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Srinus Rise Publications
TET / DSC English Series-1
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Srinivas Pabba
OFFICE ADDRESS :
SRINIVAS PABBA
SRINU'S RISE PUBLICA
TIONS
PUBLICATIONS
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GUNJ ROAD, JAGTIAL-505327,
DIST. KARIMNAGAR, A.P.
CELL : 90305 72369, 73966 93368
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Inspite of many efforts taken to present the book without errors, some
errors might have crept in. So we donot take any responsibility for such errors
and Omissions. If they are brought to our notice, they will be corrected in the
NEW EDITION.
All Rights reserved. NO part of this publication may be reproduced.
Stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, Mechanical, Photo Copying,
Recording or other wise without the prior
permission of Publisher.
PO^^ x Jx l #O_ l "iQ, _q[# "iQ, =O_ "iQ

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: 98
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\K~ Zelae\ >, _... J ~ ^= =`# <^ O x~~ Oz# ~ }oH#
Q=x q[^# WOw+ qQO x~`HOQ HxOk. >\ HO>O\ qQx K ~ 1,
~ 2 ~OkOz# WOw+ |x J^<O K =~ UHqOz<, ~ 2
=Ò Hx JO# J^#OQ K~~. H|\ ~ 1, 2 x~tOz# |# iQ ijeOz
J~ ~+< H#yOKe.
>\ O|Ok` W<~ +< |>\ < , [~ Q _ ~o (#=< ). U ~OxH
Zx =~ J< q+O +` ^. D q+O <+# Hx ~ \K~ Z_H+< q+
=K~O P^~OQ J~ ^"` =Ozk JO^HO WOw+ HO>O\x ~O ,
"\H H\~Oz# =~, P^~_^y# ~o #=< q=~.
HOk \ H# Q=x ~ 1, ~-2 H=OY 1 #Oz 13 =~ ~# WOw+
HO>O\ ~O H=<Q L#@ J~==Òk JQ H= OY 14 #Oz 17 =~ ~#
JO ~ -2 J~ J^#OQ K~~x Òk. >\ q^Y W\= f# HH
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~O q+O ~ 1 ~-2, _, l\, Z J~ WOw+
Q=~ Q\ @ J=~O. D kQ WOw+ HO>O\ q+O ~+< `Q Qe.
sH XH J=Q# OK qÔQ >\ ~-1, ~-2 _, l\, Z J~
_, >\ WOw+ HO>O\ i J=Q# =K D "\i ~OkOK_O [iyOk.nxx
LyOKx q[O (J`kH =~) k~x Pt... Z" g q[x HOHOK...
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ENGLISH CONTENT SYLLABUS: PAPER I & II

LANGUAGE- II PAPER-I
LANGUAGE - II PAPER - II
1) Articles
1) Articles
2) Prepositions
3) Tenses
2) Prepositions
3) Tenses
4) Active voice and passive voice
4) Active voice and passive voice
5) Direct and Indirect speech
5) Direct and Indirect speech
Types of sentences compound
Types of sentence
6) Simple Complex, sentence
6) Simple, Compound, Complex sentences
7) Degrees of Comparision
7) Degrees of Comparision
8) Questions & Question tags
8) Questions and Question tags
9) Parts of speech
9) Parts of Speech
10) Use of phrases

11) Comprehension
12) Composition
10) Phrases - Use of phrases

11) Comprehension
Composition - Letter writing and

11) Precis writing
13) Vocabulary
Vocabulary - 13. Antonyms, Synonyms and

12) Spellings
14) Clauses
15) Verbs - Main and Auxiliary
16) Adverbs - Types of Adverbs
17) Conjunction - Co ordinating

and subordinating
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Articles
Singulars-Plurals
Prepositions
10
Tenses
16
If-Conditionals
20
Active & Passive Voice
23
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Direct & Indirect Speech
32
Simple, Compound, Complex
42
Degrees of Comparision
47
Formation of Questions
57
Question Tags
58
Parts of Speech
Use of Phrases
60
64
Comprehension Passages
67
Letter Writing
70
Antonyms
Synonyms
Spellings
Silent Letters
Clauses
73
76
78
79
81
Phrasal Verbs, Meanings
84
Finite-Non Finite Verbs
85
Adverb & Kinds of Adverbs
86
Stress Words
89
Sentenses
90
Conjunction, Kinds of Conjunctions
91
Precis Writing
93
Auxiliarty Verbs
95
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ARTICLES
* A, An, The # Articles JO\~.
* A (or) An # Indefinite Articles JO\~. * The # Definite Article JO\~.
* A ^ An # singular countable nouns =O^ one (XH) any (U), Per (H) J<
Ex: 1) I have a car and a bike
2) An owl flies at night
one
one
any
3) They read ten hours a day
per
J~O "_`~.
A or An
1) XH singular countable noun LK~}# `Q " ^x "^\ JH~O

''J,P,W,D,L,T,Z,U,S,X,F,B... J~` ^x =O^ 'an' =Ok. "~ JH~O J~` 'a' =Ok.
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Ex: 1) An umbrella, 2) An englishman,
J
4) a european,
3) A university
5) an old man, 6) a union,
7) a useful book
2) D HOk ^ =# 'H' # H~. g\ H silent Q LO@Ok. H=# g\ =O^ 'an' "_e.

1) an hour, 2) an heir, 3) an Heiress, 4) an Honour
J=~
5) an honest ,
Z~~
Z~i
6) an honorarium,
P#~
7) an honourable,
8) an honorary
P<
P
P
P
3) ^ =# 'H' # ` qye# ^ =K 'H' # `~ H#H "\ =O^ 'a' =Ok.
Ex: a house, a hotel, a horse, a historical
4) run, swim, drink, bath, walk # nouns Q "_#_ Jq singular count nouns Q
iQ}OK|_`~. H#H "\ =O^ 'a' =Ok.
Ex: 1) Kapil has made a run justnow
XH Ô =O^ 'A' LyOK, 'An'
2) I will have a swim here
LyOK J<k PÔ H LK~}
3) she bought me a drink
(^x) g^ P^~_ LO@Ok.
5)
4) Raju is taking a bath now.

5) I am going for a walk.
WOw+ JH~O "y" ` "^ singular count nouns JxO\
Ex: a year, a young man
=O^ "a" =`" =Ok.
6) Few (^^Q #@), Little =O^, Hx J< J~O 'a' "_`~.
Ex: They have a few friends in the USA

2) My brother sent me a little money.
7) XH singular count noun WOw+ JH~O a,I ` "^` ^x=O^ Z_< 'an' =`" =Ok.
'a' ~^.
Ex: an apple, an ant, an island, an important person.
8) XH singular count noun WOw+ JH~O e,o,u, ` "^` ^x LK~}# |\ ^x =O^ a ^
an =Ok.
Ex: an elephant, an uncle, an orange, a eulogy, a university,
Some examples
1) a lecturer
16) a humble man
9) a university
2) an accountant
17) a hint
10) an interesting story
3) a hundred rupee note
18) a historian
11) a universal rule
4) a pen
19) an LLB student
12) a european
5) a choice
20) an RMP doctor
13) an hour
6) an employ
21) an MLA
14) an honest man
7) an oak tree
22) a NATO member
15) an heir
8) a tall building
23) an SBI Card
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"The"
* The x definite article JO\~.
* < =H, < == Jx xi+OQ =\_@_ The # "_e. < Jx xi+` #_
A or 'An' # "_e.
D
* HOk O^~ < Jx xi+` LO@Ok. H#H "\ =O^ the =Ok.
1) XH noun #~=$`"` ~O_= i#O_ ^x =O^ Z_< the =Ok.
Ex: I saw a movie and a play yesterday. The movie was about a beautiful girl and a
soldier. The soldier loved the beautiful girl. But the girl loved a teacher.
2) OKO JO\k XH> LO> P noun =O^ 'the' =Ok.
Ex: The sun, The earth, the world
The moon, the sky, the universe
3) =#O L# O^~OQx, =\_< O^~OQx JO\k XH> =O> P noun =O^ the
=Ok.
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Ex: 1) Look at the black board.

2) Gouri is in the kitchen.
4) XH noun `~` of = ^~}OQ ^x=O^ the =Ok
Ex: 1) The Bay of Bengal
2) The colour of their car.
5) ~` = ~=O^ 'the' =Ok. Ex: The Aravalis, The Vindhyas
6) n= = ~=O^ 'the' =Ok.
Ex: The Andamans, the Nikobars, the maldives.
7) Hx Adjective =O^ the LOz` Jq plural nouns Q =~`~.
Ex: The rich = rich people,
The Blind = Blind people
The poor = poor people
The bad = Bad people
8) k ~=O^ the =Ok.
Ex: the south, the north, the east, the west.
9) Pq+~} (Inventions) =O^ the =Ok.
Ex: The Revolver was invented by cott.
The Telephone was invented by Grahambel.
10) XH place name =O^ united J< Ô =O> ^x =O^ the =Ok.
Ex: The United states of America, the United kingdom.
11) QO^, H~, i^< ~ =O^ the =Ok.
Ex: The British library, the secretariate, the CCMB,
12) Z_~ ~=O^ the =Ok.
Ex: The sahara, The Thar, The kalahari The Gobi
13) Ow` "~^ iH~ ~=O^ the =Ok.
Ex: The piano, The violin, The flute, The Guitar
14) "~ uH, W`~ uH ~=O^ the =Ok.
Ex: The Hindu, The Times of India, The Telangana Velugu
15) q` QO^= ~=O^ the =Ok.
Ex: The Ramayana, The Geetha, The Mahabharatha, The Bible,
16) Superlative Degree ^ =O^ the =Ok.
Ex: The richest, The tallest, The poorest, The Best.
17) Ordinal numbers =O^ the =Ok.
Ex: The first, The second, The third, The fourth.
18) Plural places =O^ the =Ok.
Ex: The philippines, The Netherland, The Greenland.
19) #^, =^, ==^ ~ =O^ the =Ok.
Ex: The Godavari, The Red sea, The Indian Ocean
20) H=, [`, JM^ ~=O^ the =Ok.
Ex: The panama canal, The persian gulf, The Bay of Hadson
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D HOk ^
=# 'H' #
H~. g\
g\ H
silent Q LO@Ok.
H=# g\
g\ =O^
'an' "_e.
1) an hour,
2) an heir,
3) an Heiress,
4) an Honour
5) an honest ,
6) an honorarium,
7) an honourable,
8) an honorary
Srinivas Pabba
21) @, x=, OH, =lO ~=O^ the =Ok.

Ex: The Taj hotel, The Imax, The SBI, The Salarjung museum.
22) Office, Radio, Cinema J< ^ =O^ Z_< the =Ok.
The 'k / '^

Ex: 1) They are going to the office/ the cinema
Vowels (JK)2) Rani is listening to the Radio
23) Hx singular nouns =O^ the "_` Jq *u "`x z~. JK =O^# ^x
k Jx He.
Ex: The cow is worshiped in India. (The cow = cows)
Ex: The apple (k P)
The dog is a faithful animal. (The dog= dogs)
The Elephant ( k ZeO \)
24) "^<, ~=, _ ~=O^ the =Ok.
Ex: The Ganga plain, The Deccan plateau, The Nile Delta
Consonants ()
25) , Q ~=O^ the =Ok.
=O^# ^x
Ex: The kashmir valley, The Ajanta caves.
^ Jx He
26) Ki`H x~} =O^ the =Ok.
Ex:Tha Mango (^ =OQ)
Ex: The charminar , The Tajmahal, The Red fort.
The Cat (^ H\)
27) =Y WO\ ~ =O^ The =Ok.
Ex: The Tatas, The Birlas, The Tagores.
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The omission of Articles
1) <C ~ =O^ Article ~^ Hh Headache =O^ =`" 'a' =Ok.
Ex: 1) Rani is suffering from backpain

2) Rani is suffering from a head-ache
2) ~=O^ Article ~^.
Ex: They teaches physics, chemistry, maths.
3) P@ ~=O^ Article ~^
Ex: We can play Cricket, Tennis, Hockey.
4) + ~=O^ ^~}OQ Article ~^. Hx XH + ~ `~` language J< Ô =O>
the =Ok.
Ex: 1) I speak Telugu, English, Hindi. 2) Munawar is good at the English language.
5) =#+, ~=O^ ^~}OQ Article ~^. Hh "\x XH q+xH fHQ
"_#_ 'the' =Ok.
Ex: 1) Manchester is a great textile city
Mumbai is the Machester of India.
6) [< ~=O^ ^~}OQ Article Uk ~^. Hh < Jx K#_ =Ò 'the' =Ok.
Ex: I take lunch late and dinner early.
2) The lunch which I ate at the hotel yesterday was delicate.
7) dinner 'qO^ J< J~O _ LOk. ^x qO^ J< J~O "_#_ ^xH =O^ Article
=Ok.
Ex: They arranged a dinner for them

8) Bed J< ^x sleep J< J~O "_#_
Ex: I go to bed by 10 'O' Clock.
9) ~O_ ^ JO`H# Z= Nouns XH =Hx
=Ok.
^x=O^ Article ~^
z "\ "^\ noun =O^ =`" Article
Ex: Tagore is a poet, a painter, a philosopher (w)

Tagore is a poet, painter, philosopher. (R)
~, H, qq^, Institutions ~=O^ Article ~^.
10)
of J< Ô LO> =Ok.
Ex: 1) Geethanjali school

2) The school of languages,
3) The college of pharmacy
4) The university of Hyd.
4) The Institute of english.
11) 'Man' J< J~O ~+ W^sH =iOK@@Q '=x+ J< J~O
Article Un ~^.
Ex: Man is a social animal.
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Hh "\ ~
"_#_ ^x=O^
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12) School, College, Hospital, Church, Prison ZO^H~ OK|_ "\H~H "o`
(^qH) Article Un ~^ Hh "~xg^ "o` (nu) Article 'the' =Ok.
Ex:
1) My son goes to school by bus everyday.
I went to the school to meet principal
2) My daugther goes to college regularly
I went to the college yesterday to see her
3) The injured person was taken to hospital immediately
I went to the hospital to see him
4) Morgan went to church yesterday.
Now, I am going to the church to meet him
5) The murderer was sent to prison
I went to the prison to take a class.
13) Plural noun =O^ ^~}OQ Article Un~^. Hh < Jx K#_ =Ò the =Ok.
Ex: Books are verey useful
plural
The books which cnu presented me are useful
2) Children love sweets
The children of my sister don't love sweets
14) Uncount nouns =O^ ^~}OQ Article Un~^. Hh < Jx K#_ =Ò the
=Ok.
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Ex: 1) Gold is very costley

uncount noun
The Gold which I bought yesterday was very cheep
2) Milk is white
uncount noun
The milk of kangaroo is pink in colour
q=O`\ H _ XH_ J< J~O God J< ^x
15) D
"_#_ ^x =O^ Article
"_~^. D qO HO` MQxH =`" _ J< J~O "_ god =O^ Article =Ok.
Ex: God is great, He doesn't believe in the god.
Note: Capital Letter ` "^ God =O^ Article Un
=O^ Article =Ok.
16) XHH\Q =O_ ~` ~=O^ Article Un~^.
Ex: Everest is the highest mountain in the world
~^.
small letter
` "^
SINGULARS
PLURALS
WOw+ Hx ^ Z_ Singular Q<

cont Ke. "\H plural ^ =O_=.
"\` @ Z_ singular verb "_e.
JO\ ^ Hx...
WOw+ Hx ^# Z_ plural Q< count

Ke. "\H singular ^ LO_=. g\`
@ Z_ plual verb "_e. JO\ ^
Hx...
Shipping
machinery
advice
merchandise
luggage
scenery
tong
mumps
measles
trousers
fees
tidings
annals
armour
money
clothing
news
fun
non-seens
knowledge
progress
information
produce
furniture
poetry
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nuptials
assets
obsequies
bellows
pincers
billiards
proceeds
god
breeches
scissors
chattles
spectacles
thanks
tidings
environs
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PREPOSITIONS
Nouns ^ pronouns # "H =x W` ~ ^ ` Relate K O^
"\
=
O^
"_ in, at, by, about O\
"\
O\ ^# prepositons JO\~ .
ex- 1) Raju sat beside Gopi
2) Ramu is looking at him
WOw+ + prepositions "_@O J~x |\ LO_^ < Ô=O^ < preposition ~"e. < Ô `~` < preposition ~"e J< x= L<~.
XH noun Qx pronoun Qx =OÔK|_ P "H=x W`~ ^` Q

O|O^=# è* =@# Prepositions Jx ~.
Preposition J< Ô< ^x x~K#O LOk.
Pre (=O^) position (l+< #=) JO> =O^ LO_k. Wk noun H
pronoun H <xH =O^ LO@Ok.
Wq KK@ z# =@## Wq x^ WOw+ + J~~`=Q LO_#. JO^H
XHi WOw+ i*#=# "~ Prepositions # Correct Q LyOK@# |\_
K=K#O^~.
1. campus J#_xH on the campus Jx "_e.
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ex- They live on the campus of osmania university

2. P=~} J#_xH on the premises Jx "_e.
ex- Their shop is on the premises of our school
3. JO` J=_xH on the floor J<e.
ex- we live on the first floor
4.Notice Board J#_xH on the notice Board J<e.
ex- I will fix it on the notice board
5. Radio J#_xH on the Radio Jx J<e.
ex- My brother Reads the news on the Radio
6. T.V J#_xH On TV J<e.
ex- They are watching a movie on T.V
7. Telephone J#_xH by Telephone (or) on the Telephone J<e
ex- I contacted her by Phone
8. Q_~O J#_xH by watch J<e
ex- what is the time by your watch
9. ~"} q^<x è*@_ }O |, ~, q=#O, F_O\
*"#O [iy` "\=O^ The #_ by x, The L#_ on "_e.
ex- They came here by bus. They came here on the bus
10. Car, jeep, van, O\ O` "< }O [iy` "\ =O^ my, our, your,
O\ Ô U^< LO> P O` "< =O^ in # "\ =O^ JO\Ô Uk
H` by < "_e.
ex - Raju came here in my car. (or) Raju came here by car
11. Scooter, motorcycle, cycle O\ kKH"#O ^~ }O [iy` "\ =O^
on =Ok.
ex- Gopi went there on his scooter / motorcycle
12. }O He#_H ^~ [iy` on foot "_e
ex- I went there on foot
13. KeOq^#O è*@_ K^~ [iy` by cheque Jx "_e.
ex- I paid the fee by cheque/ by D.D
14. KeO q^#O DD ^~ [iy` by D.D Jx "_e
15. KeO q^#O #Q^ ~O [iy` in cash "_e.
ex- Raju paid the fee in cash
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16. KeO q^#O =~O [iy` in kind "_e.

ex- Hari paid in kind
17. "` iH~ =O^ 'with' # "_e
eg: Please sign your name with a pen
18. "` iH~ "_ ^~ =O^ in "_e.
eg. Please sign your name in black ink
19. XH x ^xK`~< ^ Z=iK`"< K|_` by x "_e.

eg: The land was ploughed by my father
20. XHx x@ K` K|_` with x "_e.
eg. The land was ploughed with a tractor
21. H# J< J~O beside # "_e.
eg: Our house is beside the post office
22. ^x`@ ^ J^#OQ J< J~O besides # "_e.
eg: Raju has a jeep besides a car
23. ~O\ =^, Wî =^ J< J~O 'between' # "_e
eg: The two girls shared the property between themselves
24. WîHO> Z= =^, ~O\HO> Z= =^ 'Among' # "_`~.
eg: The four sons shared the money among themselves
25. XH =H g^ HO = angry with Jx "_e XH q+O HO = angry at Jx
eg: I got angry with raju
eg: Ramu get angry at his behevior
27. XH =H` UHq Agree `~` with =Ok.
eg: They agreed with me totally
28. XH q+xH XO> Agree `~` To =Ok.
eg: She agreed to my proposal
29. XH xx K_xH XO> on (or) upon =Ok.
eg: The minister agreed on/upon extending the date
30. XH [|` =~} die `~` of =Ok.
eg: She died of cancer
31. XH H O HO =~} die `~` for =Ok
eg: They died for their country
32. XH =Ô =~} die `~` in =Ok.
Ex: He died in a road accident.
33. XH~ ^xH< J~ J~` Eligible `~` for =Ok.
Ex: I am eligible for this job.
34. Z=i<< K z~#= #q` smile `~` at =Ok.
Ex: She is smiling at you.
35. XHix K ZQòQ #q` laugh `~` at =Ok.
Ex: They are laughing at him
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"_e.
36. x~~Oz# =xH =O^, "#H HO_ YzÒQ x~~Oz# =xH J< J~O on
time "_e.
Ex: The trains are coming on time today
37. x~~Oz# =xH i_O` =O^Q J< J~O intime # "_e.

Ex: Passengers go to the station in time.
38. Z=~< ^ U^< XHiH Q~H~}O J~` proud `~` of =Ok.
Ex: I am proud of my country.
39. H==kx zOK@ for # "_e.
Ex: We have been waiting for you for four hours.
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40. ^<<, Z=ig^<< qi` throw `~` at =Ok.

Ex: They are throwing stones at police.
41. XH "#O < WO^#O` #_Ok Jx K@_ WO^#O ~ =O^ on =Ok.

Ex: My car runs on petrol.
42. =O`## #^ J_OQ H_`~ J_OQ JO> across Jx "_e.

Ex: There is a bridge across the Godavari at Rajahmundri.
43. ' J< J~O ^~}OQ in # "_e.

Ex: Gopi is in the college.
44. H J< J~O into # "_`~. Hh Q=#O L#_ =`" J< J~O _ into < "_e.
Ex: Raju is Going into the college
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He falls into the river
45. XH\ XHiH ` J< H=O K#_ familiar to =Ok.

Ex: This word is familiar to me.
46. XHiH XH\ ` J< H=O K#_ familiar with =Ok.

Ex: I am familiar with this word.
47. XH ^xx WOHH ^xxH P#=k Translate `~` into =Ok.

Ex: I translated his novel into English.
48. XH ^xx =HQ H cut `~` into =Ok.

Ex: I will cut the cake into two pieces.
49. XH ^xx Hx QQ (Parts) ql devide `~` into =Ok.

Ex: My father devided our property into three parts.
50. Z=iH~<, U^< W+O J~` fond `~` of =Ok.

Ex: Children are fond of toys.
51. ^xx K<, Z=ix K< _` afraid `~` of =Ok.

Ex: I am afraid of lion.
52. Z=~<, ^x` << ^_` suffer `~` from =Ok.

Ex: Raju is suffering from fever.
53. XH~ XH q+O k@ (i*#O Hey LO_@) J~` good `~` at =Ok.
Ex: Shekar is good at English.
54.
XH~ XH q+O poor J~` ^x `~` in =Ok.

Ex: Cnu is good at English poor in Hindi.
55. XHiH XH q+O @LOk Jx K@_ command `~` off =Ok.

Ex: Cnu has a good command off Telugu.
56. XH~ XH q+O =}HO J~` Authority `~` on =Ok.

Ex: Romillathapur is an authority on history.
57. _| ^ =x ^xH"<, ^ Z=iH"< Y~_` spend `~` on =Ok.

Ex: They spent a lakh rupees on the party yesterday.
We spent ninedays on learning English.
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58. Z=i<< XH q+O Ja#Ok congratulate `~` on =Ok.

