, or with the help of servants or others -As techonolgy for controlling water improved, popularity of bathing increased, and demand for post-excercise recooperating facilities grew, public baths became an important staple in the social and civic life of Greeks -Public bathing in the Greek tradition wained as religious conservatism in the Middle Ages moved away from humanist principles -The written history of Ancient Greece and the ruins of public baths allow a deep understanding of the types of baths, methods of bathing, functions of bathing, and the form of baths that ancient Greeks onced used

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

-The MIddle Ages brought an end to social acceptance of mny facets of Greek life, including: -public nudity -open sexuality -Greek athletics -The institutions that celebrated the human body, like public baths, were no longer acceptable in medievl cultures

-Partial remains of many Greek baths have been discovered and excavated in the 20th Cenutry -Many accounts of baths are located in ancient works of Greek writers, philosphers and poets, including: -Poems by Hesiod 7th C. BC -Homers Iliad and Odyssey 12th C. BC -Platos Philosophical writings 8th C. BC -Epictetus , a former slave turned philosopher 1 C. AD

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio
lanzarote, spain
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_Function of Greek Public Baths

Healing -After Athletic activities, a series of baths would be used to relax sore muscles -Water from certain springs was thought to have medicinal properties -Massages and different temperature water helps blood circulation -Bathing was considered to have therapeutic healing powers Cleansing -Soaps made from oil or fat, water and ashes were sometimes used to clean the skin -Rough cloth was also used to remove grime from the surface of the body -Water would be poured from the top and allowed to drain away in some baths, resulting in the cleansing of the skin -Oils were used to reduce dryness and cracking after bathing Social -Both men and women used public baths, although seperately -Bathing in public facilities was generally reserved for the aristocratic class -Some large public baths were used as social gathering places -In Platos time, men that frequently bathed in warm water were frowned upon as acting effeminately and warm baths were not allowed within Athen city limits because of this

_Greek Public Bathing Process

-The procedures involved in public bathing changed over many centuries in the ancient world, therefore no one process accurately describes each public bath -Mid-day was a popular time to bathe in preparation for the Greeks largest meal of the day -In the days of Homer, a cold bath was taken first, followed by a warm bath -In later centuries, this process was changed and elaborated upon -Either soap or cloth is often used prior to bathing to clean the skin -The cleansing was followed bty either a steam bath or a soaking in a warm bath -Next was a hot bath where water heated in a kettle was poured onto the bather. This bath was important for athetes muscles. -The hot bath was followed by a cold water bath to close the pores and return the body to a state of equillibrium -Towels may or may not be used to dry the body after bathing -Food usually follows any type of bathing, whether in the form of a large meal, or a snack of fruit

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

-While public bathing was a large facet of Greek society, not everyone supported it as a frequent activity -Plato, and others felt that bathing should be done minimally, perhaps as few as three times - corresponding to birth, marriage and death -Bathing in warm water was seen by some to be effeminate

B | 199

Baths of Janubio

Plan: On the north a narrow rectangular building with a basin on its south side. Opening off this on the south a rectangular room with 11 bathing tubs on its north and east sides, and an apse on the south.

Baths of Janubio
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_Sitz Baths

_Sitz Baths

Plan: On the north a narrow rectangular building with a basin on its south side. Opening off this on the south a rectangular room with 11 bathing tubs on its north and east sides, and an apse on the south.

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

History: The Greek baths went through many building phases and extensions. In the earliest, Phase 1, it was a simple rectangular building with basin and doors on the north and south. A Swimming Pool bath was southwest of this. In Phase 2, the room with sitz baths described above in the Plan description was added. A wall and oven for heating water was added in Phase 2a. Phases 3, 3a, and 3b saw the addition of 20 more sitz bathtubs, cisterns, and water heating furnaces, and the earliest bath building was divided into smaller areas. In Phase 3c, additional walls were built in the sitz bath area. In Phase 4, a large extension was made on the southeast corner. It communicated with other rooms having baths of different temperature and had a hypocaust system for heated floors.

lanzarote, spain

History: The Greek baths went through many building phases and extensions. In the earliest, Phase 1, it was a simple rectangular building with basin and doors on the north and south. A Swimming Pool bath was southwest of this. In Phase 2, the room with sitz baths described above in the Plan description was added. A wall and oven for heating water was added in Phase 2a. Phases 3, 3a, and 3b saw the addition of 20 more sitz bathtubs, cisterns, and water heating furnaces, and the earliest bath building was divided into smaller areas. In Phase 3c, additional walls were built in the sitz bath area. In Phase 4, a large extension was made on the southeast corner. It communicated with other rooms having baths of different temperature and had a hypocaust system for heated floors.

Baths of Janubio

Plan: On the north a narrow rectangular building with a basin on its south side. Opening off this on the south a rectangular room with 11 bathing tubs on its north and east sides, and an apse on the south.

Baths of Janubio
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_Sitz Baths

_Sitz Baths

Plan: On the north a narrow rectangular building with a basin on its south side. Opening off this on the south a rectangular room with 11 bathing tubs on its north and east sides, and an apse on the south.

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

History: The Greek baths went through many building phases and extensions. In the earliest, Phase 1, it was a simple rectangular building with basin and doors on the north and south. A Swimming Pool bath was southwest of this. In Phase 2, the room with sitz baths described above in the Plan description was added. A wall and oven for heating water was added in Phase 2a. Phases 3, 3a, and 3b saw the addition of 20 more sitz bathtubs, cisterns, and water heating furnaces, and the earliest bath building was divided into smaller areas. In Phase 3c, additional walls were built in the sitz bath area. In Phase 4, a large extension was made on the southeast corner. It communicated with other rooms having baths of different temperature and had a hypocaust system for heated floors.

lanzarote, spain

History: The Greek baths went through many building phases and extensions. In the earliest, Phase 1, it was a simple rectangular building with basin and doors on the north and south. A Swimming Pool bath was southwest of this. In Phase 2, the room with sitz baths described above in the Plan description was added. A wall and oven for heating water was added in Phase 2a. Phases 3, 3a, and 3b saw the addition of 20 more sitz bathtubs, cisterns, and water heating furnaces, and the earliest bath building was divided into smaller areas. In Phase 3c, additional walls were built in the sitz bath area. In Phase 4, a large extension was made on the southeast corner. It communicated with other rooms having baths of different temperature and had a hypocaust system for heated floors.

B | 200

Baths of Janubio
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_Sitz Baths

Plan: On the north a narrow rectangular building with a basin on its south side. Opening off this on the south a rectangular room with 11 bathing tubs on its north and east sides, and an apse on the south.

lanzarote, spain

History: The Greek baths went through many building phases and extensions. In the earliest, Phase 1, it was a simple rectangular building with basin and doors on the north and south. A Swimming Pool bath was southwest of this. In Phase 2, the room with sitz baths described above in the Plan description was added. A wall and oven for heating water was added in Phase 2a. Phases 3, 3a, and 3b saw the addition of 20 more sitz bathtubs, cisterns, and water heating furnaces, and the earliest bath building was divided into smaller areas. In Phase 3c, additional walls were built in the sitz bath area. In Phase 4, a large extension was made on the southeast corner. It communicated with other rooms having baths of different temperature and had a hypocaust system for heated floors.

B | 201

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio
roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_Ancient Greek Gymnasium

_East Baths in Olympia

Plan: Enormous complex of many rooms, with main entrance on the south to a vestibule and court, from which additional halls and courts led to cold and hot water baths. At the northeast corner was a large garden court.

lanzarote, spain

Quadrangular court formed by 4 stoas opening onto the court. South stoa, one-aisled Ionic, communicated with the Palaestra through a door on its southern side. The East stoa, two-aisled Doric.

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Plan:

History: The Kladeos River has washed away the north and western sides of the Gymnasium complex. Mallwitz states that the South Stoa was one-aisled, but Coulton believes it was two-aisled (although his illustration shows it one-aisled and Doric). Mallwitz shows an Ionic capital belonging to the South Stoa. The East Stoa is dated to the 2nd century B.C., the South Stoa to the early 2nd century B.C. On the southeast corner was built an elaborate gate of Hellenistic date, not shown here. Initially the Gymnasium did not include baths. Once public bathing became more popular, and technology allowed for it, bathing facilities were added for the public and for athletes to use.

History: These baths were built over previous structures in the area, leaving the Echo Hall intact on the northwest, and a Naiskos of Artemis intact on the south.

Form: Complex facility used for bathing through adaptive reuse of existing buildings. Extensive use of light wells, and courtyards made harnessing rainwater, sunlight, and air possible for interior rooms.

Baths of Janubio

lanzarote, spain

Bathing was one of the most common daily activities in Roman culture, and was practiced across a wide variety of social classes. Though many contemporary cultures see bathing as a very private activity conducted in the home, bathing in Rome was a communal activity. While the extremely wealthy could afford bathing facilities in their homes, bathing most commonly occurred in public facilities called thermae. In some ways, these resembled modern-day spas. The Romans raised bathing to a high art as they socialized in these communal baths. Courtship was conducted, as well as sealing business deals, as they built lavish baths on natural hot springs. Such was the importance of baths to Romans that a catalogue of buildings in Rome from 354 AD documented 952 baths of varying sizes in the city. Although wealthy Romans might set up a bath in their town houses or in their country villas and soldiers might have a bathhouse provided at their fort, they still often frequented the numerous public bathhouses in the cities and towns throughout the empire for the social aspect. Small bathhouses, called balneum, are mostly privately owned, but they were public in the sense that they were open to the populace for a fee. The large baths, called thermae, were owned by the state and often covered several city blocks. The largest of these, the Baths of Diocletian, could hold up to 3,000 bathers. Fees for both types of baths were quite reasonable, within the budget of most free Roman males. Going to a public bath at least once daily was a habit with most Roman citizens. There were separate baths for men and women. The main difference was that the womens baths were smaller than the mens, and did not have a frigidarium (cold room) or a palaestra (exercise area).

