NAME Roll# Section Assignment Submitted to Submission date

MUHAMMAD ZAID 1259 A CSF(intro to computing) SR Faisal 20/12/2011

CONTENTS
(1) MAJOR TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM (2) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYSTEM SOFTWRE AND APPLICATION SOFTWRE (3)DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WEBPAGE AND WEBSITE

(1) MAJOR TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

An operating system is a software component of a computer system that is responsible for the management of various activities of the computer and the sharing of computer resources. It hosts several applications that run on a computer and handles the operations of computer hardware. Users and application programs access the services offered by the operating systems, by means of system calls and application programming interfaces. In short, an operating system enables user interaction with computer systems by acting as an interface between users or application programs and the computer hardware. Here is an overview of the different types of operating systems.

Real-time Operating System: It is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing

real-time applications. Real-time operating systems often use specialized scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve a deterministic nature of behavior. The main object of real-time operating systems is their quick and predictable response to events. They either have an eventdriven or a time-sharing design. An event-driven system switches between tasks based of their priorities while time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.Here are some examples of real time operating systems: (1)OS-9;
(2)(RealTime Linux); (3)ONX (4)Vxworks

Multi-user and Single-user Operating Systems: Computer operating systems of this type
allow multiple users to access a computer system simultaneously. Time-sharing systems can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable a multiple user access to a computer through time sharing. Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user operating system, are usable by only one user at a time. Being able to have multiple accounts on a Windows operating system does not make it a multi-user system. Rather, only the network administrator is the real user. But for a Unix-like operating system, it is possible for two users to login at a time and this capability of the OS makes it a multi-user operating system.Followings are the examples of Single-User Operating System (1)Windows95/98/Me

(2)Windows3.1 (3)DOS
(4)WindowsNT/2000 (5)WindowsXP (6)Unix / LinuX (7)MAC/OS X

Multi-tasking and Single-tasking Operating Systems: When a single program is allowed

to run at a time, the system is grouped under the single-tasking system category, while in case the operating system allows for execution of multiple tasks at a time, it is classified as a multitasking operating system. Multi-tasking can be of two types namely, pre-emptive or cooperative. In pre-emptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates one slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems such as Polaris and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking. If you are aware of the multi-threading terminology, you can consider this type of multi-tasking as similar to interleaved multi-threading. Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to give time to the other processes in a defined manner. This kind of multi-tasking is similar to the idea of block multi-threading in which one thread runs till it is blocked by some other event. MS Windows prior to Windows 95 used to support cooperative multitasking.

Distributed Operating System: An operating system that manages a group of independent

computers and makes them appear to be a single computer is known as a distributed operating system. The development of networked computers that could be linked and made to communicate with each other, gave rise to distributed computing. Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed system.

Embedded System: The operating systems designed for being used in embedded computer
systems are known as embedded operating systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design. (1)Windows CE (2)FreeBSD (3)Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.PalmOS

Mobile Operating System: Though not a functionally distinct kind of operating system,
mobile OS is definitely an important mention in the list of operating system types. A mobile OS controls a mobile device and its design supports wireless communication and mobile applications. It has built-in support for mobile multimedia formats. Tablet PCs and smartphones run on mobile operating systems.

Batch Processing and Interactive Systems: Batch processing refers to execution of

computer programs in 'batches' without manual intervention. In batch processing systems, programs are collected, grouped and processed on a later date. There is no prompting the user for inputs as input data are collected in advance for future processing. Input data are collected

and processed in batches, hence the name batch processing. IBM's z/OS has batch processing capabilities. As against this, interactive operating requires user intervention. The process cannot be executed in the user's absence.

Online and Offline Processing: In online processing of data, the user remains in contact
with the computer and processes are executed under control of the computer's central processing unit. When processes are not executed under direct control of the CPU, the processing is referred to as offline. Let's take the example of batch processing. Here, the batching or grouping of data can be done without user and CPU intervention; it can be done offline. But the actual process execution may happen under direct control of the processor, that is online. Operating systems contribute to simplifying human interaction with the computer hardware. They are responsible for linking application programs with the hardware, thus achieving easy user access to computers.