Ex: I congratulate her on her success.
59. U^<, ^xH< MuQOz` famouos `~` for =Ok.

Ex: Switzerland is famous for watches.
60. =~ J< J~O place =O^ to # "_e.

Ex: They worked to the end of the strect.
61. =~ J< J~O time =O^ till # "_e.

Ex: We walked till 10 'o' clock.
62. XH\ XHiH LQH~"` useful `~` to =Ok.

Ex: This book is very useful to you.
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63. XH\ XH q+xH LQH~"` useful `~` for =Ok.

Ex: This book is very useful for Group I exam.
64. Listen `~` to =Ok. Ex: I am listening to the Radio.

65. Refer `~` to =Ok. Ex: He is refering to the Dictionary.
Ex: They are praying to God.
66. Pray `~` to =Ok.
67. Z=i" J~<, ^x" J~< K look `~` at =Ok.
Ex: Please Look at black board.
2) He is looking at you seriousley.
68. XH~, WOHHiH H$ÀxQ LO> Thankful `~` =H =O^ to =Ok.

Ex: I am thankful to Shekar.
69. XH~ WOHHiH H$`[xQ LO> Thankful `~` q+O J~` for =Ok.
Ex: I am thankful for his help.
70. QO@=O^ at # "_`~.

71. ~A Q=O^ in =Ok.
Ex: at 7am, at 10'O' clock.
Ex: In the morning, In the afternoon, In the evening etc.
72. Noon (LÔ). dawn (O^=O), dusk (O O^=O) =O^ at

=Ok.
Ex: At noon, at dawn, at dusk.
73. <, |`= ~=O^ in =Ok.
Ex: In January. In winter, In summer.
74. O=`~ =O^ In =Ok.

Ex: In 2010, In 2020.
75. ~A =O^, `sY =O^ on =Ok.

Ex: On monday, On 5th April, On 9th December.
76. Reply to = answer H#H answer
`~` to ~_^.
Ex: I replied to his letter = I answered his letter.

77. U^
XH < J#_xH P < ~=O^ In "_e.

Ex: E< < In june, JQ < In August.
78. E< <H J#_xH By June "_e.
( 13)
Srinivas Pabba
79. In sleep= asleep
H#H asleep =O^ in ~_^.
Ex: They are in sleep = They asleep.

80. Consist of = Compraise
H#H compraise of ~_^.
Ex: This book consist of 10 chapters.

The book comprises 10 chapters.
81. Arrive at = Reach H#H Reach `~` at ~_^.
Ex: The A.P express arrived at the station.
The A.P express reached the station.
82. Said to = told H#H told `~` to ~_^.
Ex: Raju said to Rani that I will help you.
Raju told Rani that he would help her.
83. Z=i<< XH J_y` ask `~` for ~_^.
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Ex: She asked me a question.
84. Z=i<< U^< W==x J_y`, ^ H"x J_y` ask `~"` for =Ok.
Ex: He asked me for some money.
85. Start, Begin
`~` from ~_^. on ~"e.
Ex: Our class will start/ begin from monday (w) on monday (r)
86. Z=~<, ^x<< Join J~` Join `~` in ~_^.

Ex: They joined the congress party.
87. yesterday, today, tomorrow =O^ on ~_^.

Ex: I saw a movie yesterday.
They will meet the C.M tomorrow.
88. Home J< Ô =O^ my,our, your, Her, His, Their,
O\ Ô U^< = ^x =O^ 'to' ~=K.
Ex: Rani is going to her home.

89. Home
J< Ô =O^ my,our, your, Her, His, Their O\ Ô UnH ` ^x =O^ 'to' ~_^ .
Ex: Rani is going her home.
90. This, that, next (week,month,year
=O^ =) In ~_^.
Ex: I am learning dance in this week (w)

I am learning dance this week (R)
91. Yz`"#
Hx zOK@ since "_e.
Ex: She has been living here since 1995.
^~}OQ "_ Hx l+< :
from (#O_), to (,
H) in (), on (g^), at (=^), by (K`), with (`), for (H~), of (H),

till (=~), down (HO^), near (^Q~), off (Z_=Q), upon (g^) . out (J=`, |@)
through (QO_) under (HO^, kQ=) about (QiOz), over (#), above (#), below (HO^),
between (=^), among (=^), across (J_OQ), into (), since (#O_) along ("O|_)
admist (=^#) around (K@) before (=O^) behind ("#H) beside (H#)
on account of (JO^=#), instead of (|^Q), in addition to (J^#OQ) in front of (=O^)
away from (^~OQ)
( 14)
Srinivas Pabba
APPROPRIATE PREPOSITIONS
abide by a (a condition or promise)
about to (do something)
absent from (a situation)
absorbed in (something)
according to (someone or something)
active in (doing something)
accustomed to (a situation)
accuse of (an offence)
adapted to (drink, gambling etc..,)
adjacent to (someone place)
adopted by (someone)
afflicted with (disease etc.,)
agree to ( a condition, term etc.,)
amazed at (something)
angry with (something)
angry with (someone)
annoyed with (someone)
anxious to ( something)
anxious to (do something)
arrive at (place, solution etc.,)
attend on (somework)
awail of (opportunity)
aware of (something)
backward in (study, progress)
bank on (a support)
bear with (difficulty etc.,)
believe in (something)
bent on (doing something)
beware of (dog, thief, punishment etc.,)
blessed with (something)
blind to (something)
boast of (oneself)
break into (houes or place)
call at (some place)
call off (an action)
call on (someone)
care for (someone, something0
cease from (doing something)
charged with (an offence)
close to (someone or some place)
come across (someone)
come up to (something)
Comment on (something or someone)
compare to (someone or something)
compare with (something)
complain of (something)
confident of (something)
congratulate on (some one) or (something)
consent to (do something)
contrary to (something)
convicated for (diesease etc.,)

deal in (something)
deal with (someone)
depend on (someone or something)
differ from (some or something)
disagree with (someone)
dispose of (something)
distinct from (someone or something)
due to (something)
eligible for (something)
enter into (agreement etc.,)
engaged in (something)
engaged to (someone)
entrusted to (someone)
entrusted with (something)
envious of (someone)
equal to (something or someone)
escape from (someone, something)
excuse for (something or someone)
exchane for (something or someone)
fall off (get removed)
fall in with (someone)
famous for (something)
faithful to (someone)
familiar with (someone, something0
feed on (food etc,)
fill in with (something)
fit for (doing something)
free from (something)
full of (something)
get on with (someone, something)
get over (something)
good at (something)
good of (someone)
grateful for (somethign)
grateful to (someone)
guilty of (wrong etc.,)
heirto (property etc.,)
hit upon (idea, plan etc.,)
hope for (idea, plan etc.,)
hopeful of (something , someone)
ignorant of (something, someone)
indebted to (someone
inferiore in to ( sonething, someone)
inqire intto (happening etc.,)
insist on (doing something)
jealous of (someone)
keen on (doing something)
knock at (some place)
knock down (someone)
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( 15)
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TENSE
(HHO)
H H HxQx, u H HxQx ^ K~ H HxQx è*

=@# HHO (Tense) JO\~ .
WOw+ + =YOQ ^# Tense 3 L<~.
Jq: 1) Present Tense ( ` HHO)
2) Past Tense (Q` HHO)
3) Future Tense (q+` HHO)
uiy D =_ ^# Tense # XHH ^xx <Q sub-parts Q qlOK_O [iyOk.
3) Perfect
Jq: 1) Simple
2) Continuous
4) Perfect Continuous
q[# ^~ è# q+"q@O> WOw+ "Ò 12 Tense L<~. Jq.
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1) Simple Present
5) Simple past
9) Simple future
2) Present continuous
6) Past Continuous
10) Future continuous
3) Present Perfect
7) Past perfect
11) Future perfect
4) Present perfect continuous 8) Past perfect continuous 12) Future perfect continuous
I) Present Tense:- Ò [~Q#@=O\ ## è* HHx 'Present tense'
JO^~
II) Past Tense:- QÒ [iy#@=O\ ## è* HHx 'Past Tense' JO^~.
II) Future Tense:- q
+` [~Q#@=O\ ## è* H Hx 'Future Tense'
JO^~.
Q=xH: U^x Tense QiOz <~H<@_ D HOk =_ è \OKe.

1) Tense H LQO (Use) `H"e.
2) Tense H x~}O (Structure) `H"e.
3) P Tense =# q#~O (Omissions) `H"e
1) Simple Present Tense- L Q
A J"@ H~OQ [~Q# (Habitual Actions)
B q" x* (Universal Truths)
C ~A"s H~H= (Daily Actions)
D W J~ (Likes - Dislikes)
E "# K~ (Scientific Actions)
F Ki`H q+ (Historic Present)
G uH ^# "~ (Paper Headlines)
H ~xOQ H"O@s (In running comentaries)
I "` (In Proverbs)
J XH ^HO H~OQ q+` [~Q # (Future planned Actions)
K~xO\x è*_xH simple present tense # LyOKe.
x~}O Subject+Verb(1)+Object
q#~O
Simple present Tense subject Q#H 'He' Qx, 'she' Qx, 'It' Qx, 'Name' Qx
L#@~` ^x H# Q Verb(1) 'S' Qx 'es' Qx, 'ies' Qx He.
( 16)
Srinivas Pabba
Ex:A) I get up at 6 am daily

B) The earth moves around the sun
C) I go to college everyday
D) I like sweets
E) kerosine floats on water
F) Rama takes an arrow and kills Ravana
G) Maoists kill a sarpanch in A.P
H) Sachin takes the ball, he throws it to, Vasim Akram he hits the ball and takes runs four.
I) Practice makes man perfect
J) Our P.M. Manmohan comes to Hyd at 9.15 AM Tomorrow
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2) Present continuous Tense
Ò [~QK#@=O\ ^ H#QK#@=O\ ## è*_xH

^~}OQ 'Present continuous Tense' x "_`~.
Usage 2):- XH ^HO H~O q+` H#QKO_ ## è*_xH _ 'Present
continuous Tense' x "_`~.
Use 1):-
> am
Structure- Subject+am/is/are+V1+ing+obj+....
Example:-
He
She
is
It
Name
We
You are
they
1) <# Ò WOw+ k L<#

I am teaching English now
2) P" =K < H~ H#K#k.

She is buying a car next month
3) Present Perfect Tense-
Use1): W_ iO_# ^ [iyO_# ## è*_xH ^~}OQ Present

Perfect Tense x Ly~.
Use 2): Present Perfect tense QÒ Z_ [iy#@=O\ ## _ è*Ok. Hh P
x Z_ [iyO^ Q` H =x =Ò D Tense zOK^.
Note:- XH " Q` H =x zOK ^KHO> simple past Tense x LyOKH=
LO@Ok
StructureEx:
Subject+have/has+V3+object+...
1) P" W_ |@ "oOk
She has just gone out
2) <# `*=x K#
I have seen the Tajmahal
I
We
you
they
Plural
Have
4) Present perfect continuous Tense
QÒ U^ XH =O ~O"# XHx J\#O_ W\=~ =i WOH#

_ H#QK#@=O\ ## è*_xH ^~}OQ Present Perfect Continuous
Tense x LyOKO\~.
Use 1):-
Structure-
Subject+have/has+been+V1+ing+o+since/for+....
Note: D Tense Since, for # LyOKe.

Since- x ~O=O `_xH since "_e.
for- x "Ò HO `_xH for "_e.
( 17)
He
She
Has
it
Singular
Srinivas Pabba
Example:
SINCE
10 Am
Monday
January
2009
1) <# k OII #O_ WOw+ k< L<#.

I have been teaching English for Ten years.
2) P" 2001 #O_ WOw+ k< L#k.
FOR
10 Hours
4 Days
7 Months
2 Years
She has been teaching English Since 2001.

5) Simple past Tense
Use : Q`= [iy =O_#@=O\ ## è*_xH ^~}OQ Simple past Tense x
LyOKe. D Tense `~` Px Z_ [iyO^ [iy# =x è.
Str- Sub+V2+O+...
Ex:
1) P" Q` < ^^ "oOk
2) <# x# P x= K#.
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She went to Hyd last month
I watched the movie yesterday.

6) Past continuous Tense-
Q`= U^ XH xs` =O#O^ [~Q`=O_ ^ H#QKO_ ##

è*_xH ^~}=Q Past continuous Tense x LyOKe.
Use 2): QÒ U^ XH xs` =O #O^ XH x H#QKO_Q P xH =~ =^ "~H
x =^ =z =^< i J~#@~` J\H #_#@=O\ xx è*_xH 'past
continuous' `#, =i P xH =^ =z =^< i#@=O\ xx è*_xH
'simple past Tense' `# He è*e.
Use 1):
Str- Sub+was/were/V1+ing+o+...
Ex:
1) "~ x# OÒ 5 QOII HH\ P_K<~.
They were playing cricket at 5 pm yesterday
2) "= JH_H "o#_, "~ P ="KO_i
They were closing the office when we went there.

7) Past perfect TenseUsage1): QÒ U^ XH xs` =xH [iy =O_ ^ i =O_ ##
è*_xH ^~}OQ 'past perfect Tense' x LyOKe.
Usage2): QÒ ~O_ "~~ # XH^x "O@ XH\ [iy=#@~` JO^ "^@
i#@=O\ ## 'Past perfect Tense' `# =i P `~` ## simple past Tense
`# He è*~.
Str- Sub+had+V3+o
Ex:-
1) "~ x# ~u 10 QOII =~H WO\H K~<~.

They had reached home by 10 P.M. yesterday
2) _H~ =KiH ~y Kx_
The patient had already died, before the doctor came.

8) Past perfect Continuous TenseUse: QÒ U^ XH xs` =xHO> =O^ ~O"# XHx
J\ #O_ P xs`
=O =~ H#QK =O_#@=O\ x H Hx è*_xH ^~}OQ 'Past
perfect continuous' Tense' LyOKe.
Str- Sub+had+been+V1+ing+O+...
Ex:
1) <# L^QO K~<\H, P" J\H L^QO K LO_|\ 10 OII J~Ok.

She had been doing her Job for 10 years till I joined my job.
( 18)
Srinivas Pabba
9) SImple future Tense -
q+` [~Q##@=O\ ## è*_xH ^~}OQ 'Simple future Tense' x

LyOKe.
Use:
Str- Sub+shall/will+V1+obj+...
Ex:
1) <# ~ ^^ "#. 2) "~ ~ WH_H =~.

I will go to Hyd tomorrow.
They will come here tomorrow

10) Future continuous Tense-
q+` U^ XH xs` =O #O^ [~Q`=O_ ^ H#Q`=O_ ##

è*_xH ^~}OQ D 'Future continuous tense' x LyOKe.
Use:
Str- Sub+shall/will+be+V1+ing+o+...
Ex:
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1) <# ~ D =xH WOw+ k LO\#.
I shall be teaching English at this time tomorrow.
11) Future perfect Tense-
q+` U^ XH xs` =xH [iy =O_ ^ i =O_ ##

è*_xH ^~}OQ Future perfect Tense # LyOKe.
Use:
Str- Sub+shall/will+have+V3+Obj+...
Ex:
1) "= ~ ~u 11 QOII =~H J"iH K~O\=
We will have reached America by 11 P.M tomorrow.

12) Future Perfect Continuous TenseUse: QÒ U^ XH xs` =O ~O"# XH x J\ #O_
q+` =~^ XH
xs` =O =~ H#QK =O_#@=O\ x H Hx è*_xH ^~}OQ
'Future perfect continuous Tense' x LyOKe
Str- Sub+Shall/will+have+been+V1+ing+o+...
Ex:
1) "~ J"iH gHO Z^~K LO_|\ ~\ H 15 ~A H=Ok.
They will have been waiting for you in America For 15 days by tomorrow.
( 19)
Srinivas Pabba
CONDITIONAL SENTENSES [ If conditionals]

Conditional Sentences # Tenses
XH QOQ QiOKe
Conditions =YOQ 3 ~HQ qlOK=K. Jq
01. Open condition or Real Condition
02. Improbable or Impossible or Unreal or Imasinary condition
03. Unfulfilled or past unfulfilled condition.
u "H=# If-clause Q Q=Q, main clause Q Q=Q
qlO=K#.
u "H= [`Q Qey# H tense "~ "~Q LO_#

XHH ~H"# condition "HO ~O_ Q=x H tense =~KO_#
D x [iy` P x [~QÒk ^ D x [iy=O> Px [iQk O\ "#
=HHiOK_xH conditional sentences "_`~.
Condition # KOK_xH 'If', ' suppose', 'supposing' ^ "unless" "_`~.
(Unless=Ifnot)
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01. Open/ Real Condition
XH x [iy` "~H x [~Q#/ [~Q^ J# q+=# D Condition

è*#.
nx If clause =i Main clause LO_#.
If clause - Simple Present Tense LO_e.
Main clause- Simple future Tense LO_e
Stucture If+sub+simple present+subject+simple future+..
If clause - J~`/
[iy` J# J~O WK#

main clause - JQ#/J=^
[~Q#/ [~Q^ J# J~O WK#
If = J~`
If clause- V1
main clause- will/shall/can/may/+V1
unless = HH`
Unless _ If =~=#H KO^#
If clause - i J~O W=^
Main clause - i J~O WK#
Examples:-
01. If it-------(rain) it-------(be) cooler

(rains, will be)
02. If he-------(work) hard, he-------(pass)
(works, will pass)
03. If they-------(play), they-------(win) the match (play, will win)
04. If it-------(be) cool today, we -------(go) out. (is, shall go)
05. Unless you-------(pay) the bill, I-------(not,give) you any ticket (pay, shall not give)
02. Impossible or Improbable or unreal condition
Wk K =~ [~Qx xx QiOz ^ iQ T O|OkOz# xx QiOz è* #.

D Condition ~ `y#@Q J^"# q+# è*#
nx If clause- Simple past tense(v2) LO_e.
main clause- Would/could/might+v1 LO_e
( 20)
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Ex-
01. If he----(work) hard, he would pass(worked)
(JO> J`# H+__ Jx D "HO J~O)

02. If they played well, they----(win) the match (would win)
("~ Q P_~ Jx J~O.)

D condition Imaginary condition _ XH\ Q K=K J^"#
q+# k Z =O@O^ è*#.
As if, as though, I wish, If I----expressions Imaginary condition è*#.
D condition "Be" ~= were Q LO_#
D condition main clause could/would/might+v1 Q "e.
LÎI 01. If I----(be) a bird, I would fly (were)
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02. If I----(be) there, I would kill him (were)

03. If I----(be) prime minister, I would eradicate poverty. (were)
04. If he----(be) God, he would bless me (were)
05. He speaks as if he----(be) a king (were)
Imaginary Conditional clause
=K # [iQq H=.
Jq H=O T[xÒ. Jq T[xÒ Jx è*_O H" nx Present time #
^ future time # è*_xH past tense # "_`~.
JO`HH plural subject ` @ singular subject ` _ WH_ were # =`" "_e.
was # "__^.
LÎI 1) If they played carefully, they would win the match.
2) If he had four hands, he could do this work in an hour
3) If she were you, she could definitely get this job.
4) If a snake Came here now, I should catch it
5) If I had wings, I could fly to Delhi now.
03. Unfulfilled or past unfulfilled condition
D Condition QÒ XH x [iy =O> "~H x [iy LO_k. ^ [iyLO_k H^.

J# q+=# è*#
Str: If+sub+had+v3+sub+past modelverb+have+v3+----
WO^ XH<H +~` <~"~^ H|\, [~Q#@=O\ WOHH xx è*#.

nx
If clause- past Perfect Tense (had+v3) Q LO_e
main clause- would have/ could hare/ might have+v3 Q LO_e
Ex:-
01. If he----(work) hard, he would have passed. (had worked)
(H+_` "_)
02. If he had come early, he----(catch) the bus. (could have caught)
(`~Q =z LO>, | JO^<"_)

03. If you ----(invite) me, I would have attended the function (had invited)
(## PxOz LO>, <# OH< [~"_x)

04. If you had dropped, it would have broken
05. If I had applied for that post, I would have got it
( 21)
Srinivas Pabba
IF CONDITIONALS TABLE
S.
No
Type of
Condition
1.
Real/
I1 or V1
open
If you come early
Unreal
II1 or V2
2.
Tense in
Conditional clause
Tense in
Main clause
III1 or will+V1
We will go to a movie
Would+V1
or
3.
Imaginary
If I were you
I would do that
Past
II3 or had+V3
Would hare +V3
Unfulfilled
If she had started
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She would have caught

the train
( 22)
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VOICE [Active & Passive]
WOw+ Q=~ Voice JÒ` =Y` L#k. Grammar =i spoken English

Tenses `~` #O voice ^
* Active voice- XH x K#/ K#/ KK LO_# J# J~O WOk.
* Passive voice- XH x K|_#/K|_#/ K|_K LO_# J# J~O WOk.
* H~ (subject) =Y` L# "H=# Active voice # H~ (object) =Y` L#
"H=# passive voice # Ke.
* Ex- sita won the game (A.V) ` Q" QezOk.
nx subject (sita) QiO L#k. JO^=# nxx A.V K_O [iOk.
* Ex:- The thief was arrested (P.V) ÔQ J~ K|__.
nx H~ (object) =Y` L#k. H=# nxx P.V. K_O [iyOk.
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Passive voice structure.
Passive
L# "H=# QiOK_xH XH Ò H#Q#_O [iyOk.
am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ be/ been/ being + verb(3)
W=|_# "HO structure Hx P "HO passive =#^x K=K.

U^x Active voice x "Hx passive xH =~O> HOk J~^ ` =iO
*e. g\` @ HOk pronouns x D HOk table H~O =~e.
A.V/p.v
I
We
you
He
she
it
They
A.V/p.v
Me
Us
you
him
her
it
them
A.V/(Tense)
Simple Present
Simple Past
Simple future
Present continuous
Past continuous
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
P.V. "_=#
~H H (H.V)
am,is,are
was,were
will/shall+be
am,is,are+being
was,were+being
has/have+been
had been
will+have+been
U^x "Hx A.V #O_ P.V. xH =~_xH \

\OKe# `:
1. Wz# "HO H~ (object) # QiOz H~ (subject) #O "e.
2. Subject # O " # object H number =i Tense H ~ = H H K ~ e.
3. J H 3= ~O "e.
4. by K ~ e.
5. Wz# "HOx Subject # Object #O "e
Note:- 1) 5 ` H=O (order) =~O_ =iO* U "H"# p.v. xH =~Òk.
2) 2= ~ H~O H H (H.V) Tense g^ P^~_ LO@Ok.
3) Jx verbs P.V. "= Transitive Verb =`" voice =~QO
Transitive Verbs Q i O KO> Verb x ^ x x, " x x Jx t ["| = P verb transitive
verb. ["| ~x verbs x Intransitive verbs JO^ ~ .
( 23)
Srinivas Pabba
Ex:- eat (u#@)

eat J< Verb #
^xx, "xx Jx t =^#O aOk. H=# Jk transitive verb. nxH Voice
=~QO.
Ex:- run (~Q`@)
run J< verb # nxx, "xx Jx t =^#O aOK^. H=# Jk intransitive verb. nxH
voice =~O.
Present Perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, future perfect continuous =i future
continuous x "H P.V. "=.
Simple preset tense
LyOKe.
1) I
eat
Simple present tense [am/is/are]

"H=# P.V. xH =~@ am/is/are #
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L#
a mango. (A.V)
5 `# =iO*Q.
sub verb
obj
A mango is eaten by me. (P.V)
1
2
3
4
5
2) She likes music (AV)
Music is liked by her (P.V)
Simple past tense [was/were]
Simple past tense L# "H=# P.V xH =~@ was/were #
LyOKe.
1) I ate a mango (A.V)
H HQ
H HQ
5 ~# =iO*Q...
A mango was eaten by me (P.V)

2) Rama killed Ravan (A.V)
Ravan was Killed by Rama (P.V)
Simple future tense
Simple future tense[be]

"H=# P.V xH =~@ will/shall/can/could/may/might/
L#
should/would/need/ be # Q HQ "_e.
Ex: 1) I shall eat a mango (A.V)
A mango shall be eaten by me. (P.V)
2) You may see him (A.V)
He may be seen by you (P.V)
Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, # model verbs JO\~. A.V
g\
`~` XH verb H "^\ ~O = p.v =#O g\`~ ` have been+V3 J< be form # "_e.
Ex:- 1) They should help her (AV)
She should be helped by them (PV)
2) He may do it (AV)
It may be done by him (PV)
3) He may have done it (AV)
It may have been done by him (PV)
( 24)
Srinivas Pabba
Present Continuous tense (am,is,are+being)

Present continuous tense L# "H=#P.V xH =~@ subject H
#O|~ H~O
H H #O|~ =~e. J H =O^ being K~e.