Baths of Janubio

_history _

_history _

PALAESTRA APODYTERIUM FRIGIDARIUM TEPIDARIUM CALDARIUM

lanzarote, spain

The Romans emulated many of the Greek bathing practices. Romans surpassed the Greeks in the size and complexity of their baths. Similar to the baths in Greece, the Roman bath became a focal center for social and recreational activity. As the Roman Empire expanded, the idea of the public bath spread to all parts of the Mediterranean and into regions of Europe and North Africa. With the construction of the aqueducts, the Romans had enough water not only for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses, but also for their leisurely pursuits. The aqueducts provided water that was later heated for use in the baths. These Roman baths varied from simple to exceedingly elaborate structures, and they varied in size, arrangement, and decoration. In taking a Roman bath, the bather induced sweating by gradually exposing himself to increasing temperatures. To accommodate this ritual, all Roman bathhouses contained a series of rooms which got progressively hotter. A majority of the baths reserved an area for outdoor exercise, also known as the palaestra. Most baths also contained an apodyteriuma room just inside the entrance where the bather stored his clothes. Next, the bather progressed into the frigidarium (cold room) with its tank of cold water, the tepidarium (warm room), and finally the caldarium (hot room). The caldarium, heated by a brazier underneath the hollow floor, contained cold-water basins which the bather could use for cooling. After taking this series of sweat and/or immersion baths, the bather returned to the cooler tepidarium for a massage with oils and final scraping with a metal contraption, called a strigil.

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

B | 202

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio

_cultural significance _
In many ways, baths were the ancient Roman equivalent of community centers. Because the bathing process took so long, conversation was necessary. Many Romans would use the baths as a place to invite their friends to dinner parties, and many politicians would go to the baths to convince fellow Romans to join their causes. The thermae had many attributes in addition to the baths. There were libraries, rooms for poetry readings, and places to buy and eat food. The modern equivalent would be a combination of a library, art gallery, mall, restaurant, gym, and spa. Emperors often built baths to gain favor for themselves and to create a lasting monument of their generosity. If a rich Roman wished to gain the favor of the people, he might arrange for a free admission day in his name. For example, a senator hoping to become a Tribune might pay all admission fees at a particular bath on his birthday to become well known to the people of the area.

_aqueducts + engineering _
In Book 8 of De Architectura, by Vitruvius, methods for constructing aqueducts were described in great detail in the form of drawings and accompanying writing. The Roman Empire built many aqueducts to service the city with water. The aqueducts were mostly located underground, only occasionally surfacing in stone structures. Water from mountain springs would be directed towards the low land cities by building channels into the hillsides, which sloped towards populated areas. This water was used for drinking, fountains, or baths, before being used to remove materials from streets into a rudimentary sewer system. Water could be diverted from the aqueducts by installing clay pipes to siphon water for uses like baths.

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Lucas Baths

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio

_general layout of Roman baths

Baths at Pompeii

Because wealthy Romans brought slaves to attend to their bathing needs, the bathhouse usually had three entrances: - one for men, - one for women, - and one for slaves. The preference of symmetry in Roman architecture usually meant a symmetrical facade, even though the womens area was usually smaller than the mens area because of fewer numbers of patrons. Usually solid walls or placement on opposite sides of the building separated the mens and womens sections. Roman bathhouses often contained a courtyard, or palestra, which was an open-air garden used for exercise. In some cases the builders made the palaestra an interior courtyard, and in other cases the builders placed the palaestra in front of the bathhouse proper and incorporated it into the formal approach. Sometimes the palestra held a swimming pool. Most often a colonnade outlined the palestras edges. Inside the bathhouses proper, marble mosaics tiled the elegant floors. The stuccoed walls frequently sported frescoes of trees, birds, and other pastoral images. Sky-blue paint, gold stars, and celestial imagery adorned interior domes. Statuary and fountains decorated the interior and exterior.

_old Baths at Pompeii

Legend A atrium B apodyterium [room for undressing] C frigidarium[cool bath] D tepidarium[warm room] E caldarium [hot bath] F thermal chamber G womens tepidarium H womens apodyterium J womens cold bath K the servants atrium M chamber for fornacatores [persons in charge of the fires] a, a2, a3 entrances to mens baths b entrance to womens baths c, c2 entrances to furnace rooms d circular furnace e passages f oecus or exedra [lounge] g portico [walkway] h walls i small room m small vestibule q passage to the furnace room r mouth of the furnace x water closet [latrina]

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

mens entrance womens entrance slaves entrance

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

B | 203

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio

_palaestra
Passing through the principal entrance, which is removed from the street by a narrow footway surrounding the building and after descending three steps, the bather finds a small chamber on his left which contained a water closet (latrina), and proceeds into a covered portico, which ran round three sides of an open court, known as the palaestra. These together formed the vestibule of the baths in which the servants waited. Most baths included a palaestra, which is an outdoor gymnasium where men would partake in various ball games and exercises. There, among other things, weights were lifted and the discus thrown. Men would oil themselves (as soap was still a luxury good and thus not widely available), and shower. Often wealthy bathers would bring a capsarius, a slave that carried his masters towels, oils, and strigils to the baths and then watched over them once in the baths, as thieves and pickpockets were known to frequent the baths. The architecture of the palaestra, although allowing for some variation, followed a distinct, standard plan. The palaestra essentially consisted of a rectangular court surrounded by colonnades with adjoining rooms. These rooms house a variety of functions, such as bathing, ball playing, undressing and storage of clothes, seating for socializing, observation, or instruction, and storage of oil, dust or athletic equipment.

_apodyterium
PALAESTRA APODYTERIUM FRIGIDARIUM TEPIDARIUM CALDARIUM

The apodyterium was the primary entry into the public baths, composed of a large changing room with cubicles or shelves where citizens could store clothing and other belongings while bathing. Privately-owned slaves, or one hired at the baths, called a capsarius, would look after belongings while citizens enjoyed the pleasures of the baths . The constant reminder for slaves who were left behind in the apodyterium was for them to not fall asleep on account of the thieves.

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

PALAESTRA

entry APODYTERIUM
FRIGIDARIUM TEPIDARIUM CALDARIUM

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio

_frigidarium
A frigidarium is a large cold pool of Roman baths. It would be entered after the Caldarium and the Tepidarium, which were used to open the pores of the skin. The cold water then closes the pores. This is sometimes a small pool of cold water or sometimes a large swimming pool. In this case at the Baths at Pompeii, the frigidarium is a small body of water made to sit in. In some situations, the water could also be kept cold by using snow. The frigidarium was usually located on the northern side of the baths. The largest examples of frigidarium were both in Rome: that of the Baths of Caracalla, located soon after the entrance, measures 58m x 24m, and that of the Baths of Diocletian, which was covered by a cross vault. Some, like one in Pompeii, had a circular plan.

_tepidarium

telamones The tepidarium was the warm bath of the Roman baths. They were heated by hypocausts, or underfloor heating systems. The specialty of a tepidarium is the pleasant feeling of constant heat which directly radiates onto thehuman body from the walls and floor. At the Baths of Pompeii, the tepidarium was covered with a semicircular barrel vault, decorated with reliefs in stucco, and around the room a series of square recesses or niches divided from one another by Telamones. The tepidarium in the Roman thermae was the great central hall round which all the other halls were grouped, and which gave the key to the plans of the overall building. The tepidarium was decorated with the richest marbles and mosaics: it received its light through clerestory windows, on the sides, the front and the rear, and would seem to have been the hall in which the finest treasures of art were placed. Bathers would travel from the frigidarium to the tepidarium in search of a warm bath and sweat process. The tepidarium at the Baths of Pompeii did not contain water, but was merely heated with warm air in order to prepare the body for the great heat of the vapour and warm baths, and, upon returning, to prevent a too-sudden transition to the open air. This chamber also served as an apodyterium for those who took the warm bath. The walls feature a number of separate compartments or recesses for receiving the garments when taken off. The compartments are divided from each other by figures called Telamones, which project from the walls and support a rich cornice above them. Three bronze benches were also found in the room, which was heated as well by its adjacency to the hypocaust of the adjoining chamber.

lanzarote, spain

PALAESTRA APODYTERIUM FRIGIDARIUM TEPIDARIUM CALDARIUM

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

PALAESTRA APODYTERIUM FRIGIDARIUM TEPIDARIUM CALDARIUM

B | 204

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio

_caldarium _

The caldarium was where a bather would go for a hot plunge bath.This was a very hot and steamy room heated by a hypocaust. This was the hottest room in the regular sequence of bathing rooms. After the caldarium, bathers would go back transition themselves through the tepidarium to the frigidarium. In the caldarium, there would be a bath of hot water that is sometimes sunk into the floor. The baths patrons would use olive oil to cleanse themselves by applying it to their bodies and using a strigil to remove the excess. In modern gyms and spas, a caldarium is a room with a hot floor. The hot floor and water would have most likely been heated by fires which slaves underneath kept burning or from the hot air from outside. The temperature of the caldarium is not known exactly: however, since the Romans used sandals with wooden sole, it could not be higher than 50-55C.
PALAESTRA APODYTERIUM FRIGIDARIUM TEPIDARIUM CALDARIUM

_womens baths
Baths that were large enough, such as the Baths at Pompeii, were able to build separate facilities for men and women. Some smaller facilities would be open to women from daybreak until about noon, and to men from about 2:00 pm until sunset. The women got the less desirable hours and their fee was twice as high as the mens, which showed their values on men. There was concern for both men and women bathing together due to respectability, but of course the baths were also an excellent place for prostitutes to ply their trade.

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

womens baths

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio

_material
The structure of the Baths at Pompeii was constructed out of concrete - the Romans were the ones who invented concrete afterall. A large portion of the Baths at Pompeii used white marble surface as a type of finish, which was especially typical of water basins in the area. The floors were also concrete with mosaic tiles beautifully laid out. Color fresco ceiling decorations could also be found throughout each of the separate chambers. Some of the rooms still have some of the red and white pattern still visible today.

_wider context
Studying the structures of the baths can tell us a lot about the hygienic attitudes of ancient Romans. Right off the bat, its clear from the wide variety of baths that the Romans placed a great deal of importance on bathing and cleanliness. Everything from the varied temperature baths, to the saunas and exercise rooms, bring to mind a picture of our modern day gyms and resorts. Its clear that the Romans considered it necessary to not only purifiy the body, but to do it thoroughly and on a regular basis. These centers of health and cleanliness also became locations for gathering and socializing. One difference that does come to mind is the public nature of the Roman baths. Though men and women were generally discouraged from bathing together, it was quite common for Romans of the same gender to share a bath. This comfortable lack of modesty was most likely the result of many factors, but one of practicality especially stands out. Without the conveniences of modern plumbing, it was simply necessary to have public facilities for bathing.