(2) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYSTEM SOFTWRE AND APPLICATION SOFTWRE

(a) System software
Is a program that manages and supports the computer resources and operations of a computer system while it executes various tasks such as processing data and information, controlling hardware components, and allowing users to use application software. That is, systems software functions as a bridge between computer system hardware and the application software. System software is made up of many control programs, including the operating system, communications software and database manager. There are many kinds of computers these days. Some of them are easier to learn than others. Some of them perform better than others is a program that manages and supports the computer resources and operations of a computer system while it executes various tasks such as processing data and information, controlling hardware components, and allowing users to use application software. That is, systems software functions as a bridge between computer system hardware and the application software. System software is made up of many control programs, including the operating system, communications software and database manager. There are many kinds of computers these days. Some of them are easier to learn than others. Some of them perform better than others . Examples of system software include:
1. Operating Systems, like Microsoft Windows, DOS, Unix and Linux 2. Device Drivers like Device driver software of a Printer (found on CD normally provided with the printer) 3. Utility Programs like AVAST anti virus, Disk Scanners and File Viewers etc.

(b) Application software

IS also known as an application or an "app", is computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. Examples include enterprise software, accounting software, office suites, graphics software and media players. Many application programs deal principally with documents. Apps may be bundled with the computer and its system software, or may be published separately. Some users are satisfied with the bundled apps and need never install one. Application software is contrasted with system software and middleware, which manage and integrate a computer's capabilities, but typically do not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. The system software serves the application, which in turn serves the user. Similar relationships apply in other fields. For example, a shopping mall does not provide the merchandise a shopper is seeking, but provides space and services for retailers that serve the shopper. A bridge may similarly support rail tracks which support trains, allowing the trains to transport passengers. Application software applies the power of a particular computing platform or system software to a particular purpose. Some apps such as Microsoft Office are available in versions for several different platforms; others have narrower requirements and are thus called, for example,

a Geography application for Windows or an Android application for education or Linux gaming.

Differences
Actually, a system software is any computer software which manages and controls computer hardware so that application software can perform a task. Operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X or Linux, are prominent examples of system software. System software contrasts with application software, which are programs that enable the end-user to perform specific, productive tasks, such as word processing or image manipulation. System software performs tasks like transferring data from memory to disk, or rendering text onto a display device. Specific kinds of system software include loading programs, operating systems, device drivers, programming tools, compilers, assemblers, linkers, and utility software. Software libraries that perform generic functions also tend to be regarded as system software, although the dividing line is fuzzy; while a C runtime library is generally agreed to be part of the system, an OpenGL or database library is less obviously so. If system software is stored on non-volatile memory such as integrated circuits, it is usually termed firmware while an application software is a subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly and thoroughly to a task that the user wishes to perform. This should be contrasted with system software which is involved in integrating a computer's various capabilities, but typically does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. In this context the term application refers to both the application software and its implementation. A simple, if imperfect analogy in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an electric light bulb (an application) to an electric power generation plant (a system). The power plant merely generates electricity, not itself of any real use until harnessed to an application like the electric light that performs a service that benefits the user. Typical examples of software applications are word processors, spreadsheets, and media players. Multiple applications bundled together as a package are sometimes referred to as an application suite. Microsoft Office and OpenOffice.org, which bundle together a word processor, a spreadsheet, and several other discrete applications, are typical examples. The separate applications in a suite usually have a user interface that has some commonality making it easier for the user to learn and use each application. And often they may have some capability to interact with each other in ways beneficial to the user. For example, a spreadsheet might be able to be embedded in a word processor document even though it had been created in the separate spreadsheet application.

User-written software tailors systems to meet the user's specific needs. User-written software include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics and animation scripts. Even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is. In some types of embedded systems, the application software and the operating system software may be indistinguishable to the user, as in the case of software used to control a VCR, DVD player or Microwave Oven. In tabular form we can explain difference as following
Difference between System & Application Software

System Software

Application Software

1. It is a set of programs to control 1. It is used to solve particular problems of computer components and user. operations. 2. It is general-purpose software. 2. It is specific purpose software.

3. It executes all the time in computer. 3. It executes as and when required. For Because it controls overall operations example, if we need to write a letter, we will and components of computer. open Microsoft Word - an application software. And after we have written and printed the letter, we will close Microsoft Word. 4. The number of system software is 4. The number of application software is much less than application software. more than system software. 5. System software is essential for a 5. Application software is not essential for a computer to work. Without System computer to work. For example, if we need to software (like operating systems), a play some games then we buy a game CD or computer is useless. We cannot use download games from internet, and install in computer hardware without system our computer. software. That is why we install an operating system first of all, after buying a new computer. 6. Examples are: Windows, Dos, Unix, 6. Examples are: MS Word, MS Excel, MS Linux, Norton Antivirus etc. Power point etc.