Ex:- 1) I am eating a mango (A.V)
A mango is being eaten by me (P.V)
2) She is washing clothes (A.V)
Clothes are being washed by her (P.V)
Past continuous tense (was,were+being)
Past continuous tense L# "H=# P.V. xH =~@ subject H
#O|~ H~O
H H #O|~ =~e. J H =O^ being K~e.

Ex:- 1) I was eating a mango (A.V)
A mango was being eaten by me (P.V)
2) They were reading books (A.V)
Books were being read by them (P.V)
present/past/future perfect tense L# "H=# P.V. xH
J#iOKe.
E
S
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=~@ HOk table
P.V
A.V
has/have L#_
Singular subject
plural subject
would have
will have
had
present perfect
has been
have been
would have been
will have been
had been
Ex:- 1) I have eaten a mango (A.V)

A mango has been eaten by me (P.V)
2) I had eaten a mango (A.V)
A mango had been eaten by me (P.V)
3) I will have eaten amango (A.V)
A mango will have been eaten by me (P.V)
Note:- A.V Hx P.V. Hx Subject =O^ XH Helping verb H"e.
Ex:- 1) Who saw it first (A.V)
By whom was it seen first (P.V)
2) Who invented the Radio. (AV)
By whom was the Radio Invented. (P.V)
3) Who ruled them (AV)
By whom were they ruled (PV)
Voice- Double object
L#_ "Hx U object `
"HO ~O_ object (H~)

J H =_= ~O `~` "e.
Ex:- 1) She wrote me
A letter
1
obj
was written
2
3(V3)
~OaOz#\H qye# object #
a letter (AV)
obj=> (double object)
to me
by her. (P.V)
qye# object
4
5
( 25)
Srinivas Pabba
I was written a letter

by her (P.V)
1
2
3V3
qye# object 4 5
Ex:-2) We have asked him a question (AV)
He has been asked a question by us (pv)
A question has been asked him by us (pv)
Subject x "H
Subject x
"H# P.V xH =~@_ HOk `x \OKe.
[Let+object+be+v3+-]
Ex: 1) Open the window (AV)
Let the window be opened (PV)
2) Teach him English (AV)
Let English be taught to him (PV)
Let him be taught English (PV)
Voice- phrasal verbs (Verb+Preposition)
"HO Phrasal verb (verb+preposition) LO> P.V. verb =_= ~=
~e.
E
S
I
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`~"` Preposition
Ex:- They laughed at him. (AV)

Phrasal verb=> (verb+preposition)
He was laughed at
by them (PV)
1
2 V3 3 prep. 4
5
2) She Put out the light (AV)
The light was Put out by him (PV)
Voice Indefinite pronoun
"HO Indefinite pronoun subject Q = P.V Indefinite pronoun `yOKe.
Indefinite pronouns:- one, someone, somebody, anyone, everyone, anybody, everybody, all,
few, many...etc.
Ex:- Someone posted the letter (AV)
Indefenite pronoun (delete it in p.v)
The letter was posted
1
2
3
nxH 3` =`" =iOK#. 4,5 LO_=.
2) Everyone wants peace (AV)

Peace is wanted (PV)
Voice Adverb (H.V+adv)
"HO Adverb LO> P.V. Adverb # helping verb `~` ~e.
Adverbs:- always, usually, often, already, ever, never, just, etc...
Ex:- 1) She always makes mistakes (AV)
adv
Mistakes are always made by her (PV)
1
2
adv 3
4
5
2) She has just posted the letter (AV)
The letter has just been posted by her (PV)
adv
( 26)
Srinivas Pabba
Negative- Indefinite (+not)

Negative indefinite pronouns JO\~
Nobody, no one, none "\x

J~O=~O_ not K~e.
Ex:- 1) Nobody Knows future (AV)
Negative indefinite => (delete it in P.V)
Future is not known (PV)
1
2
3
2) No one completed the work (AV)
The work was not completed (PV)
Negative sentences
"\x `yOz#_ P.V
Negative Sentence (H.V+not)

Negative form (not) H Placement =YO Negative form #
E
S
I
R
Z_
H H `~"` LOz` K.
Ex:- He does not play the game (AV)

The game is
not played by him (PV)
H.V negative form
2) He did not buy the book (PV)
The book was not bought by him (PV)
3) He has not posted the letter (AV)
The letter has not been posted by him (PV)
Interrogative sentences (~H "H)
* Interrogative sentences x =YOQ ~O_ ~HQ qlO=K#. yes or No type =i
Wh-words questions.
* Interrogative sentences # P.V xH =~=## voice 5 ` ~O_= `x =O^Q
=iO*e. J#Q ^~} (Affirmative) "H ~ 1,2,3,4,5 Q =iO* Interrogative
"\x 2,1,3,4,5 Q " z=~ Question mark LOKe.
Yes or NO -Type Questions
Ex:- Do you eat banana? (AV)
Is banana eaten by you ? (PV)
2) Did they take books ? (AV)
were books taken by them? (PV)
3) Can he speak English? (AV)
Can English be spoken by him (PV)
WH -Type Questions
What, whom, who g\x q#~Oz qye# WH-Words ` ~O= # P.V xH
=~O> =O^ WH-word ~OO ~ qye# "H=# yes or no type question Q
=i# Z_ p.v Q =~#.
Ex:- 1) Why do they waste money ? (AV)
Why is money wasted by them ?(PV)
2) Why did he cheat you ? (AV)
Why were you cheated by him? (PV)
3) When will he begin the work? (AV)
When will the work be begun by him ? (PV)
( 27)
Srinivas Pabba
Who `
~O= Interrogative [Who=> By whom]

Who- Whom Q =~# who ` ~O"# "H# p.v xH =~@ voice 5 ~x
45213? Q =iO*e.
Question # p.v. xH =~@_ A.V. =# Question who J< Ô LO> P.V =#O
^xx by whom Q =~e. Ex:- Who worte the exam? (AV)
By whom was the exam written? (PV)
2) Who can speak English ? (AV)
By whom can English be spoken ? (PV)
3) Who is watching T.V. ? (AV)
By whom is T.V. being watched? (P.V)
Whom `
~O= Interrogative [Whom- who)

Whom ` ~OO J~# # P.V xH =~@ whom-who Q =~#.
E
S
I
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Ex:- Whom do you meet? (AV)

Who is met by you ? (PV)
2) Whom has he seen ? (AV)
Who has been seen by him ? (PV)
What ` ~O= Questions:Question what ` ~O"

# _ ^xx P.V xH =~O> What x =O^Q singular object Q
Ex:- What do you want ? (AV)
What is wanted by you ? (PV)
2) What can he do? (AV)
What can be done by him ? (PV)
Note:- Hx verbs ` ~ "` p.v by ~^ .
Ex:- 1) Known by (X)
Known to ( 3)
I know you (AV)
You are known to me (PV)
qOKe
"~ Ô =Ok.
5) Married by (X)
married to (3)
She married him (AV)
He was married to her (PV)
2) Pleased by (X)
Pleased with (3)
His behaviour pleases me (AV)
I am pleased with his behaviour (PV)
3) Satisfied by (X)
Satisfied with (3)
My answers satisfied him (AV)
He was satified with my answers (PV)
6) Vexed by (X)
Vexed with (3)
His behaviour vexes her (AV)
She was vexed with his behaviour (PV)
7) Passive by =HK
with ==K
4) Surprised by (X)
Surprised at (3)
His goodness surprised me. (AV)
I was surprised at his goodness. (PV)
A stone struck him on the head (AV)

He was struck with a stone on the head (PV)
( 28)
Srinivas Pabba
Active
Please
Satisfy
vex
delight
know
marry
surprise
Passive
Pleased with
satisfied with
vexed with
delighted with
known to
married to
surprised at
Note:- Subject x "H verb H "^\ ~O` "^=`~. subject x

please J< Ô = "\x P.V xH =~@_ HOk `x \OKe.
str- you are requested to + please `yOz# A.V x "HO.
Ex:- 1) Please open the door (AV)
You are requested to open the door (PV)
2) Please eat this apple (AV)
you are requested to eat this apple (PV)
3) Please teach him English (AV)
you are requested to teach him English (PV)
"H
E
S
I
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Note:- A.V Hx P.V Hx ^~}OQ who `~` singular verb # "_`~.

Ex:- 1) Who is he helping ? (AV)
Who is being helped by him ? (PV)
2) Whom are you teaching? (AV)
Who is being taught by you? (PV)
3) Whom did she marry ? (AV)
Who was married by her? (PV)
Note:- D H O k =_ O ^ ~ P.V by +object # =k e.
A) x Z=iK` K|_O^ ^x "x |\ Z=~~< èHQ TOKQey` JO\
# `~` p.v. by+object # =ke "e.
Ex:-1) The police arrested him yesterday (AV)
He was arrested yesterday (PV)
2) People speak English all over the world (AV)
English is spoken all over the world (PV)
B) xK "iH< xH Z= ^#` LO> P.V by+object # =ke.
Ex:- We sell eggs here (AV)
Eggs were sold here (PV)
2) We keep this shop open round the clock (AV)
This shop is kept open round the clock (PV)
C) Some, somebody, something, anyone, anybody,anything, everyone, everybody, everything,
none, nobody, nothing, D ^ A.V subject Q = p.v. =#O by+object # =k
e.
Ex:- Someone stole his purse (AV)
His purse was stolen (PV)
2) Any one can do it easily (AV)
It can be done easily (PV)
( 29)
Srinivas Pabba
HOk Table J=Q# = ZO\ "HO J~< P.V H =~_O èH.

Voice- Key Table
A.V
P.V
Present Tense (V1)

Past Tense (v2)
Continuous Tense (V1+ing)
Future Tense
Will/shall/can/may/might/
must/need/would/could/should
Perfect Tense
had
will have
would have
can have
might have
have, has L#_
singular object
plural object
Double object
Phrasal verb (Verb+Preposition)
always/usually/often/already/
ever/never/just/seldom (Adverb)
Indefinite pronoun
one/some one/ every one/ some body/
every body/ any body/ any one/ all/
few/ many
Negative Indefinite
no one/ none/ nobody
order
am/is/are
Was/were
being+V3
be
had been
will have been
would have been
can have been
might have been
E
S
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Advice
Request
Interrogative
yes or No Tye
5 rules (21345?)
Wh-Words
Wh- words+21345?
What
Who
45213?
Whom
has been
have been
V3+ qye# object
V3+Preposition
H.V+adverb
H.v.+adverb+be+been+being
g\x P.V =ke
g\x `yOz "HO not K~e
Let+obj+be+V3 or
you are ordered to+V1
you are advised to +V1
you are requested to +V1
Hv+obj+V3+by+sub?
perfect/continuous/future
H.V+obj+be/been/being
wh-words+H.V+obj+v3+by+sub
future/perfect/cotinuous
wh-words+HV+obj+be/been/
being/+V3+by+sub?
What+H.V+V3+by+sub?
Perfect/continuous/future
what+Hv+be/been/being+V3+by+sub?
By+whom+HV+obj+V3
perfect/continuous
who+HV+V3+by+sub?
perfect/continuous/future tense
who+HV+be+been+being+V3+by+sub?
( 30)
Srinivas Pabba
E
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( 31)
Srinivas Pabba
Direct and Indirect Speech - `H ~H +}
* English Grammar & Spoken English Reported Speech H K =Y` L#k.

* XH =H K# q+=# JQ ~< H K< ^xx Direct Speech L#^x K=K.
* J`# K# q+=# J`x `~# =#O ~< K< ^xx Indirect Speech JO^~.
* Direct Speech =i Indirect Speech x He` Reported Speech.
* Direct Speech L# "H=# Indirect xH Tenses # ^$+ LOKHx =i Tables #
^$+ LOKHx =~=K.
=O^ Tenses ^$+ LOKO>
E
S
I
R
Indirect
Direct
Simple Present
Simple Past
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past perfectContinuous
Tenses HO> Tables ^~
=~@" èH Tenses ` @ Reported Speech

Pronouns =~@ Ju=Y"# q+O.
Direct Speech L# "H=:
Ex:
1)He said to me "I am busy now".

Reporting Verb
Reported Verb
"H== Reporting verb Past Tense L#_ Reported Verb affirmative

sentence J~#_ Reporting verb x Reported =i Reporting verb # that ` He
`~"` Reported verb x Helping verbs =i Adverbs x D HOk Table H~O
=~=#.
Direct
is/ am
are
was/were
do/does
has/have/had/did
will/would
shall/should
can/could
may/might
now/just
here
ago
Indirect
Direct
was
were
had been
did
had
would
should/would
could
might
then
there
before
today
tomorrow
yesterday
must
this/it
these
thus
hence
last
next
come here
( 32)
Indirect
that day
the next day
the previous day
had to
that
those
so
thence
the previous
the following
go there
Srinivas Pabba
* Reported verb x Helping verbs =~@O` @ pronouns =~@O _ Ju =Y"#

q+O. Pronouns =~ =O^ =#O Q=xOK=#k....
* He
said to me "I am busy now."

Speaker
listener
* "HO H~O Reporting verb Speaker LO\_ =i Listener _ LO_=K.

* Reproted verb x 1st Person KOk# Pronouns (I, me, my, we, us, our) Reporting verb
x Speaker H~O =~#.
* Speaker H~O =~ pronoun He said, "I, me, my we, us, our."
Pronouns Speaker H~O ZO^ =~O> J~O H~O Jq Speaker `# QiOz `# Kq.
E
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Note:
Reporting Verb Speaker ZC_ XH~
Person KOk# Pronouns Z =~`
LO_~. Speaker =~Ò> Reported Verb x 1st

D HOk Table H~O `H#=K.
Direct
Indirect
Speaker
He/Munawar
I <#
me ##
my < H
He J`#
him J`xx
his J`x H
1) He said to me, "I am busy now". (Direct)

He told me that he was busy then. (Indirect)
Note: Indirect Speech z=~ =`" LO_e.
Munawar said "My books are here." (Direct)
Munawar said that his books were there. (Indirect)
Direct
Indirect
Speaker
He/Sarala
I <#
me ##
my < H
she P"
her P"#
her P" H
*She said, "I am coming." (Direct)
She said that she was coming. (Indirect)

*Sarala said, my books were lost. " (Direct)
Sarala said. " that her books had been lost." (Indirect)
Speaker He/ She Z=~< We/ us/ our Z =~ KÔ.
Speaker
He/She
Direct
Indirect
We "=
us ==e
our = H
they "~
them "ix
their "i H
( 33)
Srinivas Pabba
* He said, "we will come." (Direct)
He said that they would come. (Indirect)

* She said, "our college is closed." (Direct)
She said that their college was closed. (Indirect)
Note: Speaker 1st person
L#C_ Reported Verb x I,me,my,we,us,our =~#.
* I said " I am going to my house." (Direct)
I said that I was going to my house. " (Indirect)

* I said, " we shall attend our class." (Direct)
I said that we should attend our class. (Indirect)
Reportd Speech x 2nd person KOk# Pronouns (you, your) Reporting verb x
Listener H~O =~#.
He said to me, "you, your"
Reporting verb x Listener =~ H~O Reported verb x you, your Z
=~< D HOk Table ^~ Q=xOK=K#.
E
S
I
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Note: Reported Verb you subject H object Q
~=K#.
He siad to me, "you.......your.......you"

me
us
Sekr/ him
Roja/ her
Girls/ them
I
we
he
she
they
my
our
his
her
their
me
us
him
her
them
>| H~O D HOk "H= K you, your- listenser H~O Z =~< Òk.
Note: Reported verb you subject H object Q ~=K .
Ex:
Listener
Subject
He said to
He told
me
me
us
him
her
them
"you
I
we
he
she
they
that
that
that
that
that
Object
can take
could take
could take
could take
could take
could take
your
my
our
his
her
their
book
book
book
book
book
book
with you"
with me
with us
with him
with her
with them
Interrogative
Reported verb Interrogative sentence J~#
_ Reporting verb said/ said to/ told

asked Q =~#. that LyOK~^. Wh- words JQ "=#. H H# Subjet
"#H Ki ~= =~=#.
Note: z=~ LOKe.
( 34)
Srinivas Pabba
* He said to me, "what are you doing?" (Direct)
He asked me what I was doing. (Indirect)

* I said to him, "when are you coming?" (Direct)
I asked him when he was coming. (Indirect)
* Reported verb H H` ~O"# _ If/ whether =K#. H H#
Subject "#H Ki ~= =~=#.
* He said to her, "Can you come to my house?" (Direct)
He asked her if she could come to his house. (Indirect)
* "Is this your pen?" She asked me. (Direct)
She asked me if that was my pen. (Indirect)
* I asked her, "Can you swim?" (Direct)
I asked her if she could swim. (Indirect)
* "Have you been here long?" She said to him (Direct)
She asked him if he had been there long (Indirect)
* XHi Reported Verb simple present tense LO> Simple Past Tense Q =~#
E
S
I
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Reported verb
Simple Present
Simple Past Tense
Verb (1)
Verb (2)
* She said to us, I know you.
She told us that she knew us.
* I said to her. "I meet you today".
I told her that I met her that day.
* Reported verb simple past tense
Simple past tense
Verb(2)
did+verb (1)
LO> past perfect Q =~#
Past perfect tense

had+verb3
had+verb(3)
* I said to the boy, "I did not see you."
I told the boy that I had not seen him.

* I said to her, "I knew you."
I told her that I had left home long ago."
* He said "I left home long ago."
He said that he had left home long before
* The girl said to me, "Did you see me yesterday?"
The girl asked me if I had seen her the previous day.
* I asked him "Where did you keep the book?"
I asked him where he had kept the book.
( 35)
Srinivas Pabba
Srinivas Pabba
WHEN THE LISTENER IS ADDRESSED:

XHi Listener Reported verb LO\_. J L#C_ Listener x Reported verb #O_
|@ f Reporting verb "=#. WO\ O^~ Reporting verb x said-told
Q =~# (Reported verb affirmative sentence J~#C_)
* He said "Sita. I am going today."
He told Sita that he was going that day.
* She said, "Gita, I have not read this book."
She told Gita that she had not read that book.
* "Ravi, what are you doing?" The teacher asked
The teacher asked Ravi what he was doing.
* I asked "Sailaja, can you help me?"
I asked Sailaja if she could help me.
* W\=~ Reporting verb Past tense LO_ "H= `<=.
* Reporting verb Present tense LO_ "H= ÒÔ.
* Reporting verb Present tense LO> Repoted Verb Tense =~^.
E
S
I
R
Direct
say
says
say to/ tell
says to / tells
* I say, " I am busy"
Indirect
say
says
tell
tells
I say that I am busy.

* He says, " I am coming"
He says that he is coming.
* I say to her, " I too like you."
I tell her that I too like her.
* She says to him, " I don't love you."
She tells him that she doesn't love him
* Reporting verb present tense L#C_ Interrogative sentence D
Direct
tell/say/ say to
tells/ says to/ say
HOk qÔ Q "=#.
Indirect
ask
asks
* He says to her, " what are you doing?"

He asks her what she is doing.
* I say, "when have I to come?"
I ask when I have to come.
* She says to me, "Are you ready?"
She asks me if am ready.
( 36)
Srinivas Pabba
REPORTED SPEECH- ETERNAL TRUTH
* Reported Verb Eternal Truth J~#_ Indirect xH =~#_ Tense =~^ that ` He ~=#.
* He said, "The sun rises in tha east."
He said that the sun rises in the east.
* She said, "The earth moves round the sun."
She said that the earth moves round the sun.
* The teacher said, "Man is mortal."
The teacher said that man is mortal.
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
Reported Verb-Order
Reported verb order J~#_ Reporting verb x said/ said to/ told- ordered Q
Reporting =i Reported verb # to ` He ~=#.
* The judge said, "Call the witness."
The judge ordered to call the witness
E
S
I
R
=~#.
REPORTED VERB - REQUEST

Reported verb please LO> ^xx Request Q qOKe. Reporting verb x said/ said to/
told- Requested Q =~#. Reported =i Reporting verbs x to ` H=#.
* He said to me, "Please wait"
He requested me to wait.
* She asked me, "Please, help me"
She requested to me to help her.
REPORTED VERB- ADVICE
Reported verb advice J~#_ Reporting verb x said/ said to/ told - advised Q
Reported =i Reporting verb # to ` H=#.
=~#.
Note: Reported verb order ^ advice x~~OK@ Reporting verb x Speaker, Listener
O|OÔ ijeOz order ^ advice Q QiOKe.
* The doctor said to the patient, "Take some rest."
The doctor advised the patient to take some rest.
* The teacher said to the students "Work hard."
The teacher advised the students to work hard.
REPORTED VERB ORDER, ADVICE, REQUEST Un HH `
Reporting verb x said/ said to/ told asked or told Q =i Reported =i Reporting Verb
# to ` H=#.
* He said to me, "Post the letter"
He asked me to post that letter.
* Reported verb 'Don't ` ~O=~` Don't =not to
* The officer said to the peon don't come late again.
The officer ordered the peon not to come late again.
* The Doctor said to the patient "Don't smoke"
The Doctor advised the patient not to smoke.
* She said to me, "Please, Don't tease me."
She requested me not to tease her
( 37)
Srinivas Pabba
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
* Reported verb exclamatory sentence J~#_ Reporting verb x said/ said to/ toldexclaimed Q =~#. Reporting Verb x Listener x `yOKe.
* Exlamatory expressions J~# Oh!, ah!, How!, O what! "^#q `yOKe. Reported
=i Reporting verb # that ` He O^~O H~O very K~e.
* The king said, "Oh! What a powerful man I am."
The king exclaimed that he was a very powerful man.
* He exclaimed, "How happy I am."
He exclaimed that he was very happy
qK~H"# "\
"\ H : SORROWFUL EXPRESSIONS:
E
S
I
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* Alas LO> Exclaimed with a sigh.