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

B | 205

Baths of Janubio

This category of baths exists within a very special period of time and in a ever changing context. What are now considered Turkish Baths, are those baths that were built in areas that were once under the influence of the Byzantine, Ottoman, and finally Turkish authority. These baths once served the needs of thousands on the streets of maginificent cities like Bursa and Instanbul and were also the subject of much controversy. What can be described as a Byzantine bath, could in many ways also fall under the category of a Roman bath. This situation is the result of the Roman tradition carrying on even as their great society collapses. For this reason, we can find many of the same characteristics described in the construction Byzantine baths as we would find in the ruins of a Roman bath. The earliest Byzantine baths date to the early fifth century CE in Constantinople. These baths were said to include nine baths which could facilitate the needs of two thousand bathers each, 150 small public baths, and countless private baths. This is only known from written record however as none of these baths have survived to the modern day. Other early baths also began to spring up throughout other parts of the Middle East. The Islamic Uymayyids built many baths throughout Syria in the 8th century. A bath built in 715 in Israel still displays the architectural style of the Roman bath. However, the earliest bath considered to be a Turkish bath was discovered along the Tigris River in Mesopotamia and dates to 859 BCE.

lanzarote, spain

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

_history

_history

After the Ottomans successful siege of Constantinople in 1453, 19 new baths were constructed. Five of these can be considered large public baths. The first of these baths was called Irgat Bath, and it was built to accomodate up to 5000 bathers, an astounding number. Aside from these 19 public baths, 168 market baths were also built. Recent work by Mehmet Nermi Haskan suggest that in Istanbul alone 237 baths were built primarily for the public domain. From this period forward, Ottoman baths spread all throughout Africa, The Middle East, and Europe. In the 19th century, Turkish baths fell victim to a change in ownership. Up to this point, baths were financed by empire officials, such as Grand Vizier Rustem Pasha who built 32 baths, as part of charity complexes. They were then handed over to the charity which treasured the bath and maintained it vigorously. Once the baths transferred into private ownership, an undeniable decline in the state of baths became apparent. The costs to operate such a facility are more likely than not the reason for the lack of maintenance. With water at a premium, as well as scarce wood to fuel the fires these institutions began to struggle. Women, who were said to use as much water in a day as men might use in a week were soon banned from baths just so that the bath could still afford to operate the male bath. Cities such as Diyarbakir even resorted to burning the garbage of the city as a fuel source.

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Qusayr Amra Hamam

Baths of Janubio

As previously mentioned, these baths were not without controversy. Early Christians were discouraged from bathing more than once a month. In the 11th century, the King of Spain blamed bathing for the spread of Syphilis and ordered all public baths to be destroyed. This was likely the result of frequently promiscuous activity rather than a fear of the water. In 1568 the Spanish church ordered the destruction of all baths. The French King in the 17th century, Louis XIV, bathed once per year. Western writers even went so far as to blame frequent bathing for the poor skin of Ottoman women. These events hardly begin to describe the amount of segregation built into the Turkish tradtion of Baths. Nor do they hint towards the curious relationship between certain customers and attendants.

Baths of Janubio

_history

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

_cultural significance

The Turkish bath, or Hamam as it is said in Turkish, is an integral part of this society. Men and women alike find refuge within the confines of this special institution. It is host to many special events as well as daily cleansings. The Turkish Bath might mean more to women than any other building in town. Only here may women go to escape the eyes of their husbands and fathers. This lead to women planning trips to the bath along with numerous friend and relatives for socializing purposes. Within these walls, women became much less modest than men and even bathed in the nude. Women held a tremendous amount of freedom within the bath facilities and it was here where they would celebrate on many occasions. Special baths were held for a bride to be, a recent mother, and a recently engaged woman. Mothers would even take advantage of the opportunity to look for brides for the sons as they could see which woman had healthy and beautiful bodies. One special occasion, which dates back to the Byzantine era, is called the Brides Bath. On the Tuesday two days prior to the wedding the female family members of both the bride and the groom would all bath in celebration of the bride. In the first Warm area the bride would wear a large veil. They would all then proceed to the hot area where the guest would sing and praise the bride. Then family members would take turns pouring water over her head from urns of silver or gold, depending on their social standing.

lanzarote, spain

B | 206

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio

_cultural significance

The experience of men in these baths was completely different from that of women. This was ensured by locating entrances on separate streets so that men and women would not encounter each other on their way to and from these facilities. Men would also rarely make trips to the bath in groups. This did happen on certain occasions though. After a successful night, fire fighters might make their way to a reserved bath to relieve their stresses as a group. Celebratory baths were also held for occasions such as circumcisions and weddings. Grooms would attend the bath with family members of the bride and groom. These family members would take turns breaking eggs over the grooms head and then participate in an egg fight in the hopes that the groom would have a happy fertile marriage. The idea of women in the bath house was one that men did not think highly upon. This is illustrated from two quotes from Turkish Baths: A Guide to the Historic Turkish Baths of Istanbul. Arabs did not build baths for the use of women, nor did they send women to the baths that did exist. The woman who undresses herself in any place other than her husbands house, removes the covering between herself and god.

_cultural significance

lanzarote, spain

lanzarote, spain

In understanding Turkish baths, it is also important to understand those who work within the facility and the services that they provide. There are attendants who will work very hard to scrub and massage every inch of the body, with the exception of the private parts. The male attendants are known as Tellak, and female attendants are referred to as Natir. The Bathkeeper or overseer is called the Hamamci. The keeper of the stokepit is called the Kuhlanci. the greeter is known as the Meydanci and the handler ot towels and wraps is the Peshtemalci. The bath has become such an influential part of the Turkish culture that it has made its way into the philosophy and teachings of the people. He who goes to the bath must sweat, is a phrase used when coming to terms with the inevitable difficulties inherent in the tasks of life.

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio

_Architectural Components

Turkish baths consist of four major spaces. These parts in sequetial order are the dressing room, the warm area, the hot area, and the stoke pit. These four spaces compose what is both a spiritually and physically redeeming facility. The largest, and grandest of these spaces is the dressing room. This is a domed space with a large atrium and tiers of dressing rooms along the perimeter. A fountain is usually centrally located and there is often a marble tea preparation area. The warm area can be considered a space of transition. This long rectangular room is warm but never as warm as the hot area. For this reason those who can not bear the heat of the hot area, such as the elderly, often will remain in this space. The hot area, with its floor of marble, is entered from a short and narrow door from the warm area. The smaller dimensions of the door allow for a greater amount of heat to be retained when the door opens. This space is very steamy from a constant flow of moisture coming off of the heating tank through a window directly into this space. At the center of this space there is a vast marble platform about 50 centimeters in height. Atop this surface one receives the treatment they desire. The stoke pit is a small room which houses a large fire pit furnace. This furnace is topped with a grill above which sits a water tank. From here, the steam flows under the hot and warm areas. Once the steam and hot air have reached their destination, they depart through clay chimneys built into the walls.

_Architectural Components

To begin to understand the formal components of a Turkish bath, one must come to terms with a number of issues. These issues range across topics of scale, form, and program. While some of these issues may be surprising, all of them work to give Turkish baths their distinct character. A first, and quick distinction of Turkish baths is that they are not on the same scale as the Roman Baths. A second, and key distinction of Turkish baths is the fact that pools are not part of the facility. Pools are used in Turkish thermal baths but are not used in Turkish baths as the Islamic world was under the belief that still water was contaminated. Another unique quality of Turkish baths derives from a the tendencies within Islam to segregate spaces and privileges. In deciphering a plan of a Turkish bath house, one may discover a what seems to be a mirrored plan. This was done to allow for men and women to have their own separate bathing facilities. This double bath can be compared to the single bath where one space is shared by the sexes but occupied by one or the other depending on the time of day. A final distinction of these baths is the general lack of decoration. This does not mean however that these facilities are lacking in rich materialiy and lighting.

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

B | 207

Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio

_Architectural Components

The formal aspects of Turkish Baths are also very strong in separating these facilities from other historical examples. In plan, one can almost always observe a square divided by a cross with antechambers on the sides and private cubicles in the corners. Overhead is where one will find some of the most definitive characteristics of Turkish Baths. Turkish baths utilize a dome structure atop the typically square plan. These two forms are resolved by a structural element called pendentives which merge domes onto square structural walls. The dome itself is one of the most special pieces of the Turkish bath. It is typically composed of brick and mortar and then covered in lead. Small skylights 15 to 20 centimeters in diamter which have been termed elephants eyes cast small streams of light down onto the marble platform of the hot area. These skylights are bell shaped and are specially designed to gather light from all directions and filter it down upon those in the space below. The structural walls of these buildings are also specially designed for the typology. Marble walls anywhere between 70 centimeters and 100 centimeters work to stabilize all loads and insulate climate conditions. Although it is rare, Turkish baths do feature decorative elements. These decorations are manifested as stone armrests, marble stools, and in luxuirous situations one will find ceramic tiles.

_hypocaust
Other than public baths, underfloor heating, or hypocausts, were reserved as a luxury for the rich and powerful in their own homes. The hottest rooms usually the baths were often so hot that bathers needed to wear wooden sandals to protect their feet, while the coolest rooms would be the bedrooms, located at the farthest point. Heating this way meant a smoke-free room, which was far superior to the then usual heating method using open charcoal burners or fires used by the locals which also omitted large amounts of carbon monoxide that was not known to be toxic at the time.

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Baths of Janubio

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

_hypocaust

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

_modern-day radiant floor heating

The heating system worked by passing hot air through ducts built under the floor by use of brick or concrete columns. The hot gasses from a fire located beneath or next to the house were channelled under tiled floors The hot air would then rise through hollow clay boxes (tubulii) built into the walls before rising further and leaving through the chimneys. The hottest rooms were often so hot that bathers needed to wear wooden sandals to protect their feet.

Radiant floor heating uses the basic concept to evenly heat the room, without the dangers of an open fire and fumes. It is similar to a hydrocaust in the fact that is heats the room from the bottom up using an even amount of distribution of heat. Hydrocausts are not practical in the modern day because of the toxic carbon monoxide that comes from the smoke. There is always a large possiblity that the hydrocausts will cause the occupant to become ill or possibly die from carbon dioxide poisoning. Overheating is also an issue due to the inability to accurately control the amount of heat that is produced. It is also much cheaper to do this system than a modern hypocaust.

B | 208

Baths of Janubio

This hotel and spa, which seems to be monolithic in nature, proves to be a clever mix of modern technology and historically sound bath house principles. One issue which is crucial for the success of bath houses is the retrieval of water. This is solved in the siting of this project immediately above a thermal spring. In this way, a lot of trouble is avoided in creating the infrastructure to provide the major component of this buildings service.

_Therme Vals_Peter Zumthor

Baths of Janubio

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

This facility is home to a wide variety of program. It is explained as a meandering journey toward regaining ones health. The building makes a strong attempt to make a connection to site conditions as well as continuing, in a modernized way, Spanish bathing traditions.

