Integers

Integers are numbers such as whole numbers and negatives of natural numbers. Example : -3, -2, -1, 0, 2, 3.... Integers consist of positive integers, and the number zero, as shown in the following number line.
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

To the left are number of -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, ....., which are called negative integers. The number -1, for instance, is read negative one. To the right there are numbers of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., which are called positive integers. The number 1 for instance, also means +1 (read positive one). At center there is the number zero, which is neither positive nor negative. 1. Addition Of Integers Addition involving positive integers and zero has been discussed in elementary grades, so now we will discuss addition involving negative integers. We can use a model to draw about addition, substraction, multiplication, and devision of integers. Suppose the dark model represent of the negative integers, and the white model shows the positive integers. We can also use a number line to solve operation of integers.

+1

-1

Consider the following examples: A. For an addition with a positive numbers, such as 5 + 3, we can do the following: Add one number to another by using the model, take five the white model to the positive numbers and take another three the white model to the positive numbers, so that we have eight the white model. If you use a number line, start from zero and move 5 units to the right until you reach the position of the number 5. Then move 3 units to the right to get 8. Thus, 5 + 3 = 8 B. For an addition involving two negative numbers, such as , we can do the following: Add each value without regarding the negative sign, that is 5+3=8, and then give a negative sign to the result, that is -8. Therefore, ( ) ( )

If you use number line, start from zero and move five units to the left to get 5. Then move three units to the left to get -8. Therefore, ( ) ( ) . C. For an addition involving one negative number and one positive number, such as 3+2, we can do the following: Take the following procedure. Draw three the dark model to show the negative integers. Add two white model to remove two the dark models. Therefore, If use a number line start from zero and move three units to the left to get -3. Then move two units to the right to get -1. Threfore, . Properties of Addition Integers and Substraction Integers 1. Commutative property a+b=b+a 2. Assosiative property (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) 3. Distributive property Multiplication to addition ( p + q) x r = (p x r) + (q x r) Multiplication to subtraction ( a - b) x c = (a x c) - (b x c) Division to addition ( p + b)/r= p/r + q/r Division to subtraction ( a - b)/c = a/c - b/c

2. Subtraction Of Integers Subtraction is inverse operation of addition. Consider the following example : This expression shows the subtraction of -2 from -5; that is -2 (-5) = . . . The number line can be used in subtraction. Start from zero. Move two steps to the left. Start from -2. Move five steps to the right (opposiote of -5 ) to get 3 Then, -2 (-5) = 3

3. Multiplication And Division Of Integers We have already known that either multiplication or division of two positive integers give positive answer. For example: and . Now if one number is negative, then the answer is negative. For example: ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) . And if both have negative then the answer is positive. For instance ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Actually we can make reasoning about these rezsults. For example: ( ) means there are 6 times of (-3), that is ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . Next since division is invers operation of multiplication, then ( ) gives ( ) and etc. Meanwhile multiplication by 0 gives 0, for examples: ) ( ) Zero divided by non zero number gives zero, for instance : ( ) But, 0:0 is not defined, so is dividing by zero, such as 4. Least Common Multiple Let us consider multiples of 4 and 6 follows. Multiples of 4 = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 26, ...} Multiples of 6 = {6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, ...} We can see there are numbers that multiples of 4 and also 6, that is 12, 24, 36, ... . these numbers are common multiples of 4 and 6. The smallest number, that is 12, is called least common multiple (LCM) of 4 and 6. Hence the first method to find LCM of numbers is by listing multiples of each number, find common multiples, and find smallest common multiple. Second method is by using prime factorization as follows.
4 = 22 6=2x3

LCM = 22 x 3 = 12

5. Greatest Common Divisor Let us consider factors of 24 and 28 follows. Factors of 24 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24}. Factors of 28 = {1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28}. We can see there are number that factors of 24 and also 28, that is 1, 2, 4. These number are common factors of 24 and 28. The largest number, that is 4, is called greatest common divisor (GCD) of 24 and 28. Hence the first method to find GCD is by listing factors of each number, find common factors, and find largest common factor. Second method is by using prime factorization as follows. 24 = 23 x 3
28 = 22 x 7

12

2 6 2

14

GCD = 22 The third method is by using the following common factor diagram.
24 2 12 2 6 7 14 28

In this diagram, 2 is a common factor of 24 and 28. Next 24 : 2 = 12 and 28 : 2 = 14. Now 2 is a common factor of 12 and 14, and we have 12 : 2 = 6 and 14 : 2 = 7. Besides 1, 6 and 7 have no other common factors, so we stop dividing be common factors. From this diagram, GCD = 2 x 2 = 4, and also we have LCM = 2 x 2 x 6 x 7 = 168.