* He said, "Alas! Iam ruined."
He exclaimed with a sigh that he was ruined
BRAVO- APPLAUDED Q _ @
* He said to me "Bravo!You have done well."
He applauded me saying that I had done well.
BLESSINGS - n" #
* "May you have a long and happy life! " said she to me.
She wished me a long and happy life.
* He said "Long may you live!"
He prayed that I might live long.
J#O^x è*@: HURRAH - SHOUTED WITH JOY
* The little boy said. "Hurrah! I have got
the first prize"

The little boy shouted with joy that he had got the first prize.
* She said to me, "Good morning"
She wished me a Good morning.
She greeted me saying good morning.
* I said to her, "Good night"
I wished her a good night.
I took leave of her saying good night
* She said to him, "Congratulations"
I congratulated him.
* She said to me, "Best of luck"
She wished me best of luck
* She said "No"
She answered affirmatively
* I said to her, "I am very sorry."
I apologized to her.
( 38)
Srinivas Pabba
Listener x
"H Reported verb x you/ your # O^~O H~O =~e.
* I said, "You are a nice girl."
I Praised her saying that she was a nice girl.

* The teacher said,"Will you write the exam?"
The teacher asked if they would write the exam.
( "HO listener students J#H"e.)
* XHi Indirect Speech "HO Wz Direct Speech xH =~=x J_Q`~. Direct #O_
Indirect xH
=~@ U qÔQ J~` Wz# "HO` ["| "H u "Hx i

K" JQ Indirect #O_ Direct xH =~O> ["| "H u "Hx Wz#
"HO` iK_e.
* Reported verb
You had better LO> Reporting verb x said/ said to / told___advised Q " =K
E
S
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* He said to me, "You had better tell her"
He advised me to tell her.

* I / we had better LO> =~#=~O ^.
Reported verb- what about ` LO> ^xx Suggestion Q qOKe.
* Suggested + Gerund (Gerund=Verb + ing) Q "=#.
* "What about flying?", he said
He suggested flying
Reported verb- why don't you ` ~ O O J~` Reporting verb # advised or suggested `
* "Why don't you ask him?" I said.
I suggested asking him.
Could you - requestes L yOz# _
ask+ obj + infinitve (verb)
* "Could you sign the bond, please?" he said
He asked me to sign the bond
Could I have # ask for ` " =K .
* Could I have a cup of coffee.
She asked for a cup of coffee.
Offer # ~ O_ q^ = Q " =K .
* "Would you like a drink," he said to me
He offered me a drink
* "Shall I wait for you" she said to me
She offered to wait for me
Reported verb 'let' ` LO>
* He said, "Let's go"
qÔQ Let L#_
* Suggested + Gerund
( 39)
" =K #.
Srinivas Pabba
He suggested going.
^ suggested ^ proposed LyOKe =i that clause ` "=#.
* The clause= That+ pronoun + should+ infinitive
He suggested that they should go. Advise ` _ "=K.
* He advised them to go.
'Let' negative Construction ` LO> be + against + Gerund
* He said, "Let's not go."
He was against going
must - indirect xH
* 1st person ` L# must (I must) Had to H would have to Q =~=K. I must not
=z#_ must =~^.
* 2nd =i 3rd person ` L# must [you / he must] =~^.
* Wk Interrogative Q LO> [must you/ he] had to Q =~#.
* You/ he must not LO> =~O_ LOK=K ^ weren't to / wasn't to Q =~=K.
Needn't # indirect xH
I needn't - didn't have to/ wouldn't have to Q =~#.
You/ he needn't =~^.
need I/ You/ he ____had to Q =~#.
Direct speech L# have to Indirect xH =~ # _ had to Q =~ #.
E
S
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* Pronouns =~#_
WO` =O^ K# Rules =iOK#. Hh "\H _ Hx

q#~O L<~.
Reported verb L# you - one J# J~O W you =~^.
* He said, "You can always depend on true friends."
He said that you could always depend on true friends
* XHi 1st person KOk# pronoun we =~^
[speaker 1st person #\H] we J<k man kind "`x è*

* Anitha said, "We are all mortals."
Anitha said that we are all mortals.
* We J<k XH ~K~` Qx, JkH~O L# =HQx J~#C_ he/ she Q =~#
The author says, "We have explained everything."
* We J<k newspaper J~` it Q =~#.
* The times of India writes "we are grieved to learn of his sad and sudden desmise."
The times of India writes that it is grieved to learn of his sad and sudden desmise.
Note: Child # it/ he/ she Q i Q } O K = K . [O` =# he H she Q _ i Q } O K = K .
* Reported verb assertive [affirmative sentence J~#_ Reported x said D HOk qÔ Q
=~=K.
said, told, remarked, related, retorted, replied, assured, declared, narrated, affirmed, informed,
stated, explained, reminded, answered, reported, responded, pleaded, observed, mentioned,
confused, asserted, denied, acknowledged, alleged, warned, refused, hope, accuse, assure,
* Reported verb Interrogative Sentence J~#_ say/ tell

Said H told-asked, inquired, demanded, questioned Q
( 40)
=~#.
Srinivas Pabba
1) Commands:- tell, order, bid, command, ordain, decree, require, summon, threaten,
instruct, direct, shout, warn, protest, threaten...etc.
2) Entreat:- request, ask, beg, entreat, beseech, plead, solicit, invite, supplicate, implore,
beg, apologize,...etc.
3) Advice: advise, exhort, suggest, invoke, impel, urge, offer, prompt, persuade... etc.
XHi command H advice neggative J~#_ Reporting verb for bid Q =~#.
* Reported verb- Optative Sentence J~#_ J~O H~O Reporting verb # exclaim,
applaud, confess, approve, cryout, yell Q =i J~O H~O D HOk adverbs H adverbial
phrases _ H=K.
Jq: with regret, with delight, with joy, with sorrow, with contempt, with impatience "^# q.
Exclamatory sentences # Indirect xH =~#_ exclamatory expressions J~# oh! Ah!
ouch! what! How! "^# exclamatory expressions `yOK#_ very,big,great "^#q
J~O H~O K~e.
E
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Exclamatory Expressions:-
Hurrah! Ha!_______express joy or delight.

Alas! Oh! Ah!___express pain or grief
What! Oh! How!___express surprise
Hear! Hark! Behold! Bravo!___express
approval, applause, or encouragement
Nonsense, Thank God! God be praised!
Good!, God!, well done!, Hang it all!___interjectional phrases
Note: Speaker listener H relation H~O advice Q iQ}OK#_ Reported verb H

J~O H~O XHi Order Q _ "=# J=~O LO@Ok.
Ex:
The teacher said, "Don't be late to school."
The teacher ordered not to be late to school.
( 41)
Srinivas Pabba
SIMPLE,
COMPOUND,
COMPLEX
SENTENCES
Sentences =_ ~HO\~.
1) Simple sentence - (S)
2) Compound sentence - (CD)
3) Complex sentence - (CX)
SIMPLE SENTENCE
XH H~, XH H Hey# Main clause # Simple Sentence JO^~. ^
XH "HO XH XH clause LO> ^xx simple sentence JO\~.
Ex:- He got first class in the examination.
2) The baby cried
3) He is a boy
Note: 1) Simple sentences XH clause ` @ Phrase LO> LO_=K Hh `xiQ
E
S
I
R
LO_e
J< x=O Uk ^.
Note: 2) u "HO XH Main clause LO_< x=O LO_@O =# Simple sentence XH
XH Clause =Ok. H#H Jk Main clause JQ#.
Ex: 1) Sleeping in the garden, Ravi was bitten a snake.
Phrase
Main clause
2) It being a rainyday there, they postponed the match
3) Having done homework, the children are playing
COMPOUND SENTENCE
~O_ H JO`HO> Z= Main clause and, so, but "^Q ^=` H|_`
^xx compound sentence JO^~.
Ex: 1) He is poor, but he is honest
2) Ramesh went to market and he bought vegetables
3) she felt hungry so she ate an apple
4) Men think but animals Cannot.
COMPLEX SENTENCE
"H= XH XH Main clause, XH\ JO`HO> Z= Subordinate clauses Hey# "H=#
complex sentence JO^~
Ex: 1) He is the man Whom we met yesterday
mc
sc
2) I saw your brother while I was going to school
M.C
SC
3) Although he studied hard he failed exam
SC
MC
4) The tea is very hot so that I cannot drink it
MC
SC
SIMPLE TO COMPLEX
XH Simple Sentence # Complex sentence Q =~=##, Simple Sentence x
^=# Qx, Phrase # Qx Sub-ordinate Clause Q =~=#.
Ex:- 1) This is a black horse (Simple)
This is a horse which is black (Complex)
2) He wore a blue Shirt (Simple)
He wore a shirt which was blue (Complex)
( 42)
XH
Srinivas Pabba
SIMPLE TO COMPOUND
Compound Sentence xH =~=## simple Sentence x
XH Simple Sentence #
XH ^=# Qx, XH Phrase # Qx XH Main clause Q =i WOHH Main clause ` `y#
Conjunction ` H=#.
Ex: Being sick he could not attend the class (simple)
He was sick and so he could not attend the class (compound)
2) I punished him for his laziness (simple)
Rule- Phrase # co-ordinating Conjunction =` Co-ordinating principal clause Q
=~O_.
PqÔQ =~Q...
He was lazy and therefore I punished him. (Compound)
XH
E
S
I
R
COMPOUND TO COMPLEX
compound Sentence # complex sentence Q =~=## Compound Sentence x
XH main clause # XH sub-ordinate clasuse Q =~=#.
Ex:
1) He was sick and so he couldnot come to college (Compound)
As he was sick, he could not come to college (Complex)
2) The student was ill. but he attended the class. (Compound)
Rule- XH Main clause # JQ LOz qye# main clause # sub-ordinate clause
Q =~=#.
J =i...
Though the student was ill, he attended the class (Complex)
COMPOUND TO SIMPLE
simple Sentence xH =~_xH compound sentence
XH compound sentence #
main clause x Phrase Q =~=#.
Ex: Ravi saw the beggar He turned his face away.(Comp)

MC
MC
Seeing the beggar, Ravi turned his face away. (Simple)
Phrase
(M.C)
2) Nagesh felt hungry. He ate the banana. (Comp)
MC
MC
Being hungry, Nagesh ate the banana. (Simple)
phrase
Mc
Note: Main clause # (Verb x) Past pasticiple (V1+ing) Q =~_O
COMPLEX TO SIMPLE
Ex:- She is sure that she can pass. (Complex)
=# XH
^~ Phrase Q =~#.
D "HO "is" =i "Can pass" Jx ~O_ finite verb L<~. Hh Simple Sentence
XH verb =`" LO_e. JO^= XH verb JQ LOz ~O_= verb # noun Q<, phrase Q<,
participle Q< =~=#.
qÔQ =~Q...
She is sure of her pass. (Simple)
( 43)
Srinivas Pabba
COMPLEX TO COMPOUND
XH complex sentence # XH compound sentence Q =~=##, complex sentence x

XH sub-ordinate clause # XH main clause Q =i `y# Conjunction ` (and,or,but "II#q)
WOHH main clause H=#.
Ex:Though he is poor, he is honest (Complex)
He is poor, but he is honest (Compound)
SPECIAL EXAMPLES
I) Though he tried, he could not get a seat. (Complex)
E
S
I
R
In spite of his trial, he could not get a seat (Simple)

Rule: Though, Although, Even though J#
=@` L# complex sentence # simple sentence

H =~@_ "In spite of" LyOz verb # noun Q Qh, participle Q Qx =~=#. XH
" subject =i` having # LyOz ^xH verb H past participle form He.
Ex: Though I rebuked him, he did not change. (Complex)
Inspite of my having rebucked him, he did not change (Simple)

II) Because of `
"^ =@ =Ô phrase J=Òk. of O_ because ` =`"

"^ =@ =Ô subordinate clause J=Òk.
Ex:- 1) They cancelled the match because of the rain ( Phrase)
2) They cancelled the match because it raining
sc
III) Had it not been for his friend, he would not have got a job (Comp)
But for his friend, he would not have got a job (Simple)
Rule:- "Had it not been" J< phrase f"
"_=#.
^xH |^Q "but for" # simple sentence
IV) Go away or I will call the guard. (Compound)
In the Event of your not going away, I will call the guard (simple)
If you do not go away, I will call the guard. (complex)
Rule:- "or" K` connect K|_# compound sentence # simple sentence xH
=~@_ "In
the event of" LyOz "not" #
K~=#.
Complex sentence xH =~@_ "If" # LyOz Wz# "HO 'not' L# Z_ f",
'not' x Z_ K~=#.
V) "In order to" J< phrase `
L# simple sentence # complex sentence Q =~@_ "so

that" # LyOz `y# pronoun # Ki present tense =# "may" past tense L# might
# K~=#
Ex: I went in order to see you (Simple)
I went so that I might see you (Complex)
( 44)
Srinivas Pabba
VI) Since, for, before, after, # prepositions Q "_=K =i conjunction Q "_=K. "\
`~` verb = "\` "^ =@ =^ subordinate clause J=`~. verb H`
phrases J=`~.
1)
since 1980
5) since my father came
pre Noun
conj
verb
for you
6) for he incrred loses in business
2)
prep noun
conj
S.Clause
3)
before going there
7) before they came here
4)
After their arrival
8) after they arrived
VII) "Too-to" `
\OKe.
# simple sentence # complex sentence Q =~@_ D HOk `#
E
S
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Ex: 1) The bird is too young to fly (simple)

The bird is so young that it cannot fly (complex)
2) The bird was too young to fly (simple)
The bird was so young that it could not fly (complex)
Rules: 1) 'Too' # f" 'so' # "_=#
2) 'To' # f" 'that' # "_=#.
3) `y# pronoun # K~=# (J#Q masculine J~# he #, feminine J~# she # neuter
J~# it #, |=K#= # they # K~=#)
4) verb-present Tense L#_ cannot # past-tense L# Z_ could not # "_=#.
VIII) so ` "^ clause # main clause Q so that ` "^ clause # subordinate
clause Q iQ}OKe.
1) So he cannot go there
2) So that he cannot go there
mc
sc
IX) DHOk Table ^~ simple #O_ compound #O_ complex Z
Simple
Too-to
Compound
very...and therefore
"=K Òk.
Complex
so-that-cannot/could not
Ex: 1) He is too weak to walk (S)

He is very weak and therefore he cannot walk (CD)
He is so weak that he cannot walk (CX)
2) She is too fat to run (S)
She is very fat and therefore she cannot run (CD)
She is so fat that she cannot run (CX)
X
Simple
Inspite of+...
Ex:
Compound
.........+yet/but+..........
Complex
Although+.................
1) Inspite of his poverty, cnu is honest (S)

Cnu is poor, but he is honest . (CD)
Although cnu is poor, he is honest (CX)
2) Inspite of her illness, she attended the class (S)
She was ill, but she attended the class (CD)
Although she was ill, she attended the class (CX)
( 45)
Srinivas Pabba
XI
Simple
Pronoun+being+ adj+...
Ex:
XII
Complex
Since/As+....
1) It being cold they wear coats (S)

It is cold so they wear coats (CD)
As it is cold they wear coats (CX)
2) She being lazy, Rajini failed (S)
Rajini was lazy so she failed (CD)
Since Rajini was lazy, she failed (CX)
Simple
on+V1+ing+......
Ex:
Compound
.....+so+.....
E
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Compound
....+and(at+once)+.....
Complex
As sooon as +.........
1) On ringing the bell the pupils went in (S)

The bell rang and at once the pupils went in (CD)
As soon as the bell rang the pupils went in (CX)
2) On seeing the cat, he ran away (S)
He saw the cat and at once he ran away (CD)
3) As soon as he saw the cat he ran away (CX)
Simple
a) In spite of
ex:- In spite of
his poverty he
is honest
b) Verb+ing, on
account of
owing to
because of
ex:- Being sick
he cannot come
c) In case of
in the event of
ex:- working hard
you will pass
d) In case of not
ex:- In case of not
working hard
you will fail
e) verb+ing
on...v+ing
ex:- On seeing the
police the thief
ran away
Compound
but, yet
Complex
though
He is poor but
(he is) honest
Though he is poor,
he is honest
and so
as. since because
He is sick and so
he cannot come
As he is sick he
cannot come
and, then
If
you must work hard

and then you will pass
If you work
hard, you will pass
or, therefore
unless
you must work hard

or you will fail
unless you work

hard you will fail
and
when
The thief saw the

police and he ran away
when the thief

saw the police
he ran away
( 46)
Srinivas Pabba
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
( q+}= ~= )
<=q+}= (Adjective) # `~Q` "iQ XH^xHH\ eK^xx
Degrees of comparison JO\~. Jq 3 q^=
1. Positive (PD) (x"#
k) (eH O_ Q}=# =`" `#)
2. Comparative (CD) ( XH ^xHO> ~ Hk) (Z= Q}=# eK#)
3. Superlative (SD) (L#`~ Hk) (qHe Z= ^ `= Q}=# `#)
* eH ~O_ == =^Hx, W^~ = =^Hx, L# Z_ P.D Hx C.D
Hx "_=K#.
* eH ~O_O\HO> Z= == =^Hx, = =^Hx L# _ S.D _
"_=#.
* Adjectives, Adverb Degrees of Comparison LO@Ok.
E
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Degrees of comparison # =YOQ 3 methods Q =iHiOK=K
Superlative
Degree
Method
Positive Degree
Comparative Degree
1 Method
As+adj+as...
not+so+adj+as...
(Negative)
...not+adj+than...
...adj+than
No other....
...adj+than any
other...
...the+adj...
...adj+than most other/

many other...
...one of the+
adj...
2 Method
...So/as+adj+as...
3 Method
Very few...
as+adj+as...
XH <="KH= H Q}=#Qx, OY# Qx, ~OQ# Qx

è*=@# (Adjective) q+}= JO^~.
* J#Q Jk Noun H J~=# q+nHiOK@ Noun ` @ LQ_=@.
* Wk ^~}OQ Noun =OÔ_#
Ex: 1) Venu is a brave boy. (Q}=) "} ^~"# _
2. She has ten pens (OY) P" 10 # L<~.
3. They have a white cow (~OQ) "iH `x P= L#k.
XH q+}= (Adj) H `~,`= ^ qq^ ~=# zOK =@# Degrees of comparison JO^~. Ex: P.D- Chandu is a clever boy KO^ è"# _
C.D- Ramesh is cleverer than chandu. KO^H# ~"+ è"# _
S.D -Srinu is the cleaverest of all boys in the class N# `~Qux JOîH# è"#"_
( 47)
Srinivas Pabba
# Wz# "H= Chandu , Ramesh, Srinu H èqx (cleverness) QiOz

eH K|_#k.
(P.D) "^\ "H= Chandu clever Jx K|_Ok JO`Hx W`~ èq` eH
K|_^.
(C.D) ~O_= "H= chandu, Ramesh H èqx Qi eH K|_#k. Jk
zOK@ Cleverer J#Ô "_|_#k.
(S.D) =_= "H= (N# `~Qux JOîH# è"# "_) Wî HO> Z=
= H èqx QiOz eH K_#k.
*Degrees 3 ~H=.
E
S
I
R
1. Positive Degree (PD)
2. Comparative Degree (CD)

3. Superlative Degree (SD)
1. POSITIVE DEGREE(P.D)
H=O XH == HQx, =H HQx Q}=# è*@ ^x`# eH

KO_ q+}= (adjective) # "_#_ ^xx Positive Degree JO^~. or XH =HH Qx,
XH ==# Qx, XH [O`=# Qx, XH =# Qx XH Q}=#^x =#OQ K@
P.D "_e. XH Q}O WîH XH "`^ LO> P.D "_e. as-as =^ LOKe.
Ex: 1. Raju is as clever as Gopi.
2) Seeta is as beautiful as Geetha
3) Madhu is as tall as his sister.

2.COMPARATIV E DEGREE. (C.D):
W^~ = # QiOzQx, ~ O_ == # QiOzQx, ~ O_ Q}=# QiOzQx eH K #_

^xx Comparative Degree JO^~
Wk ^~}OQ than K` J#iO|_#. or XH =HHQx, XH ==#Qx XH [O`=#Qx
XH Q}= HeyO_@ =~H =H`Qx, ==`Qx, =`Qx, [O`=`Qx ie
K@ C.D LQ_#.
XHiH XHQ}O WOHHiH< Z= L#_ C.D "_e nx `~` than =Ok.
Ex: 1) Raju is cleverer than Rajesh. 2) Silver is more useful than gold.
3) Our house is larger than yours.
3. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE (S.D):
Wî HO> Z= =# QiOzQx, ==# QiOzQx, Q}=# QiOzQx

eH K#_ ^xx Superlative Degree JO^~.
nxH ^~}OQ =O^ Article "The" LO_# or
XH =HQx, ==Qx, [O`=Qx OQx XH Q}= HeyO_@ K =Ok
=` Qx, J<H ==`Qx, J<H =`Qx ieK@ S.D LyOK|_#.
1. Everest is the highest mountan in the world.
2. Sita is the most industrious of all girls in our class.
( 48)
Srinivas Pabba
FORMATION OF DEGREES OF COMPARISON

1. XH Syllable (LK~} q~) Q Adjectives # Positive Degree x ~=#
=~K#_ Comparative Degree 'er' K~=# Superlative Degree 'est' K~=#.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Smart
Kind
Hard
Thick
Mellow
Grat
Sweet
Small
Clever
Young
High
Bold
Tall
Black
Bright
Cold
Dark
Few
Big
Long
New
Smarter
Kinder
harder
thicker
mellower
greater
sweeter
smaller
cleverer
younger
higher
Smartest
Kindest
hardest
thickest
mellowest
greatest
sweetest
smallest
cleverest
youngest
highest
bolder
taller
blacker
brighter
colder
darker
fewer
bigger
longer
newer
boldest
tallest
blackest
brightest
coldest
darkest
fewest
biggest
largest
newest
E
S
I
R
2. Positive Degree
z=~ 'e' L#_ ^xx Comparative Degree xH =~#_

'r' #, Superlative Degree xH =~#_ 'st' # K~=#.
Able
Rave
pure
Dense
Brave
sure
Fine
Wise
White
Large
Noble
abler
raver
purer
denser
braver
surer
ablest
rarest
purest
densest
bravest
surest
finer
wiser
whiter
larger
nobler
finest
wisest
whitest
largest
noblest
3. Adjective z=~ (consonant) LO_ ^xH =O^ short vowel (JK) L# Z_, z=~ Consonant
~ O_Q J~, Comparative Degree 'er' # superlative Degree 'est' # K~ =#.