The program in this facility is so widely encompassing, that it becomes hard to find a tradition that it doesnt acknowledge. On a single floor one can find a Hammam, though a bit different from traditional hamams, a finnish sauna, and an igloo. Add to these spaces steam rooms, pool rooms, salons, and exercise rooms and it becomes hard to imagine what isnt included in the program of this facility.

_Termas de Tiberio_Belen Moneo

B | 209

C H A P T E R

8
Calculating the Area of Pools
Regularly Shaped Water Bodies
The area of a rectangle is found by multiplying the length (L) by the width (W). Area = length width
L = 75 W = 40

Triangles To find the area of a triangle, multiply the

width at the base (W) by the height (H), and divide by 2. Area = WH 00 2 00

Another way is to establish a line down the middle of the pool for the length, and then measure from side to side at several points along this line. pools with very irregular shapes require more side-to-side measurements. The average of the side measurements can be used as the width. The area is then calculated as a rectangle. Area = L (a + b + c + d + e) number of side-to-side measurements

H = 23

22 21 15

RECIRCULATION AND FILTRATION SYSTEMS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completely studying this chapter, you should be able to: Calculate pool volume. Understand the flow of water to and from the pool. Calculate the flow rate of a swimming pool. List the flow rates for the various types of filters. Explain why backwashing is necessary for proper recirculation and filtration. Compare the different types of filtration systems. Explain the purpose of flocculants.

22 17 45

W = 45

Example:
W = 45 ft. H = 23 ft. Area =

45 ft. 23 ft. 2

Area = 517.5 square feet

Example:
L = 45 feet a = 22 feet b = 21 feet Area = c = 15 feet d = 17 feet e = 22 feet

Irregularly Shaped Sites

Irregularly shaped pools often can be reduced to a combination of rectangles, circles and triangles. Calculate the area of each and add them together to obtain the total area. Area = (W H) + (L1 W1) + (L2 W2) 2

Rectangles

45 ft. 22 ft. + 21 ft. + 15 ft. + 17 ft. + 22 ft. 5 Area = 873 square ft.

Calculating Volume of Pools

To treat bodies of water, you must determine the volume of the water. Volume of water is determined by multiplying the surface area by the depth. Irregularly shaped pools will often be a combination of shapes. Similar to what you did in the previous examples for finding the area of irregularly shaped pools, reduce the pool to a combination of rectangles, circles and triangles. Determine the area, and multiply the area by the depth to calculate the volume. With irregularly shaped pools, add the volume of each section together to obtain the total volume.

H = 25

Example:
L = 75 feet W = 40 feet Area = 75 ft. 40 ft. Area = 3,000 sq. ft.
L1 = 30

W = 25

W1 = 40

Before any water treatment, chemical adjustment, or evaluation of a problem, the pool operator must know how much water is in the pool. This is determined by calculating the volume of water in the pool. To determine the amount of water in your pool, use formulas that match the shape of the pool. The first step in calculating volume is to calculate area. Once the surface area of a pool is known, it is multiplied by depth to determine volume.

Circles The area of a circle is 3.14 () times the radius (half the diameter) times the radius.
Area = r2 OR 3.14 radius radius
W2 = 21

L2 = 31

Pools Shaped Like Cubes or Boxes - The volume of a cube or box is found by multiplying the length (L) by the width (W) by the depth (D).
Volume = length width depth

Example:
R = 15

W = 25 feet H = 25 feet L1 = 30 feet

W1 = 40 feet L2 = 31 feet W2 = 21 feet

Example:
r = 15 feet Area = 3.14 15 ft. Area = 706.5 sq. ft. 15 ft.

Area = (25 ft. 25 ft.) (30 ft. 40 ft.) + (21 ft. x 31 ft.) 2 Area = 312.5 sq. ft. + 1,200 sq. ft. + 651 sq. ft. Total area = 2,163.5 sq. ft.
Recirculation and Filtration Systems

Example:
l = 100 feet 48 w = 30 feet d = 5 feet

B | 210

47

Recirculation and Filtration Systems

Volume = 100 ft. x 30 ft. x 5 ft. Volume = 15,000 cubic ft. (feet3) One cubic foot = 7.48 gallons of water. Therefore, 15,000 x 7.48 = 112,200 gallons of water in this rectangular pool. For accurate calculations, divide the pool into various areas according to depth. If the slope of an area is constant, an average of the shallow depth and deepest depth may be used. To calculate volume in varying sloped pools, determine the volume in sections that do have constant slopes and add together.

Example:
Volume = length width (depth1 2 40 x 20 x (6 +3) = 3,600 cubic ft. 2 3,600 cubic ft. 7.48 gallons/cu. ft. = 26, 928 gallons depth2)

the filters either drawn through several openings in the pool wall called skimmers or from an overflow system in the gutter that extends around the pool perimeter. These devices are designed for moving water at a specific rate along the piping to the pump. Frequently clean the skimmers and grates in the overflow gutters to ensure that larger debris is removed before reaching the hair and lint skimmer. Many of these surface skimmers are the connection points for the vacuum cleaning systems for the pool. On the skimmer opening is a moving part called the weir or gate. The weir keeps larger floating materials confined in the skimmer so they can be easily removed.

Turnover rate
All of the water in the pool must be filtered within a specified time period. This is called the turnover rate. The clarity of typical public swimming pool water is optimal when the turnover rate is between 6-8 hours. Other pools have different rates dependent upon their size, type and volume. For example, spa pools and wading pools usually have a turnover rate of 1 hour or less, while for wave pools it is 4 hours or less. For a swimming pool, there may need to be several turnovers during the 24 hour period since only 68% of the contaminants are removed in 6-8 hours. In two turnover periods (12-16 hours) approximately 96% of debris is removed. Only a very small amount of material remains after 24 hours (less than 0.5% is not removed). To calculate the turnover rate of a pool in gallons per minute (gpm), use the following formula with the specific volume of your pool. Required flow rate in = volume/divided by time gallons per minute For example, if a pool has a volume of 36,000 gallons and the required turnover rate is 6 hours: VOLUME FLOW RATE = (HOURS) x (60 min./hr) 36,000 gal Flow Rate = 6 HRS x 60 min./hr Flow Rate = 100 G.P.M. Therefore, if 100 gallons of water per minute (gpm) passes through the filter, all the water in the pool will be recirculated in 6 hours.

Filters are sized according to the volume of water that needs to be filtered within the specified turnover rate. A pool volume of 36,000 gallons with a desired turnover rate of 6 hours, or 100 gpm, would need a high rate sand filter with approximately 7 square feet of filter surface area. First, divide the pool volume by the desired turnover rate to determine flow rate (36,000/6 hrs x 60 min/hr = flow rate). Next, divide the flow rate by the appropriate filter flow rate per square foot (from Table One.) to determine the size of the filter surface area needed, i.e., 100 gpm flow rate divided by 15 gpm/sq. ft. = 6.67 or 7 sq. ft. of filter surface area.
Table One. Filter flow rates for various types of filters

Vacuum sand filter Rapid sand filter High rate sand filter D.E. filter(s) Cartridge filter

0.5 gpm/sq. ft. 3.0 gpm/sq. ft. 12-20 gpm/sq. ft. (15 gpm/sq. ft. ideal) 2.0 gpm/sq. ft. 0.375 gpm/sq. ft.

Shaped Like Cylinders

The volume of a cylindrical pool or spa is found by multiplying the depth by the area of the circle at the base. The area of the circle is the radius (half the diameter) times the radius times 3.14. Volume = depth x 3.14 x radius x radius

Filter Media and Backwashing

The ability of the filter to trap and hold particulate matter from the pool water is dependent upon the size and type of media (filter substrate). A finer, smaller material such as diatomaceous earth (D.E.) will trap a greater amount of debris compared to sand media or the paper mesh of a cartridge filter. When the filter media is clean there is little resistance against the water. However, when the filter gets dirty, the flow rate slows and filtering becomes less efficient, possibly causing cloudy water, algae build up, and more contaminants remaining in the pool water. Cleaning the filter media by mechanical or physical methods is called backwashing. Backwashing sand filter systems usually involves reversing the flow of water through the filters by turning a valve or control lever to a backwash position. The reverse flow loosens the dirt in the filter media and rinses the debris to waste (eliminated from the system). In a diatomaceous earth (D.E.) filter system, the filter grids would be washed of D.E. powder during the backwash procedure and require recoating before reuse. Cartridge filters must have the entire mesh or woven element replaced with a cleaned or new unit. Backwashing requires that a specific flow rate is maintained during the procedure. Usually the rate is 12 to 15 gpm/sq.ft. for sand filters. Backwashing should be performed when the: incoming (influent) pressure is 10-12 psi greater than the pressure on a clean filter, flow rate decreases due to resistance in the dirty filter,

12

3.5

Skimmer system Example: depth = 3.5 feet

Filter area
Each type of filtration system allows water to pass through the filtering media at a specific rate filter ratemeasured in gallons per minute (gpm) per square foot of filter area. For example, a high rate sand filter could have a filter rate of 12 to 20 gpm per square foot of effective filter surface area. See Table One. A cartridge system, by comparison, would have a flow rate of 0.375 gpm per square foot of surface area.

radius = 12 feet

Filtration
The physical removal of dirt and debris from pool water is called filtration. Only pool water should be returned to the filtration equipment from the skimmers and main drains of the pool, i.e., no water from the decks, drinking fountains, or any type of dehumidifying equipment is allowed to drain back into the pool water. Pool water travels within a closed loop of piping through the hair and lint strainer where the larger debris in the water is removed before reaching the pump. Water is said to be under suction from the pool, through the hair and lint strainer, then into the pump and attached impeller. After the pump, water is said to be under pressure when moving through the filter, heater and piping back to the pool. The chemical feeder of disinfectants is attached to the filtration system. The pool filter not only helps clean the water of algae and smaller particulate matter, but also mixes the disinfectant with the water. Without a clean and properly functioning filtration system water clarity is impaired.

Volume = 3.5 ft. 3.14 12 ft. 12 ft. Volume = 1,582.5 cubic ft (feet3) 1,582.5 cu. ft. 7.48 gallons/cu. ft. = 118,371 gallons

Pool Filter Systems and Operation

Public swimming pools, spas, wading pools, wave pools, etc. are required to have the water recirculated continuously, 24 hours a day. A series of drains and skimmers move the water from the pool through the hair and lint strainer, pump, filter, heater, and return the water back to the pool through small openings, called inlets, in the pool wall and sometimes in the floor.