(3)DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WEBPAGE AND WEBSITE

(A)WEB PAGE OR WEB SITE
A website, also written as Web site,[1] web site, or simply site,[2] is a collection of related web pages containing images, videos or other digital assets. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network through an Internet address known as a Uniform Resource Locator. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web.

Static website
A static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a client web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language, HTML. Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as classic website, a five-page website or a brochure website are often static websites, because they present pre-defined, static information to the user. This may include information about a company and its products and services via text, photos, animations, audio/video and interactive menus and navigation. This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos and other content and may require basic website design skills and software. In summary, visitors are not able to control what information they receive via a static website, and must instead settle for whatever content the website owner has decided to offer at that time. They are edited using four broad categories of software:
Text editors, such as Notepad or TextEdit, where content and HTML markup are manipulated directly within the editor program WYSIWYG offline editors, such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe Dreamweaver (previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), with which the site is edited using a GUI interface and the final HTML markup is generated automatically by the editor software WYSIWYG online editors which create media rich online presentation like web pages, widgets, intro, blogs, and other documents. Template-based editors, such as RapidWeaver and iWeb, which allow users to quickly

create and upload web pages to a web server without detailed HTML knowledge, as they pick a suitable template from a palette and add pictures and text to it in a desktop publishing fashion without direct manipulation of HTML code.

Dynamic website A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically, based on certain criteria. Dynamic websites can have two types of dynamic activity: Code and Content. Dynamic code is invisible or behind the scenes and dynamic content is visible or fully displayed.

(B) WEB APPLICATION

A web application is an application that is accessed over a network such as the Internet or an intranet [1]. The term may also mean a computer software application that is coded in a browser-supported language (such as JavaScript, combined with a browser-rendered markup language like HTML) and reliant on a common web browser to render the application executable. Web applications are popular due to the ubiquity of web browsers, and the convenience of using a web browser as a client, sometimes called a thin client. The ability to update and maintain web applications without distributing and installing software on potentially thousands of client computers is a key reason for their popularity, as is the inherent support for cross-platform compatibility. Common web applications include webmail, online retail sales, online auctions, wikis and many other functions.

Web applications do not require any complex "roll out" procedure to deploy in large organizations. A compatible web browser is all that is needed; Browser applications typically require little or no disk space on the client; They require no upgrade procedure since all new features are implemented on the server and automatically delivered to the users; Web applications integrate easily into other server-side web procedures, such as email and searching. They also provide cross-platform compatibility in most cases (i.e., Windows, Mac, Linux, etc.) because they operate within a web browser window. With the advent of HTML5, programmers can create richly interactive environments natively within browsers. Included in the list of new features are native audio, video and animations, as well as improved error handling

Differences
The advent of the Internet led to the invention of new terms that are exclusively used to refer to things that you can do or get from the Internet. Website is one of the very first and it is used to refer to a location that hosts several pages that are often on the same topic. The site is accessed with the use of a URL (Uniform Resource Locator). On the other hand, a web application is a term used identify a program or application that is run and used on separate computers. A web application can exist in the Internet or across a local network, Intranet, VPN, among other things. When a web application is available in the Internet, it is often hosted as a separate page on a website. The site can also contain other materials that are not used by the web application but are often related to what the web application does. Comparatively, a web application is more resource intensive compared to a website that does not contain a web application. Depending on the type and goal of the web application, it needs

to process the data it gets as well as access databases. Although some of the more complicated sites can be as resource intensive, most are not. This is because most sites simply show information that are static and are not updated very often. The same is also true when it comes to the difficulty of creating a website or a web application. Static websites can be coded as long as you know HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). With web applications, it is not enough to know HTML, the part that makes it an application is coded with a more difficult language that is akin to programming languages. The list of languages includes Java, Javascript, DHTML, Silverlight, PHP, and AJAX. It is also necessary to know two or more of these languages in order to implement server side scripts that process the data and client side scripts that format the information on screen. Summary: 1. A website is a collection of web pages under the same location while a web application is a type of application that is hosted over a network 2. A web application is often accessed in a certain website 3. A web application often needs a lot more processing power than most websites 4. A web application is more difficult to create than a website