Big
Red
Hot
Slim
Fat
Sad
Cruel
Thin
bigger
redder
hotter
slimmer
biggest
reddest
hottest
slimmest
fatter
sadder
crueller
thinner
fattest
saddest
cruellest
thinnest
4. Positeive Degree
z=~ 'Y' LO_, ^x =O^ (consonant) L#_ 'Y' x 'I'

HO^ =i Comparative Degree 'er' # Superlative Degree 'est' # K~=#.
Easy
dry
Holy
Jolly
Happy
Merry
Wealth
Heavy
lovely
SIlly
worthy
easier
drier
holier
jollier
happier
merrier
easiest
driest
holiest
jolliest
happiest
merriest
( 49)
weathier
heavier
ovelier
siller
worthier
wealthiest
heaviest
loveliest
silliest
worthiest
Srinivas Pabba
5. Positve Degree
z=~ 'Y' LO_ ^x =O^ JK (vowel) L#Z_ 'Y' J# JH~ = 'I' HO^
=~^ . ==Q comparative Degree 'er' # Superlative Degree 'est' # K~=#
Gay
Gray
gayer
grayer
gayest
grayest
6. ~ O_ syllables (LK~} q~) Q Hx adjectives , ~O_H# Z= syllables Q Jx

adjectives comparative 'more' # superlative 'most' # Ô=O^ K~=#.
E
S
I
R
Positive
Beautiful
Honest
Ideal
Difficult
Proper
Courageous
Industrious
Learned
Splendid
Sincere
Diplomatic
Intelligent
Fruit ful
Ortho dox
Modest
Creative
Comparative
more beautiful
more honest
more ideal
more difficult
more proper
more courageous
more industrious
more learned
more splendid
more sincere
more diplomatic
more intelligent
more fruitful
more orthodox
more modest
more creative
Superlative
most beautiful
most honest
most ideal
most dificult
most proper
most courageous
most industrious
most learned
most splendid
most sincere
most diplomatic
most intelligent
most fruit ful
most orthodox
most modest
most creative
7) Hx Adjectives # H== K=. "\H Degrees of comparison LO_=.
8)
1) annual
4) preferable
7) perfect
2) monthly
5) round
8) unique
3) golden
6) circular
9) excellent
Hx ^ comparative Degree LO_^. Positive Degree =i Superlative
Degree =`"
LO_#.
Positive
Top
Down
Bottom
Northern
Superlative
Top most
down most
bottom most
northern most
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9.Hx Adjectives H=û O_ (irregular) |_#. JO\ "\x ^Q ijeOz HO~ = K =#.
Positive
Good
Well
Bad
Badly
ill
Evil
Little
Much (Quantity)
Many (number)
Late
old (people & things)
far (distance)
far,fore
Comparative
Superlative
better
better
worse
worse
worse
worse
less, lesser
more
more
later, latter
older
farther
further
best
best
worst
worst
worst
worst
least
most
most
last,latest
oldest
farthest
furthest
outer, utter
upper
inner
hinder
nigher
nearer
formen
fewer
upmost,uttermost
upmost, uppermost
innermost, inmost
hindmost
nighest, next
nearest
first, foremost
fewest
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(Time or movement)
Out
up
In
Hind
Nigh
Near
Fore
few
TYPES OF DEGREES OF COMPARISON

1. Ordinary Type-
D `=# ^Q Q=xOK=#
1. "^@ W=|_# "H= U Degree L#^ Q=xOK=#
Ex:- SRINU is the cleverest boy in the class.
"H=# J~"=#Q `~Qu "`= N# JOîHO> K è"#"_. D

"H=< J~= =~O_ WOH ~O_ q^=Q "=K#. Jq
1. N# `~Qu qQ` "~OîHO># è"#"_
2. `~Qu U XH~ N#O` è"#"~ H^.
*Superlative Degree x Comparative degree H =~@:
1. Subject (H~)
` ~OaOK=#
2. Verb (H)# K~=#
3. Wz# =@ H comparative form # K~=#.
4. 'than any other' # K~=#.
5. "H= H z=iQ=# K~=# (z=iQ= J#Q
L#Q=)
S.D.
L# =@ `~"`
S.D Srinu is the cleaver boy in the class.

sub verb
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Srinivas Pabba
Ex:- # Wz# "H=# `=# \Oz KQ

C.D Srinu is cleaver thean any other boy in the class
Steps =>1 2 3
4
5
S.D x P.D. xH
=~@: [S.D=>P.D]
1. "H=# No other ` ~OaOK=#
2. ^x `~` "H= H z=i Q=# K~=#.
(z=i Q=#Q S.D. =# =@`~` =#Q=)
3. H (verb) # K~=#
4. verb (H) HQ "SO" (H 'as' J~<~) K~=#.
5. Wz# =@ H P.D. x K~=#.
6. ~O_= 'as' K~=#.
7. subject (H~)# PY~# K~=#.
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S.D=> Srinu is the cleverest boy in the class.
"H=# `=# \Oz KQ
P.D=> No other boy inthe class is so clever as srinu

1
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other Examples:1. S.D=> Robo is the best film in Telugu.

C.D=> Robo is better than any other films is Telugu
P.D=> No other film in Telugu is so good as Robo.
2. S.D=> Raju works the hardest of all clerks in the office
C.D=> Raju works harder than any other clerks in the office
P.D=> No other clerk in the office works as hard as Raju.
II. SPECIAL TYPE:S.D=> Srinu is one of the cleverest boys in the class
-boy* Ordinary Type Special type `_# Q=xOK=#.
Ordinary Type =# "H= `~Qu "`= N# XH_ Z= è"#"_x iQ}O|_#k.
Hh D special Type Wz# "H= N# JO` è"# "~ WOH L<~. JO^ N#
XH_Q iQxO|_<_ Special type L# "HO H S.D 'one of the' Jx=K# 'one of
the' Jx ^= =z#_ "\ `~"` =K Noun (<="KH=) Z_ |=K#= (plural)
< LO_=#.
HOk `=# \OK=#.

1. "^\ Q "H= U Degree =#^ Q=xOK=#.
2. Wz# =@ H =_ ~=# `H=#.
S.D=> Srinu is one of the cleverest boys in the class.
"H=< J~= =~O_ WOH ~O_ q^Q "=K#. Jq

1. N# `~Qu K =Ok HO> è"#"_.
2. N# JO` è"# "~ `~Qu Hk =O^ L<~.
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S.D. x C.D xH
=~#_ 'than most other' # "_=#

S.D x P.D xH =~#_ 'very few' ` ~OaOK=#.
qQ` `=x Ordinary Type H =< J#iOK=#.
Note:- sub. H =K#=# |\ verb # =~H#=#. "Hx `# \Oz KQ
C.D=> Srinu is cleverer than most other boys in the class.
P.D=> Very few boys in the class are as clever as srinu.
W=|_# "H= Ordinary Type =#^, Special type =#^ =O^Q

ijeOK=#. B) `~ "` U Degree =#^ K_=#. C) J_ P `=# J#iOz
["| "=#.
Note: A)
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Other examples:1. S.D=> 'The Hindu' is one of the best newspapers

C.D=> The Hindu is better than most other news papers.
P.D=> Very few news papers are so good as The Hindu.
2. S.D=> Bombay is one of the biggest cities of India
C.D=> Bombay is bigger than most other cities of India
P.D=>Very few cities of India are as big as Bombay.
III. TWO PERSONS, TWO PLACES, TWO THINGS:-
W^~ =# QiOzQx, ~O_ # QiOzQx, ~O_ ==# QiOzQx K@_

S.D. =O_^
- P.D Wz# _ ^xx S.D. xH
- C.D Wz# _ ^xx P.D. xH =~=K#.
Wz# "H= Negative =# Z_ =^#= f"=#.
Hh Wz# "H= Negative x Z_ =^#O K~=#.
Ex:- Srinu is taller than Ramesh. (C.D)
"H=# J~= N# ~"+ HO> _Q. nxx J~O =~O_ WOH qÔQ "=K#.
~"+ N#O` _Q H^.
Srinu is taller than Ramesh.(A) D "H= C.D. =#k JQ nx =u~Y =@ [Negative word] ^. JO^=# =^#O J#Q P.D. =#= (Negative word) # K~=#.
qQ` `= ~O_ types q^=Q< J#iO=#.
C.D=> Srinu is taller than Ramesh
P.D=> Ramesh is not so tall as Srinu.

Other Examples:-
1. C.D=> Srinu is cleverer than Rames
P.D=> Ramesh is not so clever as Srinu.
IV. NEGATIVE TYPE:-
W=|_# "H= (J#Q S.D. ) =u~Y =@ (negative word) LO>,

"_` 'than some other' #,
postive Degree 'some' ` ~OaOz 'at least' # LyOKe.
C.D.
not
S.D=> Srinu is not the cleverest of all the boys in the class.
C.D=> Srinu is not cleverer than some other boys in the class.
P.D=> Some boys are in the class are at least as clever as srinu.
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Srinivas Pabba
Other examples:1. S.D=> Raju is not the richest of all heros.

C.D=> Raju is not richer than some other heros
P.D=> Some heros are at least as rich as Raju.
Uses of some comparatives and superlatives1. Nearest - J#
^=# ^~= (Distance) zOK@ "_=#.
Ex:- Which is the nearest way to the Rise spoken Eng Academy.
2. Next- J#
^=# #= H iu (position) # zOK@ "_=#.
Ex:- My college is next to the cinema theatre.
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J# ^=# ^~}OQ =# (==Qh, =Qh) Qi e KC#_

"_=#. P ^= `~` than # "_=#.
3. Older-
Ex:- Our school is older than all the other schools in this town
4. Elder- =#=
@O| O|O^# Qi K#_ elder J< ^x "_=#.

Note: Elder J#^= `~` 'than' Z#_# "__^.
Ex:- She is my elder sister
J# ^=# <="KH= (Noun) Q "__^. Hh elder J# ^=#

<="KH= (Noun) Q UH=K#= (singular) #, |=K#= (plural) # _ "_=K#.
NOTE:- Older
Ex:- I) Dharmaraj was Bheema's elder brother.

II) Respect your elders
5. SOME- J#
^= Affirmative (^~}) "H= "_=#.
Ex:- 1) Raju wants some money.
2) She had some pen with her.

6. ANY- J#
^=# Negative "H= "_=#.
Ex:- They did not see any bird any where.

7. MANY (many time Jx
J~=) J# ^= `~` UH=K#=x <="KH= "_=#.

Note: Hh A great many H A good many # ^= `~` |=K#=x <="KH=
"_=#
Ex:- She won a great many (a good many) battles.
8. LESS- J#^=# Adverb Q#, Adjective Q#, Noun Q#
_ "=K#.
Ex:- He is less intelligent than his brother (Adverb)

She got less rice than her friend (Adjective)
9. Lesser- J#
^=# Adjective Q< "_=#
Ex:- Choose the lesser evil of the two.

10. Less- J#
^= "`= Q=# (Quantity or Amount) zOK#.
Ex:- We should eat less food in old age.

11. Fewer- J#
^= OY (Number) # zOK#
Ex:- No fewer than five persons attacked him.

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Jx J~=# further J# =@# "_@H K

=Ok W+ _ ^~. Hh ^~= (Distance) QiOz K #_ =`= farther J# =@# ` xiQ
"_=#.
Ex:- 1) I shall finalise the issue after getting further information (additional Jx J~=)
12. Farther, further, farthest, furthest -
2) Town station is farther from my house than krishna station

3) This is the farthest way you can go in a bus.
13. Later- J#Q
J## H x~~Oz# H=# `~"` Jx J~=.
Ex:- I cannot wait later than friday.

14. Latest-
J#Q DH}==O^=~ Jx J~=
Ex:- The latest results of the elections are quite encouraging
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J#Q =~ ~O_=k Jx J~=. D ^=# W^~ =# QiOzQx, ~O_

==# QiOzQx, ~O_ =# QiOzQx KC#_ "_=#.
15. Latter-
Ex:- Srinu and Ramesh are friends. The former is a good one, but the latter is a bad one.
(former J#Q
"^\ "_ H "^\ k Jx J~=)

(Latter J#Q ~O_="_ H ~O_=k Jx J~=)
16. Last- J# ^=# PYik (z=ik) (final) J< J~= "_=#.
Ex:- The last train leaves at 11.30 P.M
17. Few- J# Adjective OMq=~=
`#.
few J#Q Hk Jx J~=. WOw+ not many Jx J~= Wk negative meaning =Ok.
Ex:-1) I have few friends in Hyd. (< Hyd friends Z=~ ~x J~O)
2) Few persons can keep a secret (Z=~ ~=# ^K^ Jx J~O)
18. A Few- J#Q only a few or some atleast Jx J~=. or J# =@ HO`, HOK= (Some
or some thing) Jx J~= =K#
Ex:- 1) I have a few friends in Hyd. (< Hyd Hk=Ok friends L<~)
2) She has a few pens. (She has some pens Jx J~=)
19. The few- J# =@ P L#@=O\ (that something) Jx J~= =K# or not many but all
that are Jx J~=.
Ex:- I have read all the few books I have with me. J#Q < =^ Z< H =. Hh
L# Hk =# Kkqux Jx J~O.
20. Little- J#Q (not much) Hk Jx J~=.
Ex:- I have little friends in Hyd. (< Hyd friends Z=~ ~)
21. A little- J#Q HO`, HOK= (some/something) Jx J~=.
Ex:- 1) I have a little friends in Hyd. (< Hyd Hk=Ok friends L<~)
2) I have a little money with me (<=^ HO` _|Ok)
22. The little- J#Q '=#k HOK= Jx J~qK#.
Ex:- The little money I have with me is stolen
(< =^ L# Hk _| ÔyeOK|_Ok).
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23. Another- J#Q one more Jx
J~=. D ^x singular Nouns ` Affirmative < "_e.
Ex:- Have another cup of tea.

24. Other- J#Q
qye#k the remaining one, or ones Jx J~O nxx singular or plural Nouns
`# LyO`~. D ^x Affirmative < "_e.
Ex:- I have lost one of my two watches, here is the other
Note:- Superlative degree =O^ one of ~=K. J_ JO\" WOH Hk =Ok L<~. J<
J~O =Ok.
Ex: Radha is one of the tallest girls in our class.
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Formation of Questions
(`s q^#O)
Statements # questions H
=~@_ statement L# helping verb # subject =O^

"_e. "HO z=~ ~HO(?) LOKe.
Ex:
1) They are playing cricket

Are they playing cricket ?
2) she is a doctor
Is she a doctor ?
3) They will come here tomarrow
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will They come here tomorrow ?
Note: am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may,
might, must, ought to
U^ XH helping verb subject ` ~ ` statement = ^xx

subject =O^ LOz` Jk Q =~ ` Ok.
Statement helping verb Un H` ^xx Q =~@_ subject =O^ O^~x |\
do,does ^ did # "_e.
1) Statement L# verb "^\ ~O LO> Question =#O subject =O^ do # "_e.
2) statement L# verb z=~ s ^ es(V1+s/es) LO> does # "_e.
3) statement L# verb (V2) second form LO> did # "_e.
4) WH_ Q~OKH"e# q+O UO@O> do, does ^ did `~` verb H "^\ ~O
=`" =Ok.
Ex:
1) They live in America
4) She drives fast
Do They live in America ?

2) You teach English
Does she drive fast ?
5) They bought a car
Do you teach English ?

3) He likes her
Did they buy a car ?
6) She marry him
Does he like her ?

Wh-Questions:
=~Òk.
Eg:
7) eat= do eat
eats= does eat
ate = did eat
Did she marriy him ?
XH Yes-No Question =O^ wh-word # LOz` Jk wh- question Q
1) Are They waiting for me ? (Yes-No)

Where are they waiting for me ?
2) Will she come here ?
When will she come here ?
3) Did they buy that house ?
Why did they buy that house ?
Note: Yes-No questions
Qx, Wh question Qx subject =O^ XH helping verb
LO@Ok.
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QUESTION TAGS (Q.T)
(z\ )
"HO`=O^ J=<? H^? Jx " z\ / O`

=# ^Q~ L# =K~x ^$=~KH=_O HO Q.T "_Ò.
POQ O+} "HO` *_Oz, O^=# f~H#@ =H " JO~"# z# #
"Q.T." JO\~.
speaker `#` listener # UHqOK=x Qx H `CJ~#K iK=x Qx J_Q@ Wq
Hi~.
Statement, Tag Jx Q.T ~O_ QO\~.
Ex: 1) Ravi is a doctor, isn't he?
statement
tag
2) She is not a teacher, is she?
statement
tag
Note:- Statement Positive LO> Tag Negative LO_e.
Statement Negative LO> Tag Positive LO_e.
Q.T. x~}=
A) Q.T. H= (,) K Statement #O_ "~_ LO@Ok.
B) Wk Small letter ` ~O==Òk.
C) Q.T. x~}O Main verbs #=, `y# helping verbs =`" O\~.
D) Statement helping verb L#K ^x< Q.T. LyOKe. xK Main verb x |\ `y#
"do" ~x Q.T. LyOKe.
E)
Statement V1 LO> =>" do" x
Statement V1+s LO> => "does" x
Statement V2 LO> => "did" x LyOKe.
F) Statement Subject noun Q LO> Q.T. subject `y# pronoun Q LO_e.
G) Q.T. z=~ Question mark (?) LO@Ok.
H) Statement L# helping verb # tag repeat Ke. not |^Q n't J< short form #
"_e.
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I) Statement L# subject < tag # repeat Ke.

J) Statement L# subject XH noun J~` Tag =#O ^xH |^Q ^xH O|OkOz#
pronoun # "_e.
K) Tag =K pronoun statement L# noun ^ pronoun ` eOQ, =K#, ~+ q+
UHqOKe.
* amnot short form Q amn't # "__^. aren't "_e.

* shall not short form Q shall not J#_^ shan't J<e.
* Will not short form Q willn't J#_^ won't J<e.
* can not short form Q can't # "_e.
Q.T x~}xH J# i OKe# `:

1) "^@ statement x helping verb # "H"e. XH" helping verb xK (V1 LO> do x,
V1+s LO>, does x, V2 LO> did x "_e.
2) Statement not (n't) H` n't LOKH"e. not (n't) LO> n't "__^.
3) Subject `y# pronoun # LOKe.
4) z=~# Question mark LOKe.
Ex: Raju is a boy, is n't he ?
1
2
3 4
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Note: 1) Statement request J~#_ Q.T. "will you" =`"
J=Òk. (Statement x "H=

positive ^ Negative J~## "will you"? < LyOKe.)
Ex: 1) Please open the door, will you?

2) Don't hurt others, will you?
3) Hurry up, will you?
4) Don't talk so much, will you?
Note: 2) Suggestions "Let us" `
~O"## "shall we" x =`" "H x~}O` O|O^=
O_ LyOKe.
Ex:
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1) Let us go and take our sheets, shall we?

2) Let us see if they are ready, shall we?
Note: 3) Statement no, not, never, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom, few, little =O\
=u~Y
"xK =@ L#_ ^xx Negative tag JO\~. WO\ "H= L#_ Positive
tag x LyOKe.
Ex:
1) I am not late, am I?
2) They have never seen it, have they?
3) She scarcely speaks to you, does she?
Statement
V1
V1+s
V2
am/are
have
has
is
was
were
can
will
could
amnot
do not +V1
does+not+V1
Shall
Should not
Question tag
don't
doesn't
didn't
aren't
haven't
hasn't
isn't
wasn't
weren't
can't
won't
couldn't
am
do
does
Shan't
shouldn't
( 59)
_<
_[<
__<
P~<
"O\
[<
D[<
"[<
=~<
H<
"<
_<
P"
_
_*
+<
+_<
Srinivas Pabba
Parts of speech
( Q=)
xH XH J~O LO@Ok. Hx ^ He XH "HO J=Òk.

* ûe^ZH
_` JH_ LyOK_^.
* u ^xH_ "H
O XH `H #O, XH `H"# x L<~. H|\ "H" + J~` *
*
JO^ L# u Ô P + H QO J=Òk. P ^h + H Q`~.
J#Q J" Q.
* WOw+ + J<H ^=#q. "H= Jq K xx |\ "\x 8 QQ
qlOK~. Jq
<="KH=
1) Noun 2) Pronoun - ~ <==
3) Adjective - q + } =
H
4) Verb 5) Adverb - H q + } = (J= =)
6) preposition - q H H q H ~ =
7) Conjuntion - = K =
8) Interjection - P ~~ H =
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Noun <="K H =
Ô J~< noun J=Òk.
''<=O JO> ~. ~x è U
^
=#+, W`~ }, , ==, ^~, Q}, "^Q, PK#, [O`=,
"~=, #^, =^= ~# Nouns JO\~.
<="KHx ~H
1) =#OQ Wz# ~ (Common Noun)- Tree, Boy, Girl, Town
2) `HOQ Wz# ~ (Proper Noun) - Mango, Raju, Madhavi, Hyd.
3) ^~xH Wz#~ (Material Noun) - Iron, Gold, Suger,
4) QOH Wz# ~ (Collective Noun) - Army, Crowd, Herd
5) TH Wz# ~ (Abstract Noun) - Truth, Honesty, Courage
a, an, the `~` =K Ô Noun J=Òk.
*Ex:
a bicyle, an orange, the sun.
an, the `~` XH\ HO> Z= Ô> "\ z=i Ô Noun J=Òk ^xH
* a,=O^
# W`~ Ô Adjective J=Òk.
Ex: a clever boy,
an intelligent girl
adj
N
adj
N
XH Ô z=i "ness" = ^ "dom" = ^xx Noun Q iQ}OKe.
*Ex:
Happyness, Brightness,
Cleverness
wisdom,
Kingdom,
Officialdom
"ing" form =O^ 'be' forms [am, is, are, was, were, be, been] Ug H`
* XH
# verb Q iQ}OK_^. Noun J#H"e.
Ex:
1) Playing cards is very dangerous.
N
2) Smoking is prohibited here
N
3) I enjoy teaching
N
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Srinivas Pabba
Pronoun [for nouns] ~ <==
* "Pro" JO> |^Q Jx J~O. H=# nxx Noun H |^Q "_`~.

* Pronoun J#Q ~ (noun) |^Q "_ Ô.
* O+xH XH Noun "tOz# `~"` ~O_=i #O_ P noun |^Q =~H/ "~H/
=~ ^x "_@O u +# LO_ OÔ. W noun |^Q "_|_ ^#
Pronouns JO\~.
Ex: Venu is my brother, He is a great dancer.

1) Subjective Pronouns:- I, we, you, they, he, she, it # Subjective Pronouns JO\~.
g\x Z_< XH verb =O^ =`" "_e. Verb =O^ =K ^x Subject JO\~ Q#H
g\x Subjective Pronouns JO\~.
Ex: I saw a house like this in Hyd last year
Pr V
2) Objective pronouns: - Me, us, you, them, him, her, it # objective pronouns JO\~.
g\x XH verb `~"` Qh, XH Preposition `~"` Qh "_=K. Verb `~"` =K
^# objects JO\~ H#H g\x o.p JO\~.
Ex: 1)Latha met me yesterday.
v pr
2) Chandu helped us a lot
v
pr
3) Possessive pronouns:- mine, ours, yours, theirs, his, hers, its # Possessive pronouns
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JO\~. Wq XH =H ^ == Z=iH KO^`~. J< q+x è*~.

Ex: This house is ours = This is our house
This pen is mine = this is my Pen.
4) Reflexive pronoun:- My self, ourselves, your self, your selves, themselves, himself,
herself, itself # Reflexive pronouns JO\~.
U "H=<< ^~}OQ Subject Q =K =H, object Q =K =H "~~Q LO\~. Hx
Hx Hx O^~ W^~ XH~ J=`~. JO\ O^~ Reflexive pronouns "_e.
Ex:
1) I blamed myself for that mistake
2) He is talking to himself
3) We served ourselves there
4) She is looking at herself in the mirror.
Adjectives =i O K ^
* Wk XH Noun H Pronoun H Q}x è*Ok.^
* Z=i<<, ^x<< =iOK ^# adjectives JO\~.
* D adjectives nouns =O^ Qh, beforms (am,is,are, was, were, be, been) `~` Qh =~.
* Nouns =O^ =K ^ adjectives J=`~.
1) Black sheep , Red Pen,
beautiful girl
adj
N
adj N
adj
N
The tea is
hot
2) Manasa is beautiful,
beform adj
beform
adj
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Verb [H / x /
u]
##, `# ^ HeyLO_\x è* ^# verbs JO\~.