Skimmers
The pool is designed so that the water level and cleanliness level remain fairly constant. Water is delivered to 49

Sand filter system. Recirculation and Filtration Systems

pool water becomes cloudy and debris remains in the water. 50

Recirculation and Filtration Systems

B | 211

High Rate Sand Filter

In high rate sand filters, to be effective, the filter needs a specific sand size to filter particulate matter in the pool water. The sand is packed around a series of finger-like projections called laterals or elements housed in a tank into which the water enters. The incoming water from the pool enters through these laterals and is discharged upward where it is reflected off the top of the tank cover and flows downward. This downward flow of the water inside the tank helps to prevent channeling and migration of the sand. Should channeling occur, the water will pass through the channel without being properly filtered. An open space between the top of the tank and the top of the sand inside the tank is called the freeboard. The freeboard is usually 12 inches or more and must exist for the sand to tumble and fluff-up, causing the debris to loosen for backwash removal. On the outlet (effluent) pipe, a pressure gauge is mounted. This gauge measures the pressure in the system of the clean and filtered water emerging from the filter, which should be lower than the influent gauge reading. Typically, the difference between the influent and effluent pressure gauges should not be more than 12-15 psi. Some filter equipment may have a higher differential based on the pool design. Backwashing of the high rate sand filter for a time period of 2-3 minutes is recommended. Once the water discharge is clear, the backwashing is complete. Reposition the lever or handle of the backwash valves to a filter run position. If sand is found entering the pool through the inlets of the pool wall, there may be either a cracked or broken lateral, or the lever on the filter for backwashing may not be properly set in place. Filter aids, or flocculants, are sometimes used for trapping surface dirt on the sand. Flocculants may not be recommended for use by the filter manufacturer since the filter will have an increased pressure from the restricted (clogged) surface. The use of D.E. powder in the filter is

Examples of Pool Filter Systems.

not recommended as a routine method of cleaning the pool of debris. D.E. may offer a temporary relief, while masking a significant filter problem. The filter size, pump impeller, or the entire circulation system may need to be re-evaluated to determine if it meets the cleaning demands of the pool size and volume of use.

Vacuum Sand Filters

The vacuum sand filter is not used as much as in previous years due to the inefficiency of the system. However, many older, community pools may have this type of filtration equipment. Filter rates are low at about 0.5 gallons of water per square foot of surface area, therefore more space is required for this open tank, gravity system. These systems allowed the operator to observe flocculation and possible channeling of the sand. Most vacuum sand systems have been replaced with newer high rate sand filters.

B | 212

51

Recirculation and Filtration Systems

_building requirements

Waste Management
liquid waste systems Primary Sewage Treatment Systems: - Septic Tanks - Aerobic Treatment Units Secondary Sewage Filtration Systems: -Seepage Pits - Disposal Fields - Mounds with Leaching Beds - Buried Sand Filters - Lagoons - Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond System (AIWPS) - Constructed Wetlands - Greenhouse Ecosystems Tertiary Sewage Disinfection Systems: -Chlorination Lanzarote currently uses a rotating biological contactor for wastewater treatment. This is an aerobic secondary process, like that of the AIWPS, once wastewater has been collected from individual units.

B | 213

roger williams university

_building requirements

Waste Management
primary systems possibilities Septic Tanks - Typically constructed of precast concrete also available in steel, fiberglass, and polyethylene - Uses anaerobic decomposition - Produces methane gas and is malodorous - Effluent is about 70% purified - Better efficiencies with less water - Minimal maintenance ->Sludge will need removal every few years - May experience failure of secondary systems with septic tank as primary - With proper maintenance, is a simple and reliable system - Sensitive to some wastes - Best with a secondary system based in sandy or loamy soil - Holds discharged wastewater for 24-48 hours - Least expensive system - Requires 2 to 4 feet of unsaturated soil between water table or bedrock How it Works: - Sewage enters the chamber at mid level - Solids sink as sludge and scum forms on the surface - Anaerobic decomposition, that which does not require oxygen, occurs and produces methane gas - The liquid then moves from the tank to be cleansed in the secondary system

B | 214

roger williams university

_building requirements

Waste Management
primary systems possibilities Aerobic Treatment Units (ATUs) - Treats wastewater using natural processes which require oxygen - Due to faster decomposition rates, ATUs are typically smaller than septic tanks - Energy-intensive - Require more maintenance than septic tanks - More expensive option - Still requires a secondary treatment process - Effluent produced is less polluted than that of a septic tank - Requires air to be bubbled through the sewage - Less likely to cause failure of secondary systems - Does not produce methane gasses or malodorous smells - System consists of a pretreatment stage, aeration compartment, and a final settling chamber How it Works: - Sewage enters an aeration chamber where it is kept constantly moving so that air can move through it - Sewage either has air forced through it, or is stirred, depending on manufacturer - After about 24 hours of this process, the sewage then enters a settling chamber - Effluent is then removed for secondary cleansing

B | 215

roger williams university

_building requirements

Waste Management
secondary systems possibilities Seepage Pits - Work with either septic tanks or ATUs - Only appropriate in very porous soil - Requires 2 ft clearance to water table below, and is typically placed 10 to 15 ft below grade - Also can be used as a dry well for runoff - Not recommended for this site Disposal Fields - Common secondary system - Inexpensive - Do not require as deep a water table - Do not require as permeable a soil - Consists of lines of perforated pipes at least 4 in diameter placed in shallow trenches with a bed of gravel then covered in gravel - The gravel acts as a dry well until the sewage can sink into the soil Mounds with Leaching Beds - New system - Similar to Disposal Field system, but include a cover of soil for absorption - Offer a solution in areas with high water tables Buried Sand Filters - Use biological, physical, and chemical processes to clean effluent - Can also be used with crushed glass, mineral tailings, bottom ash, etc - Similar layout to that of a Disposal Field, but requires a deeper field, up to 5 ft - Filter bed must be level and avoid contact with groundwater and runoff - Filter bed may require an impermeable liner - Can last up to 20 years without maintenance - Used with high groundwater, shallow bed rock, or poor soil prevent other options

B | 216

roger williams university

_building requirements

Waste Management
secondary systems possibilities Lagoons - Require sun, wind, and more land area than traditional methods -Simple to maintain - Low energy use - Require a lining - Should be square or round - May require further treatment - Four types: Anaerobic, Aerobic, Aerated, and Facultative Anaerobic Lagoons - First of two in a series - Work like a septic tank - Hold wastewater for 20 to 50 days - Usually 8 to 15 ft deep - With a layer of floating scum, are unsightly and malodorous Aerobic Lagoons - Shallow to allow sun and wind to penetrate - Best in warm climates without threat of freezing - Hold water for 3 to 50 days - Bottom is paved or lined to prevent weeds Aerated Lagoons - Also an aerobic lagoon - Actively stir in oxygen to speed process - Require less time and area than typical aerobic lagoons Facultative Lagoons - Most commonly used by small communities or households - Work in most climates and require no machinery - Usually 3 to 8 ft deep - Hold water for 20 to 150 days - Combines aerobic and anaerobic types

B | 217

roger williams university

_building requirements

Waste Management
secondary systems possibilities Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond System AIWPS -Includes educational facility, a wildlife habitat, and a park -Uses a system of three ponds - First is an advanced facultative pond -> anaerobic digester at the bottom with aerobic surface layer - Waste, both liquid and solid, is pumped in near the bottom of this pond - Second is a high-rate pond -> will grow algae which will further decompose the effluent - Third is the algal settling pond -> allows for algae to be harvested for use in feed or compost - Final effluent flows into a constructed wetland In California, there is a AIWPS which has functioned since the late 1960s. To date, no sludge removal has been required, demonstrating the efficiency of this system.

B | 218

roger williams university

_building requirements

Waste Management
secondary systems possibilities Constructed Wetlands - Consist of shallow open basins -Bottom is lined to prevent seepage - Proper design is required to manage human contact with the effluent - May need to address problems such as water-borne insects - Bottom contains a coarse medium through which effluent flows - Common plants in these wetlands include bulrushes, reeds, cattails, canna, and iris - A more visually appeasing method of waste treatment, as wetlands can be colorful and flowering - Provides habitat - Valuable in areas where soil is too dense or saturated to work well with a conventional system - Already been researched and concluded to be a viable option of wastewater management in the Canary Islands Greenhouse Ecosystems - Same as constructed wetlands, only moved indoors - Cost less to construct and same to maintain as conventional treatment systems - Plants grown are only long-term storage for heavy metals, not a final solution - First wastewater passes through an anaerobic holding tank - Second, effluent passes through a closed aerobic reactor to an open aerobic reactor - Next, waste is taken to a clarifier where solids settle out - Solids are then passed to the open-air reed bed to be dried and composted - Meanwhile, the water passes through two ecological fluidized beds to further clean the water - Lastly, the clean water passes through an irrigation pond to a constructed wetland

B | 219

roger williams university

_building requirements

Waste Management
flush toilet alternatives Options for low water or waterless toilets or urinals: No-flush Urinals - Urine complicates composting process - Urine is also an excellent fertilizer, thus capture and reuse is attractive Ultra-low-flow Toilets - Same as a regular toilet, but uses less water to flush and does not fill the bowl - Very good in areas with difficult or restricted waste management options Incinerating Toilets - Self-contained and waterless - Consume power - Incinerate waste into fine ash->no effluent - Must remove ash periodically - Cannot use during incineration Composting Toilets - Self-contained and waterless systems - Silent, no pipes to freeze in winter - Makes use of aerobic decomposition, which is essentially odor-free - Ventilation is essential Vault-type Composting Toilets - Such as the Clivus Multrum - Beneficial due to ability to add any organic waste such as kitchen scraps - Requires a large chamber at the bottom which must have access to remove the humus - Need for air increases heat losses Heater-type Composting Toilets - Composting chambers individual to each toilet - Requires additional power source to provide heat

B | 220

roger williams university

_building requirements

Waste Management
solid waste possibilities Solid waste consists of garbage and recyclables. No matter the system, this must be collected and stored for removal. By integrating garbage management systems which facilitate recycling, the designer can ease the process of recycling for building occupants. Collection Process - First, each occupant of a building generates the waste and throws it away. This allows for the separation of recyclables at the initial stage with specially marked or designed wastebaskets -Second, the building custodian collects the individual baskets. At this stage, it may be possible to include a convenient garbage chute to a storage area with an operated turntable which will accept all recyclables - Lastly, the waste is stored for collection. White paper may be shredded or cardboard compacted on site. Local Recycling - Requires each occupant of a building to be responsible for his or her own waste and the proper disposal of it - Best option for energy conservation - Requires considerable time and effort - Also requires a large amount of storage space to be designated specifically for waste

roger williams university

Central Recycling - Requires massive amounts of energy to separate each type of recyclable - Also requires recycling infrastructure to already be present

B | 221

C H A P T E R

8
Calculating the Area of Pools
Regularly Shaped Water Bodies
The area of a rectangle is found by multiplying the length (L) by the width (W). Area = length width
L = 75 W = 40

Triangles To find the area of a triangle, multiply the

width at the base (W) by the height (H), and divide by 2. Area = WH 00 2 00

Another way is to establish a line down the middle of the pool for the length, and then measure from side to side at several points along this line. pools with very irregular shapes require more side-to-side measurements. The average of the side measurements can be used as the width. The area is then calculated as a rectangle. Area = L (a + b + c + d + e) number of side-to-side measurements

H = 23

22 21 15

22 17 45

RECIRCULATION AND FILTRATION SYSTEMS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completely studying this chapter, you should be able to: Calculate pool volume. Understand the flow of water to and from the pool. Calculate the flow rate of a swimming pool. List the flow rates for the various types of filters. Explain why backwashing is necessary for proper recirculation and filtration. Compare the different types of filtration systems. Explain the purpose of flocculants.

W = 45

Example:
W = 45 ft. H = 23 ft. Area =

45 ft. 23 ft. 2

Area = 517.5 square feet

Example:
L = 45 feet a = 22 feet b = 21 feet Area = c = 15 feet d = 17 feet e = 22 feet

Irregularly Shaped Sites

Irregularly shaped pools often can be reduced to a combination of rectangles, circles and triangles. Calculate the area of each and add them together to obtain the total area. Area = (W H) + (L1 W1) + (L2 W2) 2

Rectangles

45 ft. 22 ft. + 21 ft. + 15 ft. + 17 ft. + 22 ft. 5 Area = 873 square ft.

Calculating Volume of Pools

To treat bodies of water, you must determine the volume of the water. Volume of water is determined by multiplying the surface area by the depth. Irregularly shaped pools will often be a combination of shapes. Similar to what you did in the previous examples for finding the area of irregularly shaped pools, reduce the pool to a combination of rectangles, circles and triangles. Determine the area, and multiply the area by the depth to calculate the volume. With irregularly shaped pools, add the volume of each section together to obtain the total volume.

H = 25

Example:
L = 75 feet W = 40 feet Area = 75 ft. 40 ft. Area = 3,000 sq. ft.
L1 = 30

W = 25

W1 = 40

Before any water treatment, chemical adjustment, or evaluation of a problem, the pool operator must know how much water is in the pool. This is determined by calculating the volume of water in the pool. To determine the amount of water in your pool, use formulas that match the shape of the pool. The first step in calculating volume is to calculate area. Once the surface area of a pool is known, it is multiplied by depth to determine volume.

Circles The area of a circle is 3.14 () times the radius (half the diameter) times the radius.
Area = r2 OR 3.14 radius radius
W2 = 21

L2 = 31

Pools Shaped Like Cubes or Boxes - The volume of

Volume = length width depth

a cube or box is found by multiplying the length (L) by the width (W) by the depth (D).

Example:
R = 15

W = 25 feet H = 25 feet L1 = 30 feet

W1 = 40 feet L2 = 31 feet W2 = 21 feet

Example:
r = 15 feet Area = 3.14 15 ft. Area = 706.5 sq. ft. 15 ft.

Area = (25 ft. 25 ft.) (30 ft. 40 ft.) + (21 ft. x 31 ft.) 2 Area = 312.5 sq. ft. + 1,200 sq. ft. + 651 sq. ft. Total area = 2,163.5 sq. ft.
Recirculation and Filtration Systems

Example:
l = 100 feet 48 w = 30 feet d = 5 feet

B | 222

47

Recirculation and Filtration Systems

Volume = 100 ft. x 30 ft. x 5 ft. Volume = 15,000 cubic ft. (feet3) One cubic foot = 7.48 gallons of water. Therefore, 15,000 x 7.48 = 112,200 gallons of water in this rectangular pool. For accurate calculations, divide the pool into various areas according to depth. If the slope of an area is constant, an average of the shallow depth and deepest depth may be used. To calculate volume in varying sloped pools, determine the volume in sections that do have constant slopes and add together.

Example:
Volume = length width (depth1 2 40 x 20 x (6 +3) = 3,600 cubic ft. 2 3,600 cubic ft. 7.48 gallons/cu. ft. = 26, 928 gallons depth2)

the filters either drawn through several openings in the pool wall called skimmers or from an overflow system in the gutter that extends around the pool perimeter. These devices are designed for moving water at a specific rate along the piping to the pump. Frequently clean the skimmers and grates in the overflow gutters to ensure that larger debris is removed before reaching the hair and lint skimmer. Many of these surface skimmers are the connection points for the vacuum cleaning systems for the pool. On the skimmer opening is a moving part called the weir or gate. The weir keeps larger floating materials confined in the skimmer so they can be easily removed.

Turnover rate
All of the water in the pool must be filtered within a specified time period. This is called the turnover rate. The clarity of typical public swimming pool water is optimal when the turnover rate is between 6-8 hours. Other pools have different rates dependent upon their size, type and volume. For example, spa pools and wading pools usually have a turnover rate of 1 hour or less, while for wave pools it is 4 hours or less. For a swimming pool, there may need to be several turnovers during the 24 hour period since only 68% of the contaminants are removed in 6-8 hours. In two turnover periods (12-16 hours) approximately 96% of debris is removed. Only a very small amount of material remains after 24 hours (less than 0.5% is not removed). To calculate the turnover rate of a pool in gallons per minute (gpm), use the following formula with the specific volume of your pool. Required flow rate in = volume/divided by time gallons per minute For example, if a pool has a volume of 36,000 gallons and the required turnover rate is 6 hours: VOLUME FLOW RATE = (HOURS) x (60 min./hr) 36,000 gal Flow Rate = 6 HRS x 60 min./hr Flow Rate = 100 G.P.M. Therefore, if 100 gallons of water per minute (gpm) passes through the filter, all the water in the pool will be recirculated in 6 hours.

Filters are sized according to the volume of water that needs to be filtered within the specified turnover rate. A pool volume of 36,000 gallons with a desired turnover rate of 6 hours, or 100 gpm, would need a high rate sand filter with approximately 7 square feet of filter surface area. First, divide the pool volume by the desired turnover rate to determine flow rate (36,000/6 hrs x 60 min/hr = flow rate). Next, divide the flow rate by the appropriate filter flow rate per square foot (from Table One.) to determine the size of the filter surface area needed, i.e., 100 gpm flow rate divided by 15 gpm/sq. ft. = 6.67 or 7 sq. ft. of filter surface area.
Table One. Filter flow rates for various types of filters

Vacuum sand filter Rapid sand filter High rate sand filter D.E. filter(s) Cartridge filter

0.5 gpm/sq. ft. 3.0 gpm/sq. ft. 12-20 gpm/sq. ft. (15 gpm/sq. ft. ideal) 2.0 gpm/sq. ft. 0.375 gpm/sq. ft.

Shaped Like Cylinders

The volume of a cylindrical pool or spa is found by multiplying the depth by the area of the circle at the base. The area of the circle is the radius (half the diameter) times the radius times 3.14. Volume = depth x 3.14 x radius x radius

Filter Media and Backwashing

The ability of the filter to trap and hold particulate matter from the pool water is dependent upon the size and type of media (filter substrate). A finer, smaller material such as diatomaceous earth (D.E.) will trap a greater amount of debris compared to sand media or the paper mesh of a cartridge filter. When the filter media is clean there is little resistance against the water. However, when the filter gets dirty, the flow rate slows and filtering becomes less efficient, possibly causing cloudy water, algae build up, and more contaminants remaining in the pool water. Cleaning the filter media by mechanical or physical methods is called backwashing. Backwashing sand filter systems usually involves reversing the flow of water through the filters by turning a valve or control lever to a backwash position. The reverse flow loosens the dirt in the filter media and rinses the debris to waste (eliminated from the system). In a diatomaceous earth (D.E.) filter system, the filter grids would be washed of D.E. powder during the backwash procedure and require recoating before reuse. Cartridge filters must have the entire mesh or woven element replaced with a cleaned or new unit. Backwashing requires that a specific flow rate is maintained during the procedure. Usually the rate is 12 to 15 gpm/sq.ft. for sand filters. Backwashing should be performed when the: incoming (influent) pressure is 10-12 psi greater than the pressure on a clean filter, flow rate decreases due to resistance in the dirty filter,

12

3.5

Skimmer system Example: depth = 3.5 feet Volume = 3.5 ft.

Filter area
Each type of filtration system allows water to pass through the filtering media at a specific rate filter ratemeasured in gallons per minute (gpm) per square foot of filter area. For example, a high rate sand filter could have a filter rate of 12 to 20 gpm per square foot of effective filter surface area. See Table One. A cartridge system, by comparison, would have a flow rate of 0.375 gpm per square foot of surface area.

radius = 12 feet 3.14 12 ft. 12 ft.

Filtration
The physical removal of dirt and debris from pool water is called filtration. Only pool water should be returned to the filtration equipment from the skimmers and main drains of the pool, i.e., no water from the decks, drinking fountains, or any type of dehumidifying equipment is allowed to drain back into the pool water. Pool water travels within a closed loop of piping through the hair and lint strainer where the larger debris in the water is removed before reaching the pump. Water is said to be under suction from the pool, through the hair and lint strainer, then into the pump and attached impeller. After the pump, water is said to be under pressure when moving through the filter, heater and piping back to the pool. The chemical feeder of disinfectants is attached to the filtration system. The pool filter not only helps clean the water of algae and smaller particulate matter, but also mixes the disinfectant with the water. Without a clean and properly functioning filtration system water clarity is impaired.

Volume = 1,582.5 cubic ft (feet3) 1,582.5 cu. ft. 7.48 gallons/cu. ft. = 118,371 gallons

Pool Filter Systems and Operation

Public swimming pools, spas, wading pools, wave pools, etc. are required to have the water recirculated continuously, 24 hours a day. A series of drains and skimmers move the water from the pool through the hair and lint strainer, pump, filter, heater, and return the water back to the pool through small openings, called inlets, in the pool wall and sometimes in the floor.