#
u :
H ey O_ @
1) Ramesh went to calucutta

v
2) Anusha teaches maths
v
1) They are lovers

v
2) I am a lecturer
v
1) I have a car
v
2) She has a vehicle.
v
Adverb
adverb #
XH verb # Qx XH adjective # Qx, XH

Qx How Jx t ["|Q =K ^x
adverb JO^~.
XH adverb XH verb #, XH adjective #, =~ adverb # =iOK=K.
1) Verb # QiOz K adverb.
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A) She sings Sweetly.

v
adv
sings # how Jx t sweetly J<
=^#O =Ok
2) Adjective Q iOz K adverb

a) Mamatha is very beautiful.
adv
adj
Beautiful # how Jx t =K=^#" adv (Very)
b) The tea is too hot
adv adj
3) Adverb =~ adverb Q iOz K @.
a) He drives very fast
adv adv
Fast # how Jx t =K=^#" adv (Very)
b) Pabba teaches very well
adv adv
Preposition
"Pre" JO> =O^, "Position" JO> #O. Preposition JO> noun H Qx, pronoun H Qx
=O^ LO_ ^x g^ JkH~x Hey LO_ Ô. Preposition H` "HxH J~O ^.
Ex: 1) The pen is on the table
2) The boy ran away with the pocket
prep
prep
* nx Ô< J~O LOk
Conjunction (H e ^ O )
Junction JO> Ok... Wk ~O_ roads x
HÒk JQ
conjunction J< ^= ~O_ êQx, ~O_ "HeQx HÒk. ^
* ~O_ =@# Hx, ~O_ =@ =^# Hx, H ~O_ "H=# Hx H
=@# conjunction JO\~.
* ^#, ^|O^#, ^ "H# H_xH "_ ^# conjunctions JO\~.
* ^~}OQ "_ Hx conjunctions
If, Unless, though, although, But, and, that, because, as, since (H~ } OQ), until, so,
so that, Therefore, or, yet, neither-nor, either- or etc...
( 62)
Srinivas Pabba
Interjection (P ~~ H )
* =#O TOKxk U^< [iy#_, U^# =# JOK< qOz L#_ =# P~O
HQÒk.
* =# P~O Hey#_ =# <\ #O_ JH`Q Hx ^ "=_`~. JO\
^# Interjections JO\~.
* Sudden feeling x Qx, emotion x zOK ^xx Interjection JO\~.
Note: "HOx W`~ ^ Interjection ^Q O|OÔ LO_^.
* =# =# HQ PHH"# H QOc~ H QOc~== J~=, P#O^=, =,
qK~= ` =@# Interjection Jx JO^~.
* D =@ z=~ ^~}OQ P~~H= (!) LOK^~.
Ex: Alas!, Oh! Ah!, Oh God!, Hurrah!, Well!
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USE
OF
(i P~x W=x ^|O^=)
PHRASES
"H phrases, clauses LO\~.

Phrase:- verb x =@ =^x phrase JO\~. ^
XH\ Qx, HxQx ^ H ^|O^ He "HO U~_Òk. Hx ^|O^ He< i
J~O LO_H, JOiQ LO\~. JO\ ^ QOx "phrase" JO\~.
Ex:1) Despite the blowout (_ OqOz#\H)
prep
Noun
2) Inspite of his illness (J`_

prep
J<~QO H~}OQ)
3) In the eve of christmas (H

prep
H~}OQ)
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4) Because of the rain

prep
N
(=~O H~}OQ)
5) On account of pongal
prep
(O_Q H~}OQ)
XH ing form =O^ beform (am,is,are,was,were,have,has, had etc.) Un H` P

ing form # verb Q iQ}OK_^.
Note: 1)
Ex: 1) sleeping in the garden (phrase)

N
2) After eating lunch (phrase)
prep
3) Before going there (phrase)
prep
N
4) While driving the car (phrase)
prep
Note:2) XH verb H
~O =O^ ("^\ ) 'to' = P "^\ ~x verb Q iQ}OK_^.
Ex: 1) To meet the C.M. (Phrase)

2) In order to buy a car (Phrase)
3) To eat excessively (Phrase)

Note:3) XH verb H =_= ~O =O^ 'having' J<
iQ}OK~^.
Ô = P =_= ~x verb Q
Ex: 1) having eaten lunch (Phrase)

2) having done yoga (Phrase)
3) having met him (Phrase)
Phrases =_ # K~.
1) Adjective Q#
2) Noun Q#
3) Adverb Q# xK~.
XH phrase Adjectie Q xK Adjective phrase Jx, Noun Q xK Noun phrase Jx,
Adverb Q xK adverb phrase Jx JO\~.
( 64)
Srinivas Pabba
I) Adjective phrase:- XH single word adjective Q
xK ^x< phrase Q =~=K#. J

=i# phrase _ single adjective K# x< KOk. ^xx Adjectival phrase JO\~.
XH single Adjective XH noun x qualify KOk. J^qÔQ XH group of words _ XH
noun x Qx XH group of nouns x Qx qualify KOk. J_ P Phrase x Adjective phrase
JO\~
Ex: 1) She had a smiling face
adj
N
nx smiling J<k Adjective. Wk face (noun) x Qualify KOk.
nxx phrase Q =i
She had a face with a smile on it.

Ex: 2) She is an angry lady
nxx phrase Q =i
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adj N
She is a lady with an angry nature
adj phrase
H|\ XH phrase JO> XH group of words Wk i J~x W=^.

Hx adjectives "\ H adjective phrases.
Adjective
Adjective Phrase
1. A white car
A car having white colour
2. A blank page
A page without writing
3. A golden spoon A spoon made of Gold

4. A black zebra
A zebra with a black skin
II) Noun phrase:- Adjective phrases, Adverb phrases =kiQ< Noun Phrase _ noun K
xx KOk.
Ex: 1) I play Tennis

V o(N)
D "HO Tennis- object. verb-play. WH_ noun 'Tennis' object Q
LOk.
Ex: 2) I know to play Tennis

V
obj.
nx know-verb, nxH object Q "to play Tennis" J< Phrase "_|_Ok.
D phrase
'know (v) H object Q LOk. H|\ object Q LO_\xH J~`Q part of speach- 'noun' JO^=#
'to play Tennis' group of words noun Q xKOk. Wk Noun phrase
=iHx noun phrases.
nx
nx
Ex: 1) I like reading novels

V
o
like-verb, reading novels- Noun phrase- object Q xKOk
4. We want to win the match
V
O
want-verb,to win the match-noun phrase-object Q xKOk.
5) They want to invite them
V
O
( 65)
Srinivas Pabba
6) I love to swim in the river

V
O
III) Adverb phrase- XH Adjective K
xx XH group of words K#>, XH Adverb K xx

XH group of words KOk. JO\ group of words x adverb phrase JO\~.
Ex: 1) She walks quickly nxx adverb phrase Q =i
nx
adv
She walks with a great speed.
with a great speed J<k adverb phrase.
Ex: 2) This book is available every where
nxx phrase Q =i
This book is available in all places .

adv phrase
Adverb- XH verb x Qx. adjective x Qx, WOHH adverb x
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Qx modify KOk.
Hx adverbs "\ H Adverb phrases

Adverb
Adverb Phrase
1. Wisely
in a wise manner
2. Beautifully
in a beautiful style
3. quickly
with a great speed
4. cleverly
in a clever manner
( 66)
Srinivas Pabba
COMPREHENSION PASSAGES
J# <="K= "Comprehand" J# Verb #O_ =z#k. Comprehand J#Q

''J~= KH#@ (Understand) J#Q Wz# Passage x Q J~O KHx ^x kQ=# Wz#
=^#= "=#.
Wz# passage prose Qx, poetry Qx, seen Qx, unseen Qx J~LO_=K#. ^xx
"x J~O KHx =^< "_x comprehension JO\~.
nx XH Passage (para) LO@Ok. P Passage g^ Hx Questions set K~.
P questions H answer K P passage iQ J~= ~#@. D Comprehension passage D ~A
U sH<<, Competitive exams << `H HxOk. H|\ Comprehension passage x J~O
KHx ["| "_xH Hx K#:
1) "@"^@ Passage HO^ W=|_# # +OQ ~O_ ~ K^"e.
2) `~` General Idea ~=_xH passage x quick Q K^"e.
3) ~O_=i HOKO <=kQ passage x K^"e. J_ ^x L# details J~==`~.
4) Wz# questions x }OQ K^"e. P questions H O|OkOz# matter passage "kH =m
K^"e.
5) full sentence Answer "e.
6) XH word H Qx, Phrase H Qx meaning J_y#_ h O` =@ =^#O "e.
7) P Word U Part of speech W ^xH `y# meaning J^ parts of speech "e.
8) Question H i_@@Q answer LO_e Qx, JO`HO> Z= "_^.
9) Passage =# u word or sentence H meaning è#H~^.
10) Question L# words H Passage L# words H =#"# ^x Qi P sentence ^Q~
P question H answer ^~Òk.
Comprehension
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COMPREHENSIVE
PASSAGES
Anil Gupta is a professor at IIM, Ahmedabad. His life's mission is to find, celebrate and
promote creativity in what many would consider as the unlikeliest of places. rural and small
town India. In the last 20 years Gupta and his associates have gathered more than 65,000
innovations and traditional practices from all over the country. These range from a cow-dung
powered cell phone to an aloe vera paste for treating broken animal horns. Twice a year Gupta
spends seven to nine days on a shodyatra (Sanskrit for "exploratory" journey) tramping through
rural India to meet, and if possible help, local innovators. He named his growing efforts the
Honeybee Network.
(adapted from Reader's Digest Nov. 2007)
Questions :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
In which part of India, in particular, does Gupta look for creative ideas and practices ?
What did Gupta and his associates gather over the last 20 years ?
What is the meaning of shodyatra ?
Write the antonym of 'uban'.
This passage suggests : (choose the best answer) :
a) Creative innovations and practices can be found only in villages.
b) Creative innovations and practices can be found only in cities.
c) Creative innovations and practices can be found not only in cities but also in villages.
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ANSWERS :
in rural and small-town India.
65,000 plus innovations and traditional practices from all over the country.
exploratory journey
rural
c) Creative innovations and practices can be found not only in cities but also in villages.
2.
The same day as the Women's REservation Bill made its passage in the Rajya Sabha,
there was an item in the newspaper about a man in Orissa who refused to take his wife (a
mother of five) back after her three-day trip to Delhi, where she had gone to get a very special
award. The lady was a highly successful mushroom farmer whose name was recommended
by government officials. She shared the honour with a hundred other farmers from accross
India. According to reports, her labourer-husband doubted here character after her trip and
remained adamant about his decision not to take her back. As for the award-winner, she is
bewildered and confused.
(from Shobhaa De's column in Times of India 21.3.2010)
QUESTIONS :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
In what way was the woman successful ?

Why did the woman go to Delhi?
Who recommended her name for an award ?
Write the noun form of 'confused'
In this passage the author shows (choose the best answer) :
a) Laws alone can bring about a change in the status of women.
b) Successful women should leave their families.
c) Though laws are changing, women in India still face a lot of discrimination within
their own families.
ANSWERS :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The woman was a highly successful mushroom farmer and won a special award for that.
To get a very special award.
Government officials
Confusion
c) Though laws are changing, women in India still face a lot of discrimination within
their own families.
( 68)
Srinivas Pabba
3.
Kiran Bedi (1949 - ) is a social activist and a retired Indian Police Service Officer. She
became the first woman to join the IPS in 1972. She soon gained a reputation as a fearless and
forthright officer. Navajyoti set up in 1987 and India Vision Foundation, set up in 1994, are two
voluntary organizations established by her with the objectives of improving the condition of
drug addicts and poor people. She introduced major reforms in Tihar Jail, Delhi. Her efforts
won her national and international recognition. She received the Magsaysay Award in 1994.
Her autobiography, 'I Dare. It's Always Possible' was published in 1998. She has been voted as
the most admired woman in India.
QUESTIONS :
1.
What is the expanded form of IPS ?
2.
Name the 2 voluntary organizations established by Kiran Bedi.
3.
Write the noun form of 'poor'
4.
Write the antonym of 'major'
5.
State True or False : The title of Kiran Bedi's autobiography suggests that by nature she
was a person who would not accept defeat easily.
ANSWER :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Indian Police Service

Navajyoti, Indian Vision Foundation.
Poverty
Minor
True
4.
Wat was disappointing about the IPL-3 stadium experience was how peripheral the
game had become. Watching a match at Kotla or even Eden Gardens where the spectators are
generally more clued in - is never going to be like a day out at Lord's. We shouldn't even expect
it to be. But it shouldn't also be reduced to watching the cricket with one's view obstructed by
inerbriated and obese men trying their dance moves. The lacklustre cheerleaders and the ear
splitting music in between deliveries only added to the discomfort. One might be forgiven for
treating T20, and in particulars IPL, as 'entertainment' rather than a sporting experience. But
one would expect that the actual match would be more important than the bells and whistles.
(from 'Not just Cricket' by Ronojoy sen, Times of India 22.4.2010)
QUESTIONS :
1.
State True or False : According to the writer T20 matches have become entertainment
shows instead of being sports events.
2.
Kotla, Eden Gardens and Lord's are places where (choose the best answer)
a) dance competitions are conducted
b) cricket matches are held
c) yoga and fitness classes are conducted for fat people.
3.
'bells and whistles' refers to (choose the best answer) :
a) the articles used by the umpire
b) the articles used by spectators
c) the articles used by cheerleaders.
4.
Write the noun form of 'expect'
5.
Find the word in the passage which is a synonym of 'fat'
ANSWERS :
1.
2)
3)
4)
5)
True
b) cricket matches are held
c) the articles used by cheerleaders
expectations / expectancy
obese
( 69)
Srinivas Pabba
LETTER WRITING
L`~= ~@ "=:
Style ( e ): L`~= XH ~H=Q XH =H =\_`#@O_ O+}. H|\ ~K#
~=Q, èQ J~=@@ z# ^=`, z# z# "H =O_e. q+= +`
L`~= ~zOK@O JÒ` =MO=. Hi# ^=, n~=~# =O_~^. q+ ^#`
^$ ~Q q[# =O_=K#.
L`~= ~H
Private/Personal letters (=HQ`"#q) : ` =^, |O^= =^, @O| =^
[~Q L`~ ``~=.
a) Narrative Letters (O@#) : WO^ XH @=, [iy# q+=, H^ =O\q K|_#.
b) Descriptive Letters. (=~#) : WO^ XH H@_=, XH `, }= =O\q =K#.
c) Letters of invitaiton. (P#O) : O_, qO^, [#k<`== =O\ "\H ~=x
PxOK#q. P#= u~iOz#K Jn D qQ= HO^H =Ok.
d) Domestic Letter (|O^=): @O| O|O^=Q èÔ_, JQ |O^=
=^ #_K L`~=
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Official letters (Jk H iH " # q)
A) Business letters :
== H#@, H"x `@, "\H O|OkOz# "~ "^g

`#.D L`~= =HQ` q+= "_^. Wq OH=Q LO_=#.
(Companies. Firms " L`~).
B) Official Letters : L^Q= H= ~ L`~. (q[) L^Q, JkH~ "
L`~, = HO " L`~ (Leave letters) D qQO HO^H =~.
C) Public Letters : [OîH H HOîH O|OkOz uH O^# " L`~
(Letter To the Editor )
L`~=Q=
u L`~= 6 QO\~.
1. The Heading (From-Address)

2. Greeting or Salutation (O^#)
3. Body of the letter (^#Q=)
4. Leave-talking or Subscription
5. Signature (O`H=)
6. The Superscription or the Address on the Envelope.
Personal Letters:-
nxO^ =HQ` q+= ~|_#.

1) The Heading:-
nx ~K~` J_, `k, LO_=#, nxx rH _Ku "Q # "=#. ~K~`

`# ~# J_ "_^. WO^ ~K~` WO\ <O|~, gk ~, Q== ~ =`"
"=#. ^x `~` `k "=#.
Ex:
196, Rajiv Street,

Amberpet, 05-04-2011
2) Greeting or salutation:- ( O ^ # )
(,)
`n ~# HO^ # Z_= "# O^# "=# nx `~` `H H= (,)
LO_=#. O^# L`~=# |\ =~#. Wk L`~= ""iH, "|_"iH =^Q
J#|OÔ P^~_ =~Ò_#.
Ex: My dear father,

Dear brother,
Sir or Dear sir,

Madam or Dear madam,
( 70)
Srinivas Pabba
3) Body of the letter- ( ^ #
Q=)
Wk L`~=x Ju =Y"# Q=. nx =#= K=# =K~= O^
~K=#. nx q+=# OQ, OH=Q "=#. Personal letter J~` personal
language "_e. official letter J~` K=# q+= ^"#O` OQ =O_=#.
q+=x =~# zOz#@Q K=# q+=# ~Q qlOKH=K.
4) Subscription or Leave-Taking
nxx Body of the letter HO^Q, lH _Ku "# "=#. Wk O^#
`y#@Q =O_=#. Subscription _ L`~= ""i, "|_"iH =^Q O|O^x
|\ =~` =O_#.nx "^\ JH~= Capital letter Q LO_=#. Yours J# ^=
apostrophe LO__^. nx `~` Ò_ H= (,) =O_=#.
Ex: Yours lovingly,
Yours faithfully,
Yours affectionately,
Yours truely,
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5) The SignatureO`H= Sybscription HO^Q K=#. Wk J~=Q#@Q =O_=#. J #

_ ^x HO^Q capital letters ~ "=#. Wk =Y=Q H`"iH "#_
K=#. `= ~ =O^ N=u H =i Jx "=K.

Ex: P. SRINIVAS
K. RAJU
6) SUPERSCRIPTION OR ADDRESS ON THE ENVELOPE

nxx L`~= (H=~) Q=# "=#. nx To address LO@Ok. Z=iH JO^
nx "=#. PIN CODE Ò_ "=#. nxx sH (Personal letter J~`)
O`HO HO^Q =i< H# Z_=Ku "# "=#.

Ex: Sri P. Srinivas,
H.No. 1-4-117/9
Krishnanagar
Hyderabad- 500 007, A.P,
( 71)
Srinivas Pabba
LETTER WRITING
1)
Write a letter to the principal of your college requesting him/her to issue your transfer,
bonafide and conduct certificates.
P. Venu
1-4-5, Krishnanagar,
Jagtial.
05, April, 2012
The Principal,
Jyothi Junior College,
Jagtial
Dear Sir
I was a student of your college in the academic years 2009-2011. My optional subjects were Maths,
Physics and Chemistry. My Roll number was 999.
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I am very happy to inform you that I have secured a good rank in the EAMCET examination. This, I feel,
was largely due to the excellent coaching provided by the teachers of this college. You have also contributed to my success through your inspiring/motivating speeches during the assembly. I would like to take
this opportunity to thank all of you from the bottom of my heart.
As you are aware, we need to submit transfer, bonafide and conduct certificates in the engineering
college. Therefore, may I request you to instruct the office to issue me these certificates. I have already
submitted the "No-dues certificate".
With regards
Yours faithfully
P. Venu.
2)
Write a letter to your friend inviting her to your village.
369, Bypass Road,

Karimnagar.
05, April, 2012
Dear Mamatha
How are you? It's ages since we communicated with each other. I think it's mainly because of our preoccupation with our studies and preparation for the entrance examination. Thankfully, the entrance examination will be over in another ten days. I hope we'll do well in the entrance and get seats in the colleges
of our choice.
Mamatha the main reason why I'm writing to you is to invite you to my village. As a person born and
brought up in the city, you always wanted to visit a village and experience life there. I want you to come
to my village after the entrance examination. I'll be very happy to show you the beautiful places in and
around my village. You will be bowled over by the charm of my village and the warmth and the innocence
of the villagers. I hope you'll not turn down my invitation.
After the entrance examination, I'll call you and speak to Aunty and convince her.
Till then, take care and bye.
Yours lovingly
Sarala
Ms. Mamatha
D/o Dr. Ramesh Kumar
101, Gyan Sarovar Colony,
Mumbai.
( 72)
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ANTONYMS
(=u~H ^=)
Antonym J#Q
XH Q= L# =u~H^=, J#Q XH J~= H#\

H#\
H =u~H J~==K =@. D =u~H ^ `H=_O =# =# POQ
^*O ~Q_" HO_ KHx i*#O _ =Ok.
Ex:-
Absent (H=@)
Abuse (x~Q=)
Accelerate (=O^=)
Acknowledge (JO^H#@)
Admire (Q_@)
Active (LK"#)
Appreciate (Q_@)
Attractive (PH~}"#)
Auspicious (^"#)
Acquire (OkOK)
Beautiful (JO^"#)
Begin (~OaOK)
Bold (^~=)
Break (q_n@)
Clear (+"#)
Comic (MO`=~#)
Condemn (xOkOK)
Congratulate (Q_)
Care (*Q`)
Careful (*Q`_)
Censure (xOkOK)
Costly (Ys^#)
Courage (^~=)
Coward (iHO^)
Curse (=)
Despair (x~)
Diffident ( q= x)
Deligent (~#)
Diminish (`yOK)
Efficient (=~O H)
Exclusive (`H"#)
Exterior ("#)
Fact (`=)
Discourage (HOK~K)
Disease (J<~Q=)
Dissolve (HiyOK@)
Divine (^= O|O^=~#)
Freedom (K)
False (J|^"#)
Far (^~=)
Feminine ( O|O^=)
Present (LO_@)
Use (LyOK)
Retard ("#H `Q)
Deny (H^#@)
Despise (^+OK@)
Inactive (=i#)
Depreciate (HOK~K@)
Repel (J"#)
Inauspicious (J"#)
Lose (Q@H#)
Ugly (J"#)
End (==)
Timid (iH J~#)
Join (H@)
obscure (J+"#)
Tragic (^MO`"#)
Praise (uOK)
Condole (qKiOK)
Neglect (x~H =)
Careless (J*Q`Q LO_)
Praise (uOK)
Cheap (K=H#)
Timidity (iH`#=)
Hero (g~_)
Blessing (n"#)
Hope (P)
Confident (q= H)
Idle (=i J~#)
Increase (zOK)
Inefficient (=~= x)
Inclusive (HHx)
Interior (JO`~`"#)
Fiction (He`=)
Encourage (L`~K)
Health (P~Q=)
Solidify (Q_ H\ OK@)
Human (=#= O|O^=~#)
Slavery (x`=)
True (x["#)
Near (^Q~)
Masculine (~+ O|O^=)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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Glad (P#OkOK)
Happiness (Y=)
Heaven (~=)
Holy (q`"#)
Honour(Q~==)
Industrious (H+_)
Inferior (J^="#)
Injustice (J<=)
Keen ( ^<#)
Lament (^_)
Lose (Q@H#)
Love (qOK)
Ignorant (K^=~x)
Ill ([|Q L#)
Memory (*H=)
Neutral (=^=Q)
Object (H^#@)
Pollute (Jq`= K)
Poor (c^#)
Presence (LO_@)
Private (=HQ`"#)
Prompt ("O@<)
Oral (<\=@)
Outlet (|@= =~=)
Part (Q=)
Permit (XCH#)
Push (=O^ `)
Quick (Ò^~)
Rational (<=`"#)
Recall ([H `KH#)
Regular (H=|^"#)
Reply (=^#=)
Rough ("^)
Secret (~=Q)
Silence (x|^=)
Triumph (q[=)
Universal (q"=)
Useful (LQH~"#)
Vanish (J^$=Q)
Vice (K_)
Wake ("#@)
Wicked (~=~#)
Summit (tY~=)
Tease (^@)
Wide (q"#)
Wisdom (èq`@)
Zeal ( Q=)
Withhold (P@)
Sorry (qK~_)
Misfortune (^Y=)
Hell (#~H=)
Profane (Jq`"#)
Dishonour (JQ~==)
Idle (=iQ#O_)
Superior (L#`"#)
Justice (<=)
Dull ("î#)
Rejoice (P#OkOK@)
Gain (OkOK)
Hate (^+OK)
Learned (K^=#)
Well (QQ L#)
Oblivion (=~`#=)
Partial (H`=Q)
Agree (XCH#@)
Purify (q`= K)
Rich (^#=O`"#)
Absence (H=@)
Public (*O|O^"#)
Tardy (P=Q)
Written ("#)
Inlet (eH =K =~=)
Whole ("`=)
Prohibit (H^#@)
Pull ("#H Q)
Slow (<=k)
Irrational (< =`= Hx)
forget (=~z=)
Irregular (H=|^= Hx)
Question ()
Smooth ("`x)
Open (`H=Q)
Noise (^x)
Failure (J[=)
Particular (`H"#)
Useless (x~Q"#)
Appear (HxOK)
Virtue (=Oz)
Sleep (x^~=@)
Pious (=Oz^#)
Base (<k)
Please (P#OkO*)
Narrow (Oz`"#)
Folly (èq`=`#=)
Apathy (HOk Q=)
Offer (WK@)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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SYNONYMS
(<<~= H ~^=)
+ "qÔ LO>< + QQLO@Ok. J<H ~ XH ^x "_` =O> qQ

HQÒk. JO@_ XH ^xH =# J~OQ ^x "_e. J_ + WO@OQ Q
LO@Ok. W =# J~O Hey# ^# synonyms JO\~.
`~K Dictionary refer K"iH Synonyms Q `~. J~< POQ J<~
LQO HO ^"#x =@ H Synonyms D kQ= O^~K_"#k. nx=# =#
Vocabulary Q
~Q_xH J=HO LO@Ok. U ~O_ =@#, Hx= ` XH^x
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|^QXH\ "_@ ^~^. Hx Hx =@ Hk `_ J~==K#. JO^=# "\

`_# *Q`Q J=Q# KHx ijeOz "_=#
(=ke"@) leave, relinquish, forsake, resign, cede.