Skimmers
The pool is designed so that the water level and cleanliness level remain fairly constant. Water is delivered to 49

Sand filter system. Recirculation and Filtration Systems

pool water becomes cloudy and debris remains in the water. 50

Recirculation and Filtration Systems

B | 223

High Rate Sand Filter

In high rate sand filters, to be effective, the filter needs a specific sand size to filter particulate matter in the pool water. The sand is packed around a series of finger-like projections called laterals or elements housed in a tank into which the water enters. The incoming water from the pool enters through these laterals and is discharged upward where it is reflected off the top of the tank cover and flows downward. This downward flow of the water inside the tank helps to prevent channeling and migration of the sand. Should channeling occur, the water will pass through the channel without being properly filtered. An open space between the top of the tank and the top of the sand inside the tank is called the freeboard. The freeboard is usually 12 inches or more and must exist for the sand to tumble and fluff-up, causing the debris to loosen for backwash removal. On the outlet (effluent) pipe, a pressure gauge is mounted. This gauge measures the pressure in the system of the clean and filtered water emerging from the filter, which should be lower than the influent gauge reading. Typically, the difference between the influent and effluent pressure gauges should not be more than 12-15 psi. Some filter equipment may have a higher differential based on the pool design. Backwashing of the high rate sand filter for a time period of 2-3 minutes is recommended. Once the water discharge is clear, the backwashing is complete. Reposition the lever or handle of the backwash valves to a filter run position. If sand is found entering the pool through the inlets of the pool wall, there may be either a cracked or broken lateral, or the lever on the filter for backwashing may not be properly set in place. Filter aids, or flocculants, are sometimes used for trapping surface dirt on the sand. Flocculants may not be recommended for use by the filter manufacturer since the filter will have an increased pressure from the restricted (clogged) surface. The use of D.E. powder in the filter is

High Rate Sand Filter

In high rate sand filters, to be effective, the filter needs a specific sand size to filter particulate matter in the pool water. The sand is packed around a series of finger-like projections called laterals or elements housed in a tank into which the water enters. The incoming water from the pool enters through these laterals and is discharged upward where it is reflected off the top of the tank cover and flows downward. This downward flow of the water inside the tank helps to prevent channeling and migration of the sand. Should channeling occur, the water will pass through the channel without being properly filtered. An open space between the top of the tank and the top of the sand inside the tank is called the freeboard. The freeboard is usually 12 inches or more and must exist for the sand to tumble and fluff-up, causing the debris to loosen for backwash removal. On the outlet (effluent) pipe, a pressure gauge is mounted. This gauge measures the pressure in the system of the clean and filtered water emerging from the filter, which should be lower than the influent gauge reading. Typically, the difference between the influent and effluent pressure gauges should not be more than 12-15 psi. Some filter equipment may have a higher differential based on the pool design. Backwashing of the high rate sand filter for a time period of 2-3 minutes is recommended. Once the water discharge is clear, the backwashing is complete. Reposition the lever or handle of the backwash valves to a filter run position. If sand is found entering the pool through the inlets of the pool wall, there may be either a cracked or broken lateral, or the lever on the filter for backwashing may not be properly set in place. Filter aids, or flocculants, are sometimes used for trapping surface dirt on the sand. Flocculants may not be recommended for use by the filter manufacturer since the filter will have an increased pressure from the restricted (clogged) surface. The use of D.E. powder in the filter is

Examples of Pool Filter Systems.

Examples of Pool Filter Systems.

not recommended as a routine method of cleaning the pool of debris. D.E. may offer a temporary relief, while masking a significant filter problem. The filter size, pump impeller, or the entire circulation system may need to be re-evaluated to determine if it meets the cleaning demands of the pool size and volume of use.

not recommended as a routine method of cleaning the pool of debris. D.E. may offer a temporary relief, while masking a significant filter problem. The filter size, pump impeller, or the entire circulation system may need to be re-evaluated to determine if it meets the cleaning demands of the pool size and volume of use.

Vacuum Sand Filters

The vacuum sand filter is not used as much as in previous years due to the inefficiency of the system. However, many older, community pools may have this type of filtration equipment. Filter rates are low at about 0.5 gallons of water per square foot of surface area, therefore more space is required for this open tank, gravity system. These systems allowed the operator to observe flocculation and possible channeling of the sand. Most vacuum sand systems have been replaced with newer high rate sand filters.

Vacuum Sand Filters

The vacuum sand filter is not used as much as in previous years due to the inefficiency of the system. However, many older, community pools may have this type of filtration equipment. Filter rates are low at about 0.5 gallons of water per square foot of surface area, therefore more space is required for this open tank, gravity system. These systems allowed the operator to observe flocculation and possible channeling of the sand. Most vacuum sand systems have been replaced with newer high rate sand filters.

B | 224

51

Recirculation and Filtration Systems

51

Recirculation and Filtration Systems

B | 225

Baths of Janubio lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Occupancy Loads of the Building

relevant codes from IBC 2009_chapter 10

_program requirements

B | 226

Baths of Janubio

_program requirements

Occupancy Loads of the Building

sample calculations_outdoor bath space, reception, restaurant

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

outdoor bath

lobby

restaurant

B | 227

Baths of Janubio lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Occupancy Loads of the Building

calculated occupancy per program

_program requirements

B | 228
Baths of Janubio

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

_program requirements
relevant codes from IBC 2009_chapter 10

Egress Requirements

B | 229

Baths of Janubio lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Egress Requirements
calculated egress per program

_program requirements

B | 230
Baths of Janubio

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

_program requirements
relevant codes from IBC 2009_chapter 29

Plumbing Fixture Counts

B | 231

Baths of Janubio lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Plumbing Fixture Counts

relevant codes from IBC 2009_chapter 29

_program requirements

B | 232
Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio

_program requirements

Plumbing Fixture Counts

grouping of like programs and sample calculation for the number of male lavatories for the outdoor bath

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

occupancy ratio from 2902.1

occupancy per sex

B | 233

Baths of Janubio lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

Plumbing Fixture Counts

calculated fixtures per group of program

_program requirements

B | 234
Baths of Janubio

Baths of Janubio

_program requirements

Special Rules for Swimming Pools

relevant codes from IBC 2009_chapter 31

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lanzarote, spain

B | 235

Baths of Janubio

Occupancy Loads of the Building

sample calculations_outdoor bath space, reception, restaurant

Occupancy Loads of the Building

calculated occupancy per program

lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

outdoor bath

Baths of Janubio

_program requirements

_program requirements

Baths of Janubio lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

lobby

restaurant

B | 236

Baths of Janubio

Egress Requirements

relevant codes from IBC 2009_chapter 10

Egress Requirements
calculated egress per program

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

_program requirements

_program requirements

Baths of Janubio lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

B | 237

Baths of Janubio

Plumbing Fixture Counts

relevant codes from IBC 2009_chapter 29

Plumbing Fixture Counts

relevant codes from IBC 2009_chapter 29

lanzarote, spain

Baths of Janubio

_program requirements

_program requirements

Baths of Janubio lanzarote, spain

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

B | 238

roger williams university arch 513 comprehensive studio_summer 2011

B | 239

C | 240

Additional Documentation A p p e n d i x C

C | 241

Preliminary Design

C | 242

Site Plan

C | 243

Ground Floor Plan Basement Floor Plan

C | 244

Second Floor and Roof Plan

Section through Bathhouse

C | 245

C | 246

C | 247

C | 248

C | 249

Structural Bay Model

C | 250

Cladding & Mechanical Systems Model

C | 251

Finish Systems Bay Model

C | 252

C | 253

Section through Courtyard

Section through Bathhouse

C | 254

C | 255

North Elevation

South Elevation

C | 256

East Elevation

West Elevation

C | 257

Provided Documents
Roger Williams University School of Architecture, Art and Historic Preservation. Summer 2011 ARCH 513 Comprehensive Studio Roberto Viola Ochoa, Adjunct Faculty Course: ARCH 513 (5 Credits) Schedule: Tuesday/Wednesday/Friday, 1:30-5:00 pm Location: Graduate Studio Faculty: Roberto Viola Ochoa, Adjunct Faculty rviola@prodigy.net 857-413 8455 (cell). Before 1:00 am. Via text message/email is preferable and faster. Office hours: 5:00-6:00 pm Tue. Wed. And Fri. or by appointment Course Description: Baths of Janubio Lanzarote, Spain. The island of Lanzarote belongs to the Canary Archipelago. It is a group of isles of volcanic origin situated at the center-oriental Atlantic, NW of the African Continent. There are numerous hypotheses as to how the archipelago formed. The most widely accepted theory is that it was the result of a combined process of under water eruptions of lava and the thrusting up of large sections of oceanic crust. As the African plate pressured the Atlantic plate, flow of lava occurred through the fissures with a predominant direction which determined the shape and structure of the islands. The geological structure of Lanzarote is the simplest of all the islands, and it has been the subject of a more thorough study. The actual landscape of Lanzarote is the result of constructive agents such as volcanism and destructive processes such as erosion. The continuous action of these two agents cause the establishment of a huge range of substrates which are later on occupied by vegetation (which is tied to the chemical composition of the subtracts.). The age of materials from the island are measured by the volcanic cones which are more or less dismantled and covered with vegetation. Lanzarote is an island with smooth undulating soil interrupted by high cones, cliffs (the result of marine erosion) and deep ravines. Beside the natural environment elements and the geologic evolution process, the landscape has been influenced by men activities, such as farming conditioned by a sub-desert climate. The overall structure of the island is formed by two mountain massifs at the North and South, connected by low, undulating land. Within this landscape, volcanic cones emerge. This structure of volcanoes is one of the most significant features of the islands landscape of which about 110 are registered. Timanfaya National Park is located in the southwestern area of the island occupying about 5,107 hectares and a perimeter of 30km with a maximum height of 540m above sea level. Most of the park is the result of eruptions occurring in a period between 1730 and 1736, however, some eruptions have happened as recently as 1824.