2) abundant (JkH"#) Plentiful, rich, ample, copious, exuberant.
3) Active (L`=H) busy, alert, brisk, nimble, eager.
4) Adopt (J#iOK) choose, take, assume, appropriate.
5) Appreciate (Hx_@) estimate, value, recognise
6) Argue ("kOK@) debate, dispute, prove.
7) Authorise (xqOK) empower, warrant, sanction.
8) Beautiful (JO^"#) charming, fair, good-looking, handsome, lovely, comely.
9) Bliss (P#O^=) happiness, joy, delight, facility, rapture.
10) Bondage (x`=) captivity, servitude, subjection, restraint, thraldom.
11)Bright (HtOK) shining, glittering, clear, splendid, cheerful, intelligent, auspicious.
12) Business (=$u) vocation, calling, affairs, engagement, concern.
13) Captial (^#"#k) chief, principal, pre-eminent, excellent, first-rate.
14) Celebrated (~QOz#) famous, notable, eminent, renowned, glorious.
15) Cheek (J^ @@) curb, bridle, restrain.
16) Construction (x~}=) building, erection, formation, structure, form, shape.
17) Customary (J">#) usual, wanted, ordinary, familiar, habitual.
18) Dare ( H$`=) venture, hazard, challenge, defy.
19) Decorate (JOHiOK) adorn, embellish, beautify, ornament.
20) Delight (P#O^_) joy, happiness, pleasure, reture, gladness.
1) Abandon
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21) Determination (x=) decision, resolve, firmness, resoluteness.

22) deligence (*Q`,
@^) industry, care, perseverance, assiduousness.

23) Essential (=Y"#) vital, necessary, inherent, requisite.
24) Examine (sHK) inspect, scrutinize, inquire, question.
25) Excuse (H=}) apology, pretext, justification, plea, defence
26) Expedite (Ò^~K) apology, pretext, justification, plea, defence.
27) Faithful (#=H"#) trusty, trustworthy, constant, true, loyal.
28) False (J|^"#) untrue, dishonest, lying, spurious, mndacious.
29) Fine (JO^"#) clear, elegant, handsome, subtle, nice, thin, light, airy.
30) Gallantry (^~=, g~`=) courage, heroism, chivalry, politeness, courtesy.
31) Grasp (@H#) catch, clash, seize, hold, clutch.
32) Greedy (^~H) voracious, ravenous, avaricious, covetous, gluttonous.
33) Habit (J"@) custom, practice, wont, usage.
34) Honest (`=O`"#) integrity,trustworthiness, sincerity, uprightness, rectitude.
35) hopeless (x~#) desperate, despariring, impossible, impracticable.
36) Icy (K<#) Cold, frozen, chilling, frigid
37) Idea (==) conception, notion, fancy, impression, plan
38) Ill (K_) sick, bad, evil, wicked.
39) Inaugurate (~OaOK) Install, commence, begin, start.
40) Isolation (UHO`=) segregation, saration, solitude.
41) Journey (}=) travel, trip, excursion, pilgrimage.
42) Joy (J#O^=) delight, pleasure, bliss, transport, felicity.
43) Justice (<=) equity, right, impartiality, felicity.
44) Kill (KO@) murder, destory, assassinate, slay, slaughter.
45) little (z#^#) small, minute, diminutive, slight, scanty, mean, inconsiderable.
46) Luck (J^$+=) chance, fortune, hazard, fate, hap.
47) Magic (=O`=) sorcery, witchcraft, black art, enchantment.
48) Manufacture (`~K) make, produce fabricate, construct.
49) marriage (q"=) wedlock, wedding, matrimony, nuptial.
50) need (J=~=) necessity, want, poverty, indigence, requirement.
51) New (H`#) novel, fresh, recent, modern
52) Passion (L`=, H=) zeal, ardour, excitement, emotion, lov, devotion, rage, anger
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SPELLINGS
Examples of some commonly misspelled words :
Friend
belief
diesel
relieve
conceit
conceive
neighbour
weigh
either
seize
receive
receipt
achieve
until
reign
neither
brief
freight
acceptable
accidentally
accommodate
acquit
allot
amateur
argument
atheist
believer
category
cemetery
changeable
committed
conscience
conscientious
definite(ly)
disappear
discipline
embarrass
equipment
exhilarate
existence
experience
fiery
fourth
gauge
generally
grateful
guarantee
harass
hierarchy
ignorance
immediate
indispensable
inteligence
its/it's
knowledge
leisure
library
maintenance
manoeuvre
memento
miniature
mischievous
noticeable
occasionally
occur
occurred
Official
parallel
parliament
pigeon
possesion
preferable
privilege
questionnaire
receive
referred
reference
relevant
restaurant
ridiculous
rhythm
schedule
scissors
sensible
special
success
to/too/two
their/they're/
there
twelfth
vaccum
vicious
weather
argument
atheist
believe
guarantee
hierarchy
independent
leisure
maintenance
manoeuvre
miniature
mischievous
possession
occurrence
possession
questionnaire
recommend
restaurant
ridiculous
scissors
twelfth
tyranny
abbreviation
abscess
accelerator
apostrophe
apostle
aperance
archaelogy
aristocracy
atmosphere
colleague
commission
committee
chivalrous
cholesterol
circumstance
commodious
communication
compassion
grieve
perceive
height
thief
weight
generally
acquire
apparent
calendar
collectible
conscious
drunkenness
exceed
foreign
grammar
height
independent
judgement
lightning
millennium
occasion
occurrence
pastime
principal/principle
recommend
religious
sandal
separate
tomorrow
tyranny
wee
calendar
indispensable
millennium
occasion
receive
rhythm
vaccum
accommodation
appendix
audacious
commercial
commitment
comprehension
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SILENT LETTERS-
(Hx JH~)
WOw+ Hx ^ XH\ ^ Hx JH~ ~. JO> JH~# Ô "O

` K^= =/ H= W Hx ^# silent letters JO\=. JO\ silent letters # eH#@~`
Jk `C J=Òk. H=# WOw+ silent letters q+O *Q`=OKe. D ê <~H=_xH
`H"# Ò@ Ug =. H ^~< <~HQO.
OKOx Jx +HO> _ WOw+ + `H"#k. W`~ +xO\# L#
^xO\H LK~} LO@Ok. Hh WOw+ J H^. K WOw+ ^ XH\ Qx ~O_ Qx
JH~# H=. JO\ JH~# silent letters JO\=.
1) 'N,S,' Letters H =O^ =K 'P' x LKiOK_^.
Pneumonia - #"x"
Pseudonym- _x"
Psalter- ~
Psychologh- Hl
Psalm- "
2) ^ z=~ 'R' = P 'R' x LKiOK_^.
Answer- J#
Cancer- H# Chancellor- K#
Flower- =
3) =O^ =K 'R' JH~x LKiOK_^.
Army- Jq
Hard- _
Card- H_
Heart- \ Chart- K\ Part- \
4) 'Sten, Stle' O\ =@ =Ô 't' silent J=Òk.
Hasten- <
Listen- e[< Fasten- <
Whistle- ql
Castle- Hl
Wreslie- ~l
5) Oz + #O_ =z# =@ 't' |x LKiOKO
Balet- Debut- _| Bouquet- H
Depot- _
Cabaret- H|~
6) Hx ^ 'G' JH~O |x W=^
Bright
Eight
sign
Fight
Reign
Foreing Sight
Night
7) HOk WOw+ ^= 'K' LKiO|_^.
Know (<)
Knowledge (<_) Knee (h)
Knife (<)
Knit (x\)
Knot (<\)
Knob (<)
Knock (<H) Knuckle (#) Knell (<)
8) R J< JH~xH =O^ W =z# =@ W x LKiO|_^.
Written Wrong
Wring
9) 'B' JH~O ^ 'T' H =O^ =z#C_ P 'B' x LKiOK_^
Debt- _\
debtor- _@~ doubt- _\
subtle- \
10) WOw+ ^ 'M' JH~O `~"` =K 'B' JH~x Pronounce K_^
Bomb- " Comb- H" Lamb- "
Thumb- ^"
Womb- ="
Tomb- \" Climb- H" Dumb- _"
Limb- e"
Crumb- HO
11) 'J' J< JH~xH =O^ 'D' =z# =@ 'D' x PKiOK_^
Adjourn- Z*~ Adjoin- Z*~< Adjacent- Z*O\ Adjective- Z*H"
Adjure- Z*~
12) Kh,rh O\ JH~ =Ô 'H' |= LKiOK_^
Khaki- HH
Rhino- ~<
Khan- H<
Rhyme- ~"
13) 'Exh' =z#C_ _ 'h' x Pronounce K_^
Exhanst- ZQ<
Exhibit- Zya\
Exhibition- Zya+<
Exhort- ZQ~
14) WOw+ ^ z=i JH~O 'N' LO_ ^xH =O^# JH~O 'G' LO> 'G' x LKiOK_^
Alighn- P<
Foreighn- i< Sovereign- =i<
Compaign- HO~<
Resign- i*<
Design- _*<
Sign- <
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15) 'F,V,K,M' JH~ =O^ 'L' =z#C_ 'L' x LKiOK_^

Almond- J=O_
Alms- P"
Half-
Halves- "
Calf- H
Calm- H"
Calves- H"
Chalk- KH
Walk- "H
16) 'M' `~"` =K 'N' JH~x WOw+ LKiOK_^
Autumn- P@" Damn- _"
Column- H"
Hymn- "
Condemn- HO_"
Solemn- "
Balm- "
Palm- "
Here is a short list of words with silent letters in the bracket
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A (1) mond
r(h)inoceros
ni(gh)t
Ches(t)nut
r(h)me
hei(gh)t
(k)nee
Clim(b)
r(h)them
whis(t)le
Colum(n)
recei(p)t
Com(b)
sof(t)en
chama(g)ne Condem(n)
su(b)tle
autum(n)
De(b)t
ve(h)ile
w(h)ich
Dou(b)t
(w)retch
cu(p)board
Ex(h)ibition
we(d)nesday
(w)hose
Glis(t)en
should(1)d
dau(gh)ter
(g)nat
ha(l)f
nei(gh)bour Han(d)kerchief
Chris(t)mas
fas(t)en
(h)onest
(k) nife
i(r)on
I(s)and
forei(g)n
san(d)witch
Lam(b)
hym(n)
hym(n)
g(u)ess
Mo(r)tage
w(h)en
Of(t)en
(h)our
mus(c)le
Parl(i)ament
g(u)itar
Plum(b)er
Poi(g)nant
(K)now
Sa(t)chel
cas(t)le
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CLAUSES
(i P~x WK ^|O^=)
clause:- verb LO_ "HQx clause JO\~.

Ex:1) If you study hard, you will get a gold medal
V
V
`
clause
clause
2) Having drunk, Raju is creating a nuisance
v
phrase
clause
clause ~H 1) Main clause or principle clause
2) subordinate clause
Note:- u "H=# `xiQ XH main clause LO@Ok. H#H XH "H= XH
XH clause LO> Jk main clause J=Òk.
I) Main clause:and, andso, so, therefore, yet, but, on, else, U^ XH conjunction ` "^
clause # main clause JO\~ (^)
ZO\ conjunction O_ XH subject ` "^ clause # main clause JO\~.
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XH verb H "^\ ~O` "^ clause x main clause JO\~.
Ex:
1) If you lend me some money,

I will go on the excursion
v
v
sub-ordinate clause
main clause
2) Mohan requested me andso I went there
main clause
main clause
3) Love your job or leave it

main clause
main clause
II SUB-ORDINATE CLAUSE
XH subordinate clause HOk conjunction U^ XH^x` "^==K
If, suppose, supposing, unless, that, whether, while, though, although, as,
since, for, because, sothat, before, after, until, than, who, whom, whose, what,
which, where, when, why, How. etc...
Ex:
1) unless you help me, I will not go there
subordinate c
main c
2) The boy is crying because he fell down
mc
Sc
Note: 1) XH "HO (sentence) subject, verb, object H complement LO\~.
"HxH i J~O LO@Ok.

Ex: They returned home this morning
S
V
complement
Note: 2) Hx clause J H^.J~` clause _ subject, verb, object ^
complement LO\~. Hx i J~O LO_^.
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Ex: I saw you , when I came to your college yesterday

S V O
S V
complement
Clause
"HO ~O_ Q<~.

"^\ QO "I saw you" nxH i J~O LOk. Hh ~O_= QO "When I came to your college
yesterday" nxH i J~O ^. Hh D QO _ subject/verb/complement L<~. D
Qx clause JO\~. Wk _ ^^ sentence Q< LO@Ok.Hx i J~O W=^.
Adverb, adjective and Noun Phrases =kiQ< clauses _ adverb, adjective and
noun clauses L<~.
1) Adverb clause:- Adverb, Adverb phrase K xx clause K P clause x adverb clause
JO\~.
Ex:
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We slept at night (adverb phrase)

nxx adverb clause Q =i
J<k "Ò sentence XH QO.

nx XH subject,verb, complement L<~. Hh i J~O ^. H|\ nxx clause JO\~. Wk
adverb K xx KOk. H|\ nxx adverb clause JO\~.
2) Adjective clause: Adjective, Adjective phrases K xx Clause K P Clause x Adjective
Clause JO\~. Adjective XH noun ^ pronoun H Q}x è*Ok Adjective clause
_ JO`.
we slept When it was night. when it was night
Ex: 1) A dirty room is in the corner

adj
N
"HO dirty- adjective, Qualifying the noun- "room"
2) A room which is dirty is in the corner
nx which is dirty - adjective clause
Adjective clause
_ XH group of words LO_ ^x subject, verb, object H

complement LO@Ok. i J~x W=^. Adjective K xx KOk.
3) Noun clause: Adverb clause, Adjective clause U qÔQ adverb, adjective x K J^
qÔQ Noun clouse _ Noun K xx KOk. Z=Q subject Q Qh, object Q Qh, XH
preposition K` govern K|__O Qx KOk.
Ex: 1) I wish to win the game

V
O
"HO wish-verb, to win the game- object, noun-object Q
noun phrase J=Òk.nxx clause Q
nx
LO@Ok. H|\ to win the game
=i...
I wish that I shall win the game

V
O
that I shall win the game J< QO wish
H object #O LOk. `HOQ XH subject,

object, verb L<~ H|\ Wk Noun clause J=Òk.
^x|\ XH group of words, subject, verb, object ^ complement x Hey LO_, Noun K
xx K Jk Noun clause J=Òk.
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q=~e |\ clause =_ ~H<x `<O.

Jq: 1 Adverb xK Adverb clause
2) Adjective xK Adjective clause
3) Noun xK Noun clause
A) verb H when, where, why, how, J< " Adverb x, Adverb phrase x Adverb
clause x `H=K#.
B) Noun H what kind of Jx " =K answer ^~ Adjective x, adjective
clause x, Adjective phrase x `H=K#.
C) Verb H =O^ who H what, JQ verb `~"` whom H what " =K
answer ^~ noun, Noun Phrase x, Noun clause x `H=K#. XH preposition `~"` L#
Noun, Noun phrase, Noun clause x `HQO.
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Phrasal verbs- meanings

1) set - LOK@
set himself - OQ LO_@
2) cut - HuiOK@
cut off - #iH "H#@
3) put in - iK@, Hey O_@
put off - `y=@, =ke "@
4) looking at - " K
looking out - ^~ KK@
looking for - "^@
5) sets - ~O=Q@
sets in - JqOK@
6) laid down - HO^ _"@, Oy=@
laid out - îOK@
7) looks - KK@
looks up - P^~_@, Z^~KK@
8) knocked at - `_@
knocked out - F_OK#
9) cut up - `yOKH#
cut off - xe"@
10) let off - |@ =k#
let into - xH `|_#
11) is putting in - ~H#@
is putting off - `yOKH#@
12) makes good of - H=OQ xH#
made his mark - u K#
13) bore down - J}z"#
bears out - H@|_O_
14) went ahead - =O^ Q#
went through - P@OHOO_ H#Q#
15) Turn on - uLOK@
Turn out - |+iOK@, xe"@
16) held up - xe"#
held over - "~^ "#
17) cut up - ^_` q=iOK#
cuts- K#, zuOK#
18) keptin - |OkO|_i
kept in- i#_#, @|_#
19) cut off - =~}OK#
cut off - `QÔKH<#
20) keep up - uOK#
keep on - H@|_#, H#yOK#
21) came to light - "Q KK#
came to sense - $ =K#
22) laid down- Oy~i
laid out - ^z "i
23) passes - Lf~_#
passed off - K=} J#
24) pulled through - Lf~_#
with pull through - Q>H=K
25) came off - OqOK#

came off- =y#
26) slipped out - *~H<#
slipped - *i_#
27) ran across - Q|Q K#
ran away- i#
28) speaks to - =\_@
speaks for - =iOK
29) looking for "^K LO_
looking after - +OK@, O~HOK@
30) bring back - "#H `K
bring up - H `K@
31) pass on - JO^*
pass over - JkQqOK
32) gone for - W+_#
gone off - ^~OQ `Q#
33) drew - =w#
drew out - |@ f#
34) stopped talking - =\_@ =x"#
stopped to talk- =\_@ HO`
35) puts in - =OK@
puts off- "~^ "@
36) looked after - *Q$`Q KH<#.
looked at - #Q KK@
37) fed up with- OK|_#
fed with - uxOK#
38) closed - `èHOQ =|_#k
closed down- ="|_#q
39) put down- HO^ @@
put away- x~H OQ @@
40) look into- ijeOK@
look after- *Q` =OK
41) put down J}z"
put away- ^~OQ @
42) gone for - H~H#, H"x "
gone off- u~iOK, q_z@
43) run- x~OK
work- xK
44) held- @H<#
held out- JOkOK#
45) speak- =\_
speaks for- =iOK
46) gave up - =ke "#
gave up- =x"#
47) gone for- Hi"
gone off- ^~OQ #O_
48) carried on - H#yOK#
carried out =yOK#
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56) given in - q~qOK,
49) dropped in - "tOK#
given up- =ke"i
dropped out- q~qOKH<#

50) carries out - P[#
carries on- xx
57) call in- eK#
\OK@
call on- K#
H#yOK@
51) come round - uiy
58) came across- J_`y#
=K
came out of - JkQqOK#
come round - UHqOK
59) gone for - Hi"
52) got - O^#
gone off- ^~OQ
60) set up - OK
[iQ#
went over - }OQ
set out- ~OaOK#
ijeOK@
61) keeps away - ^~OQ
54) fallen out - q_~i
fallen through - qO
keeps back - ~OQ
J=@
#O_
#O_
62) brocken away- "^Q#
55) got away- i#

got out- Q@@,
#O_
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got through - Lf~_#

53) went off - KHQ
Oy=
brocken down- |_#
`_z"
FINITE- NON FINITE VERBS
u verb P~ ~= O^Òk.
1) present (V1), 2) Past(V2), 3) s. form,

4) present participle (V1+ing) 5) Past participle(V3), 6) to+infinitive.(to+V1)
g\ "^\ =_ finite verbs (JO> HO èq)
z=i =_ non-finite verbs (JO> HO `xq)

Finite verbs
V1
S.form
1) eat
eats
2) do
(HO èq)
Non-finite verb
(HO `xq)
V2
V1+ing
V3
to+V1
ate
eating
eaten
to eat
does
did
doing
done
to do
3) read
reads
read
reading
read
to read
4) write
writes
wrote
writing
written
to write
5) pay
pays
paid
paying
paid
to pay
6) tell
tells
told
telling
told
to tell
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ADVERB (Hq+}=, J==)
XH H H Qx, q + } = H Qx, =i J== H Qx J~=#

qnHiOK =@# ADVERB JO\~.
Ex: 1)Cnu eats slowly.
2) This is very sweet apple
3) Munawar reads quite clearly.
D H q+}= =#=Q q+}= (Adjective) z=~ 'ly' K~@=# U~_K#q.

Adjective
Slow
swift
Quiet
fine
Smart
Sweet
Bitter
Sad
Glad
Happy
Adverb
Slowly
Swiftly
Quietly
Finely
Smartly
Sweetly
Bitterly
Sadly
Gladly
Happily
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Note: q+} (ADJECTIVES) <="KHxH (NOUN) =O^#,

H q+} (ADVERBS) H `~"` LO\~.
eg: 1) They saw a swift horse
(Adjective)
The horse ran swiftly
(Adverb)
2) Raju makes fine articles
( Adjective)
Raju makes articles finely
( Advrb)
KINDS OF ADVERBS
ADVERBS J~ = #
|\
|\ k ~H=Q qlO|_#q:
1) Adverbs of MANNER
2) Adverbs of PLACE
3) Advrbs of TIME
4) Advrbs of NUMBER
5) Advrbs of REASON
6) Advrbs of AFFIRMATION
7) Advrbs of NEGATION
8) INTERROGATIVE Adverbs
9) Adverbs of Degree and quantity
10) RELATIVE Adverbs.
1) Adverb of Manner:
J # U su [iy#g `#q. "How" and "In what manner" "\H
=^#=Q =K#q.
eg:
1) Chiru fought bravely.

2) Meena acted wonderfully.
3) Murali slept soundly.
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J # ZH_
2) Adverbs of Place:
[~Q#k `#q. Wq "WHERE" J#
=^#=Q
=K#.
eg:
1) Rajini came here.

2) They went abroad.
3) They went into the garden.
Examples:
Here, there, hence, thence, hither, thither, in, out, within, without, above, below,
far, near, inside, outside.
3) Adverbs of Time:
J # [~Q H=# `#q. Wq "WHEN" J# =^#=Q
=K#.
eg:
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1) When did she come to college?
HrH J" ZC_ =K#?
Examples:
now, then, since, ago, before, already, soon, presently, immediately, instantly,
early, late, today, tomorrow, yesterday, afterwards.
4) Adverbs of Number: (Adverbs of Frequency)
Zx~ J< =^#= WK#q. H=# "\x Adverbs of Numbers Jx
JO^~.
eg:
1) we often goes to the park.

2) Venu failed twice.
3) soundarya seldom sings.
Examples:
Once, twice, thrice, again, seldom, never, sometimes, always, often, firstly,
secondly, thirdly, fourthly, four-fold, five-fold.
5) Adverbs of Reason:
H~}=# (Reason, Cause) `@ `__#q.
eg:
1) The weather was bad. hence They did not stir out.
2) As she was tired she went to bed early.
Examples:
As, because, since, therefore.
6) Adverbs of Affirmation:
XH q+=#, x J=#x KC@ `__#q.

eg:
1) Certainly he went wrong

2) Surely charan will pass the Exam
Examples:
Yes, certainly, surely, by all means, definitely.
7) Adverbs of Nagation:
XH q+=# qx H^ Jx KC@ `__#q.

eg:
1) They do not like him.

2) He does not know it.
Examples:
No, not, nay, at all.
8) Interrogative Adverbs
"@ LyOK#q.
eg:
1) Where is sangeetha ?
2) Why are you late ?
3) How many pupils passed the test ?
Examples:
Where, what, when, how, which, why.
( 87)
Srinivas Pabba
9) Adverbs of Degree and Quantity:
ZO`=~ (To what extent) Jx J~= =K#q.

eg:
1) They are partly correct.

2) She is quite right.
Examples:
Almost, quite, partly, wholly, rather, somewhat, a little, half, little, almost, much,
very much.
10) Relative adverbs:
Adverbs
eg:
=O^# Nouns (<="KH=)` Q O|O^=# zOK#q.
E
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1) He remembers the convent where he studied.
2) We went to the building which was constructed.

Note:
Hx Adverbs ~O_= ~= =iH J~= =K#.
eg:
1) Rajesh studied hard.
2) Rajesh studies hardly (=u~H~=)

Examples:
Near (^Q~)
Late (J=Q)
Pretty (Ò_)
Nearly (closely) ^Q~Q

Lately (D
=^)
Prettily (JO^=Q)
( 88)
Srinivas Pabba
(Xu) * Strees Marking*

* Streess #
QiOK_xH K#:
1) XH Ô =O^ a,be,de,re, J< prefix LO> P Ô H base/root stress Ke.
Ex: a'cross, be'low, de'velop, re'sign, a'lone be'side, de'cide, re'gain
2) -ion, -tion,-ation, `
^ JO`"` z=i #Oz ~O_ syllable # Strss Ke.
Ex: appli'cation, 'mansion, o'ccasion, calcu'lation, infatuation, pro'motion.

3) -ic,-ical,-ically, `
JO`= ^ g\=O^ LO_ syllable # stress Ke.
Ex: me'chanic, me'chanical, me'chanically, 'comic, 'comical, 'comically,
E
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4) -ever, -self, -selves, `
JO`= compound words suffix # stress LO@Ok.
Ex: how'ever, her'self, them'selves, what'ever, him'self, our' selves.

5) Compound words x
"^\ Ô Adjective J~` ~O_= ^x Sress Ke.
Ex: Cotton'wool, lead'pencil, gold'ring,

6) _oo, -ee, -cen, eer, D suffix `
JO`= ^ stress Ke.
Ex: bam'boo, emplo'ye, Can'teen, engi'neer.
7) ~O_ qa# ^ UHÔQ (compound word) U~_` "^\ ^x stress Ke.

Ex: 'birthday, 'notebook, 'afternoon.
8) Compound words x "^\ Ô Present participle (V1+ing) J~` "^\ ^x Stress
Ke ex: 'Writing board, 'driving school, 'driving licence, 'eating room
9) -ian, -ial, -ially, iouse suffix Q = g\ =O^ LO_ syllable # Stress Ke.
Ex: Elect'rician, arti'ficial, essen'tially, la'borious
10) -ity, -fy, -ate, -ize, -ise,
Ke.
` D JO`= ^ z=i#O_ =_=
syllable
stress
Ex: a'bility, 'quality, 'agitate, a'pologize, 'idealise,

11) Strees =#
QO (part of speech) =~ J=HO LOk.

XH Ô "^\ syllable # Stress K Noun J=Òk.
J^ Ô ~O_ syllable # stress K verb J=Òk.
Ex: 'object (N), 'Conduct (N) ,
ob'ject (V) ,
Con'duct(V),
12) Noun, Adjectives J~`
'protest (N)
pro'test(V)
"^\ syllable # stress Ke.
Ex: 'beggar, 'beautiful

13) Verbs
~O_ syllable # stress Ke.
Ex: ex'port, im'port,

( 89)
Srinivas Pabba
SENTENCES
( "H=)
JH~ = =^=` ^= U~_`~. D ^= H~H "H= "@ _ #.

H =O Hx ^= i#O` =`# "H= J#|_^ . i J~= xK ~ O_Qx, JO`H< Z=Qh
=@ H =^" "H= J#|_#.
D q^= Q JH~ = # L yOz ^= #, ^= # L yOz "H=# "=#.
JH~= (Letters) - G O D
^= (Word) GOD
"H= (Sentence) - God is with us.
"H= J<H ~H=#q. O^~#~=Q "\x fHx, J~= KH#=#.
"H= ~H=-
E
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1) Assertive sentence (^~} "H=)

2) Imperative Sentence (~# or P[ "H=)
3) Interrogative Sentence or Question mark Sentence (~H "H=)
4) Exclamatory Sentence or wonder mark sentence (P~~H "H)
I) Assertive Sentence (^~} "HO) :
J#Q, i J~=xK "H=. nx "^@ subject (H~) LO_#. z=~ full stop(.) LO_#.
Wk XH q+x ^~}OQ è*Ok.
Ex :- 1)
"HO
I eat a mango.
subject
I-subject z=~ (.) full stop LOk.
H|\ Wk Assertive sentence.
II. Imperative sentence (~<~H H P[ "H) :
D "H= verb ` ~OaO|_#. J#Q subject (H~) Wq_O_#. You J# subject

Wq_#@ QO=#. D "H _ z=~ full stop (.) LO@Ok. Hx subject LO_^. XH
order H request L# "He Imperative sentences JO\~.
Ex :
1) Bring me a glass of water (order)

2) Please bring me a glass of water (request)
III. Interrogative sentences (~H "HO):
POQ + Hx ^ Jq "@O`@ Jq tOK#. "\< WH words JO\~. D "H

z=~ (?) ~H Q~ LO@Ok. H|\ D "He OQ QiOK=K#. tOK "He Interrogative Sentences JO\~.
Ex :
1) What are you reading ?

2) How is your father ?
IV. Exclamatory sentence (P~~H "H):
P~= ` ==` #O_ "HO. D "HO# z=~ (!) Q~ LO_#. g\

sudden feeling or emotion LO@Ok. D "H ^~}OQ "What" ` Qx, "How" ` Qx begin
J=`~.
Ex :
1) How nice it is !
2) What a pity!
( 90)
Srinivas Pabba
CONJUNCTION
nx Ô< J~O LOk. Junction JO> Ok. Wk ~O_ roads x HÒk. JQ conjunction
J< Ô ~O_ ê Qx, ~O_ "He Qx HÒk.
Ex. : 1) Rama and sita went to the Temple.
"HO and J< ^= XH H Rama x ~O_= H Sita x HÒk.

2) We came your house yesterday but you weren't at home.
"HO "but" J< Ô ~O_ "He HÒk.

H|\ and, but "^#q conjunctions.
Hx conjunctions x [O@ (Pair) Q Ly~.
1. Both ---- and
4. Not only --- but also
2. Either --- or
E
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5. Though --- yet
3. Whether --- or
6. Neither --- nor
1) I have both a scooter and a car.
Ex. :
2) The man who came to my college yesterday may either be my friend or my father's
3) She is neither clever nor active.
conjunction
x D qÔQ pair Q "_` "\x Correlative conjunctions ^ Corelatives JO\~.
KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions
1)
2)
=YOQ ~O_ ~H.
(HiOK#q)
Subordinating Conjunction (^ z# `_ K#q)
Co ordinating Conjunctions
1) CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTION :
=# ~ L# ~O_ "He He Conjunction x Co-ordinating Conjunction JO\~.

=Y"# Co ordinating Conjunctions :
And, but, or, for, nor, also either.... or, neither... nor
A) Cumulative Co-ordinating Conjunction :
(XH^x<H\ H` XH "`x `~ K#q) ^ (Wk XH "Hx WOHH "HO`

HÒk)
Ex. :
They have not sarted anything and they have not completed anything
B) Adversative Co-ordinating Conjunction:
(=u~H~= H `_# è*#)

Ex. : Rajesh is slow but he is steady
C) Alternative co-ordinating conjunction :
(U"< ~O_O\ =^ K~ QiOz `#k)
Ex. : In the battle they will fight or they will die.

D) Illattive Co-ordinating Conjunction :
(XH Statement x == =iH Statement iOk)

Ex. :- Some one entered the room for I heard the sound of the door.
XHHC_ "or" "nor" ` U co ordinting conjunction J~# f"=K#. ^x

#O comma (,) # Qx, semi-colon (:) # Qx LOK=K#.
E)
Ex.:-
It was raining heavily, they went out

Ravi went out to work, Rajini stayed in to eat.
( 91)
Srinivas Pabba
2) SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION :
Wk ~O_ independent statements x Qx clauses x Qx HÒk. Hx JO^ XH\

~O_= ^x g^ J^~_ LO@Ok. U conjunction dependent clause x HÒ^ ^xx
Subordinating Conjunction JO\~.
1) After
2) Because
3) if
4) that
5) though
Ex :
6) although
7) till
8) before
9) unless
10) as
11) when
12) where
13) while
Unless you work hard, you can't get a rank.

Think twice before you do anything.
E
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* "Than" _ subordinating conjunction Q LyOK=K#.

Ex :
My friend is stronger than I (am stronger)
He is taller than I (am tall)
Subordinating conjunction x
qlO=K#.
A)
XH time x è*q.
Ex :
B)
She encouraged me so that I might win the game.

We eat so that we may live.
XH result x è*q.
Ex :
G)
As I couldn't meet him, I told the news to his father.

He may enter as he is a friend.
XH purpose x è*q.
Ex :
F)
My friend is stronger than Raju.
XH reason x è*q.
Ex :
E)
We will attend the meeting If we are inveted.

Ravi will go if sita goes
XH Comparison x è*q.
Ex :
D)
Many things have happened since I saw you.

- She doesn't know the change of events since I met her last.
XH Condition x è*q.
Ex :
C)
"x "x J~=# |\ H ==# |\ qq^ `~Q`Q
He is so week that he could not move.

She was so tired that she could scarcely stand.
XH concession x è*q.
Ex :
Though he was weak, he attended the college.

Though she is angry, she is to be trusted.
Hx words Prepositions Q#, Conjunctions Q# LyOK=K#.

Ex :
A) Think before you do anything (Conjunction)

B) She studied hard before the exams (preposition)
C) The dog ran after the cat. (Preposition)
D) We came after they had left. (Conjunction)
( 92)
Srinivas Pabba
PRECIS WRITING
Precis J< word x
'' Jx He. Precis JO> Summary Jx J~O. U^< XH passage

~ ^x essence x ~e. JO> brief Q ~e. Compress K ~e. ^"#x `=
words ` passage H main purpose è*e. Kk" "iH iQ understand H"e. Style
_ simple Q LO_e. own words precis ~e. Passsage one-third length H precis
LO_e.
PRECIS
= :
1)
Wk reading H =Oz J=HO HeyOk. General Q K =Ok careless Q K^=`~.
Kkq#Ô` "iH *HO LO_^. vague Q LO@Ok. nx= =#H ZO` understand J~O^
precis ~_O = `HQO. nxH z# test LOk. Wz# passage x Qx, XH book XH
page x Qx K^"e. `~"` =#O Q~OK# points JxO\h ~e. ^x |\ =#H ZO`
*HO LO^ Òk. H|\ =#O Kk" passage g^ concentration LO_e. H` P passage
L# main points x Q~ @H=. H|\ Precis writing J<k concentration training
J#=@.
2)
XH composition ~_xH _ precis writing LQ_Òk. =# ideas x, clear Q,
brief Q, effective Q Z è* Òk. nx= =#O correct Q PzOKQQÒ.
Fixed number of words passage H precis x ~e. H|\ words x careful Q select
Ke. OQ "\x ~~e. sentence Jx XH logical order LO_e.
3)
Precis writing =# practical life _ K LQ_Òk. Kkq# ^xx quick Q
correct Q grasp K capacity =Ok. x` rqÒ ~k K J=~O.
E
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PRECIS
Precis ~_O
Z ~e ?
=# brain H Z= work LO@Ok. nxHg ^Q~^~ =. H|\ passage g^ Z= concentration LO_e.

1)
Reading : "^@ passage x, thorough Q K^"e. ^x general idea Uq\ `H"e.
XHi Kkq#_ full meaning x grasp KH` =m =m K^"e. Kkq# Hn J~==`
LO@Ok. passage L# main subject Uq\? ^xx QiOz U qÔQ explain K|_Ok? J<k
J~O H"e.
2.
Precis ~# `~ "` ^x HH heading \e. Passage L# main subject H J#Q}OQ
LO_ title x \e. Jk XH word H=K. ^ XH phrase H=K ^ z# sentence J~# H=K.
Passage L# key sentence (topic sentence) =#H clue ~Ok. XHHC_ last sentence of
the passage _ subject x QiOz LO@Ok. Title suitable Q select K=O> summary of
the passage è#>.
3.
=~Hi reading ~z#@~` details `~. `~"` sentence by sentence, word
by word understand KH"e.
4.
XHHC_ U^< word H J~O è^#O> dictionary K `H"e. D qÔQ
detailed Q Kkq J~O KH"e.
5.
Passage U points J=~", Uq H" x~~} KQeQ iuH ==. J#=~"#q
q_z\e. Hx ~ qÔQ select K_O èH~# x H^. nxH K practice H"e.
( 93)
Srinivas Pabba
6.
=# ideas x z# notes Q prepare KH"e. JO>, subject, details "^# "\x
~e.
Writing :
7.
Z)
"^@ rough draft ~e. Precis ~_xH Hx limits L<~. Passage H z=~ precis
Zx words ~ z~. ^ =_= =O`H compress Ke.
a)
Precis =# own words < LO_e. J` O`Q LO__^. Continuity LO_e.
)
First attempt < success J=`=# H_^. "^\ draft =_= =O` HO> Z=Q
LO@Ok. ^xx =m XH\ , ~O_ ~ ~e. Rough draft x `~ Ke. Fair K iQ one
third length H =K@@ ~e.
E
S
I
R
_) D HOk POINTS Q~OKH"e.
i) Precis =# own words
LO_e.
ii) Precis connected Q LO_e.
iii) Complete and self contained Q LO_e.
iv) Precis L# main idea x express Ke.
v) Adjectives, figures of speech, unnecessary words "^#q remove Ke.

vi) Precis simple Q#, direct Q#, idiomatic Q#, grammar mistakes O_
W)
Z)
l)
Compress K
LO_e.
~_O Z?
i) Passage ideas U order L< compress K#
^x J^ order follow J=#H~ ^ .
ii) Clear Q LO_e, brief Q LO_e.
iii) Original passage L#q f "_O H^. Summary x compress K ~e.
Precis ZC_ indirect speech < LO_e.
i) Proper names < `~KQ "_e.
ii) Adverb x other words x correct Q use Ke.
Draft `~ K# `~"` revise Ke.
i) important points x miss K_^.
ii) Spelling mistakes, grammar, idiom, punctuations mistakes LO> "\x iKe.
iii) z=~Q ^xx fair copy Ke.
iv) =Oz heading LO_=#.
Example :
I.
There are also many discoveries of science which have brought unhappiness into the
world. That is not because the discoveries are bad but because men are using them badly.
For example, consider the discovery of gun powder and of other explosives, each more powerful than the previous one discovered. In ancient times men could wound and kill each other
with stones, arrows and swords or spears. Even in the great battles of olden times the armies
on both sides usually consisted only of a few thousands of men. So the number wounded and
killed in the wars of those times was not very great. But the invention of fire-arms and high
explosives causes a great damage. A modern machine gun, worked by a single man can
wound and kill hundreds of people in a few minutes. One modern bomb can kill thousands. it
is said that the latest type of atomic bomb could kill hundreds of people immediately, if it is
dropped on a big city.
(173 words)
( 94)
Srinivas Pabba
PRECIS
Ans : Some scientific discoveries brought about un happiness to the world. They are being
used badly. The gun powder is an example to this. In olden times only a few thousands were
wounded in battles. But the invention of gun powder and other explosives has caused a great
damage. The atom bomb can kill hundreds of thousands of people immediately, if it is dropped
on a big city.
(58 words)
II.
Let us think for a moment how we have learnt everything we now know. How do we
enjoy the company of our friends and the beauties of the world around us ? Surely, it is by
means of our eyes, our ears and our tongues.
If we were blind, we could see nothing of the beauty around us, but we could hear and
takl to our friends and be taught the meanings of things through our fingers and our ears. If we
were deaf, we could still see the wonderful world of nature.
E
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But if we were both blind and deaf from babyhood, how could any idea or any knowledge
of the world creep into our minds. It would seem quite impossible to educate a child who could
neither see nor hear nor speak.
Yet there are such children in the world. Children who can have no idea of the world
around them except the little that they can gain by their sences of touch, taste and smell. Their
plight is pitiable indeed and upto a hundred years ago, it was absolutely hopeless. Today, however, a new world of knowledge and happiness has been opened for them.
(211 words)
PRECIS :
Ans : We are able to know things, see them and enjoy them by means of our eyes, ears and
tongue, It is impossible to educate a child who is both blind and deaf. But arrangements are now
made to teach blind and deaf by the sences of touch, taste and smell. So their life is now made
happy as they are able to get some knowledge of the would around them.
Helping verbs (Auxilary verbs) Wq 24 H H
g\x LyOz Yes/No =^#OQ =K # J_Q=K

am = L<#.
L#k,L<_
are = L#q,L<~
was = LO_#, LO\x
were = LO_i, LO_#
have = HeyO_@
has = HeyLO_@
had = HeyLO_#
is =
do = K
@
could = Q#
does = K
@
may =
did = K#
shall = Q#
should = Q# (`H)
will = Q#
would = Q#
can = Q#
( 95)
H=K, H
might = J~ LO_=K
must = ` xi ,
ought to = ^ _ O_
need = J=~=

used to = Q`HO J"@
dare = ^~
OQ
Srinivas Pabba
^q_ x=i\-O
KARNATAKA STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY - MYSORE
M.A. All Subjects. M.Sc.All Subjects.

M.Com., MSW,
M.B.A.,B.Li.Sc.,M.Li.Sc., MCJ,
B.A., B.Com.,B.Sc.,BBM.
Diploma, B.Tech., M. Tech.
E
S
I
R
.K. KO^Y~
SRI KALKI EDUCA

TION
AL SOCIETY
EDUCATION
TIONAL
Geetha Bhavan Chowrasta, KARIMNAGAR, Cell: 94943 57266
Srirama Chowrasta, JAGTIAL, Cell : 08724-230666, 92982 59856
98491 82187
08724-228187
08724-223117
Cell
(O)
(R)
Z.S..,Z<.Z..,() U[O\
z#"` ^ ~R~ J"~ Q`.
P : _II H+=i Qi HxH H#, ~O|*~, [y`, lII HsO#Q~.
( 96)
Srinivas Pabba

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Srinus Rise Publications

TET / DSC English Series-1

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TET / DSC English Series-1

PO^^ x Jx l #O_ l "iQ, _q[# "iQ, =O_ "iQ

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TET / DSC English Series-1

ENGLISH CONTENT SYLLABUS: PAPER I & II

4) Active voice and passive voice

4) Active voice and passive voice

5) Direct and Indirect speech

5) Direct and Indirect speech

Types of sentences compound

6) Simple Complex, sentence

6) Simple, Compound, Complex sentences

8) Questions & Question tags

8) Questions and Question tags

10) Use of phrases

10) Phrases - Use of phrases

Composition - Letter writing and

Vocabulary - 13. Antonyms, Synonyms and

15) Verbs - Main and Auxiliary

16) Adverbs - Types of Adverbs

17) Conjunction - Co ordinating

Srinus Rise Publications

TET / DSC English Series-1

Srinus Rise Publications

TET / DSC English Series-1

Active & Passive Voice

Direct & Indirect Speech

Simple, Compound, Complex

Phrasal Verbs, Meanings

Finite-Non Finite Verbs

Adverb & Kinds of Adverbs

Conjunction, Kinds of Conjunctions

Srinus Rise Publications

TET / DSC English Series-1

1) XH singular countable noun LK~}# `Q " ^x "^\ JH~O

Ex: 1) An umbrella, 2) An englishman,

5) an old man, 6) a union,

2) D HOk ^ =# 'H' # H~. g\ H silent Q LO@Ok. H=# g\ =O^ 'an' "_e.

4) Raju is taking a bath now.

=O^ "a" =`" =Ok.

6) Few (^^Q #@), Little =O^, Hx J< J~O 'a' "_`~.

Ex: They have a few friends in the USA

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TET / DSC English Series-1

Ex: 1) Look at the black board.

Srinus Rise Publications

TET / DSC English Series-1

21) @, x=, OH, =lO ~=O^ the =Ok.

22) Office, Radio, Cinema J< ^ =O^ Z_< the =Ok.

The 'k / '^

1) <C ~ =O^ Article ~^ Hh Headache =O^ =`" 'a' =Ok.

Ex: 1) Rani is suffering from backpain

Ex: They arranged a dinner for them

z "\ "^\ noun =O^ =`" Article

Ex: Tagore is a poet, a painter, a philosopher (w)

Ex: 1) Geethanjali school

Srinus Rise Publications

TET / DSC English Series-1

Ex: 1) Gold is very costley

WOw+ Hx ^ Z_ Singular Q<