C | 258

In the 1960s the economic profile of the island shifted from agricultural/farming (goats) to tourism. This resulted in uncontrollable development which, helped the economic situation of the island, but deteriorated some of its natural features. In 1974, in an effort to protect the natural ecosystems of the island, the Timanfaya area was declared National Park and other areas followed. Today the island is the subject of two main activities: tourism and scientific research. Tourists are given the opportunity to enjoy a very small portion of the landscape, through highly choreographed and restricted visits. These are important not only from an economic standpoint (it is a major source of employment), but also as a way of make people aware of its value. This project will study a facility to support the tourism-based economy of the island in close proximity to one of the most significant sat flats of the Canary Islands, Janubio. These protected salt flats are well known for its architectonic and hydraulics complexity. They are a very emblematic point of interest in the island. The coast is a high energy area with constant Saharan winds and solar exposure are ideal conditions for salines, as they help in the evaporation process. The setting is ideal to study strategies that work smartly with the environmental qualities of the site. There will be a strong focus on the particulars of building in this environment, not only physical but cultural as well. This studio is a comprehensive studio. The studio merges several areas of your education thus far in the elaborated design of a building. In this studio, you will develop a conceptual framework for the design that fully integrates the many systems that comprise architecture: cultural/contextual systems, site systems, environmental systems, material systems, structural systems, mechanical systems, program etc. The technical requirements will include the research, integration and representation of the many technical systems inherent in this, and every, building project. Project Details: The project is a bath house with an associated lodging component. Presumably, the water used in the process could come directly from the Atlantic Ocean, using salt as an important component on the treatments. One of the most important features of water is its ability to dissolve other substances, making it our most important cleansing agent. Although it is not known when humans started bathing indoors, the earlier evidence has been found in India, ancient Egypt and Greece. Medicinal use of water is first mentioned in Greek writings where the therapeutic qualities of taking baths at different temperatures is described as an effective tool to combat illness. The Romans, however, were the ones who developed the culture of the independent bath construction. They developed a heating system that was initially used in the domestic realm, which was later used in the bath houses. By the beginning of the 5th century ADRoman baths began to lose their architectural glory. The tradition of the bath, however, continued to live on in the Eastern Roman Empire where it was passed down to the Byzantines which continued with the construction of baths of both, architectural and social importance. With the fall of the Roman Empire, European practices of personal cleanliness were forced back to the home front. The grand pools of the baths were replaced by the tradition of bathing in a small tub. During the Middle Ages, some Christian authorities viewed bath houses as places conducive to immoral behavior and propagation of deceases. Once the Islamic Empire was forced out of Spain, the church ordered the destruction of many of the baths, act that was faced with popular resistance. Many of the baths in Europe were closed during the following centuries, and the tradition remained strong in the eastern neighbors. Today, the culture of the bath is still strong, particularly in areas of the Mediterranean. The project will capitalize on the geography and the cultural heritage of the area. The proposed facility is organized in leisure program and therapeutic facilities. In addition, there is a small boutique type of lodging which would allow those who desire it to extend their stay.

C | 259

The project will capitalize on the geography and the cultural heritage of the area. The proposed facility is organized in leisure program and therapeutic facilities. In addition, there is a small boutique type of lodging which would allow those who desire it to extend their stay. A detailed program has been provided as a guide to follow. Once the research of the typology is complete, the attitude of how the program is interpreted is left to the designers discretion. Pre-Requisite: ARCH 413 studios, ARCH 331, 333, 424 and 431. Objectives and Outcomes: The Comprehensive Studio responds primarily (but not exclusively, given the nature of the studio) to the following NAAB Student Performance Criteria: -Comprehensive Design Ability to produce an architecture project informed by a comprehensive program, from schematic design through the detailed development of programmatic spaces, structural and environmental systems, life-safety provisions, wall sections, and building assemblies, as may be appropriate; and to assess the completed project with respect to the programs design criteria. -Building Systems Integration Ability to assess, select, and integrate structural systems, environmental systems, life-safety systems, building envelope systems, and building service systems into building design -Site Conditions. Ability to respond to natural and built site characteristics in the development of a program and the design of a project. -Building Code Compliance Understanding of the codes, regulations, and standards applicable to a given site and building design, including occupancy classifications, allowable building heights and areas, allowable construction types, separation requirements, occupancy requirements, means of egress, fire protection, and structure. -Detailed Design Development Ability to assess, select, configure, and detail as an integral part of the design appropriate combinations of building materials, components, and assemblies to satisfy the requirements of building programs -Sustainable Design Understanding of the principles of sustainability in making architecture and urban design decisions that conserve natural and built resources, including culturally important buildings and sites, and in the creation of healthful buildings and communities -Building Materials and Assemblies Understanding of the principles, conventions, standards, applications, and restrictions pertaining to the manufacture and use of construction materials, components, and assemblies -Building Envelope Systems Understanding of the basic principles and appropriate application and performance of building envelope materials and assemblies

C | 260

-Life Safety Understanding of the basic principles of life-safety systems with an emphasis on egress General Requirements Only legible work will be reviewed at any review (desk crit, pin-up, or jury). There should be a reasonable level of commitment in every drawing/model the student chooses to show. Printed material should be available at every desk crit, pin-up or review. No drawing will be reviewed on a computer screen (unless previously negotiated with the instructor). Research assignments implies a thorough search of information (books, internet, etc) and it also implies for the student to dissect, analyze through drawings and models the information found. Bringing only the printouts does NOT constitute acceptable research. The work this semester will be done both individually and in groups. Given the intensity of the course, daily commitment is expected from the students. Be warned, working only on studio days will not be sufficient. All requirements for each review MUST be completed without exceptions. This is a sort of contract scenario in which you are obliged to comply. Serial iterations are highly encouraged and are necessary as part of the search process. NEVER expect to reach the solution in the first attempt. . Attendance Design is a process in which feedback and participation is critical; it is consequently imperative that you attend class and bring drawings and/or models to discuss with the instructor. Unexcused absences will constitute grade deduction. More than 3 unexcused absences will constitute an automatic failure. Attendance is mandatory at all reviews (refer to course schedule for dates). Should you be in the situation in which your attendance is compromised, please do not hesitate to let the instructor know ahead of time. Students requiring special accommodations or assistance in the course should schedule and appointment with the instructor as soon as possible. Students are expected to conduct themselves, and complete their work in a manner that reflects the highest standards of the profession Grading Upon completion of each Phase of Term-long Project each student groups work and the contribution of each individual group member will be assessed & evaluated. The following general criteria will be followed for evaluation grading: A - is awarded for problem work, which has challenged the student, the student group, the studio & the instructor and usually demanded an extraordinary amount of effort. Issues of the students own discovery are investigated and presented in an artful manner. B - is given when the students response goes beyond a thorough understanding of the problems objectives, and has created a design of superior creativity. Presentations are skillfully composed & executed in a clear & competent manner.

C | 261

C - is the average grade given when a student demonstrates a thorough understanding of the problems objectives and presents a complete response to the problem in an appropriate, clear and competent manner. Presentations are complete and meet all the minimum requirements. D - reflects an incomplete or incorrect understanding of the objectives and issues the problem demands of a student. Presentations might be incomplete or executed inappropriately. The student is encouraged to meet privately with the instructor for extra help, suggestions, explanations and comments. F - is given for unsatisfactory performance & incomplete work. The grades will be announced following the completion of each Phase. Pluses and minuses may be applied to the grades above and help rank work within the studio, or reflect effort and initiative. Any Phase grade below a B- represents a condition that requires that the individual student be counseled to raise their level of achievement in the next Phase. Late problem submissions will not be accepted for evaluation & grading. Note: Graduate Course Grading, GPA and Graduation Requirements: The minimum passing grade in SAAHP graduate level courses is a B-. The minimum GPA for Master of Architecture graduates is 3.0 in 500 & 600 level courses The semester grade is the result of the quality of the work, quantity of work, progress achieved, level of conceptual thinking, execution of the conceptual thinking and technical development, all weighing equally. Talent alone will not guarantee a high grade if its not accompanied by a serious DAILY commitment. Students will receive written evaluations periodically after every single review. This evaluation will clearly state the deficiencies and the strength of the work, and the improvements that need to be undertaken. Students are always encouraged to have an open discussion about the grade with the instructor. The content of the discussion will be always confidential. Should there be major disagreements, special arrangements will be made following the School of Architecture, Art and Historic Preservation policies.

C | 262

C | 263

Provided Bibliography
Roger Williams University School of Architecture, Art and Historic Preservation. Summer 2011 ARCH 513 Comprehensive Studio Recommended Bibliography Roberto Viola Ochoa, Adjunct Faculty Baths of Janubio Lanzarote, Spain General Reference: Mark Kurlansky, Salt: A World History. Penguin Books, New York, 2003. Juhani Pallasmaa, The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the senses. John Wiley & Sons Inc, Great Britain, 2005. Raimundo Rodriguez, Lanzarote. RAI Ediciones. Fuerteventura, Spain, 1998. Simon Marchan Fiz, Fundacion Cesar Manrique, Lanzarote. Edition Axel Menges, Stuttgart/London 2007. Orhan Yilmazkaya, Turkish Baths: A Light onto a Tradition and Culture. Citlembik LTD, Istambul, Turkey, 2005. Technical Books: Andrea Deplazes, Constructing Architecture, Materials, Processes, Structure A Hand book. DArch ETH, Birkhauser, Basel-Boston-Berlin. Edward Allen/Joseph Iano, The Architects Studio Companion. John Wiley&Sons Inc. New Jersey 2007 Edward Allen/Joseph Iano, Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials and Methods. John Wiley&Sons Inc. New Jersey 1990. G.Z. Brown/Mark DeKay, Sun, Wind&Light, Architectural Design Strategies. John Wiley&Sons Inc. New Jersey 2001 George Baird, The Architectural Expression of Environmental Control Systems. Spon Press, London 2001 Vaughn Bradshaw, Building Control Systems. John Wiley&Sons Inc. New Jersey 1993 Ramsey/Sleeper, Architectural Graphic Standards. Wiley. New York, 1983.

C | 264

Various authors, Skins for Buildings. Bis Publishers, Amsterdam 2004. Various authors, Concrete Construction Manual. Birkhauser Edition Detail, Munich 2002 Various authors, Masonry Construction Manual. Birkhauser Edition Detail, Munich 2001 Various authors, Steel Construction Manual. Birkhauser Edition Detail, Munich 2000 Various authors, Glass Construction Manual. Birkhauser Edition Detail, Munich 1999. Journals: El Croquis Tectonica Detail Domus Abitare Lotus

C | 265

Additional Bibliography
Bradbury, Dominic. Mediterranean Modern (London: Thames & Hudson, 2006) Ching, Francis D.K. Building Construction Illustrated 4th ed. (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2008) Ford, Ronald L. Certified Pool - Spa Operator Handbook 2007 ed. (Colorado Springs, CO: National Swimming Pool Foundation, 2007) Merrill, Michael. Louis Kahn on the Thoughtful Making of Spaces: The Dominican Motherhouse and a Modern Culture of Space (Kosel, Germany: Lars Muller Publishers, 2010) Moura, Eduardo Souto de. Eduardo Souto de Moura : 1995-2005 : la naturalidad de las cosas (Madrid, Spain: El Croquis Editorial, 2005) Rykwert, Joseph. Louis Kahn (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 2001) Smith, Gladdis. New Haven and the Sea New Haven: An Illustrated History 1st ed. (USA: Windsor Publications, 1981) Smith, William. Baths A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 3rd ed. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1845)

C | 266