CHAPTER 4 : CHEMICAL COMPOMSOTION OF THE CELL

Objectives 1. Which of the following shows the structure of a polysaccharide? [ C ]

2. How many basic units are required to form the DNA molecule as shown in the diagram . [ B ]

A. B. C. D.

3 6 9 18

3. The diagram show a basic unit of chemical compound in a living cell.

Which chemical compound has the unit shown above [ D ] A. Lipid B. Protein C. Lactic acid D. Nucleic acid 4. Which of the following are true about saturated fats? [ C ] I. Low content of cholesterol II. Solid form at room temperature III. Maximum content of hydrogen atoms IV. At least one double bond between the carbon atoms A. I and IV only B. II and III only C. I, II and III only D. II, III and IV only 5. Diagram shows the action of an enzyme

Substrate

Enzyme Diagram

Enzyme

Product

What is shown by the diagram? [ B ] A. B. C. D. Enzyme is a protein Enzyme and substrate are specific Enzyme is denatured by temperature Enzyme speeds up the biochemical reaction

Subjectives 1. Diagram 1 shows the synthesis and secretion of an enzyme in an animal cell.

Diagram 1 a) Name the parts labelled P and R. P : Golgi apparatus R: vesicle // lysosomes b) State the function of organelle S. Site of (cellular) respiration // To produce ATP. c) Explain the role of organelle Q in the synthesis of an enzyme. (Nucleus / DNA) carries genetic information (for protein synyhesis). Ribosome synthesis the protein. Diagram 1.2 shows the structure of an enzyme and three substrates W, X and Y.

[2 marks]

[1 mark]

[2 marks]

Diagram 1.2

d) i) Based on Diagram 2.2, choose the correct substrate and complete the schematic diagram to show the mechanism of enzyme action on the substrate.

 Suitable substances : Y Complete drawing

[2 marks]

ii) State two characteristics of the enzyme, which are illustrated in (d)(i). The reaction of enzyme are highly specific // One enzyme only for one substrate. Enzyme reactions are reversible. Enzymes are not destroyed in the reaction. (Any 2)

[2 marks]

e) A child with high fever has body temperature of 41C. Explain the effect on the process of digestion in his digestive system. Reaction of enzyme decreases. The active sites change. Enzymes could not bind with substrates. Digestion becomes slow. (Any 3)

[3 marks]

Essay question
1. Describe briefly the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins. State the importance of these structures which are related to the properties of protein. Answer: (a) Primary structure: - sequences of amino acid in the polypeptide chain - polypeptide chain consists of amino/ N-terminal and carboxyl/ C-terminal - numbering of sequence starts from N-terminal - the amino acids are linked by peptide bonds - total amino acids/ R-group/ side chain/ functional group determine protein to be basic, acidic or neutral/ soluble/ insoluble Secondary structure: - depends on hydrogen bonds - produces -helix and -pleated structures - -helix give high elasticity/ cylindrical structure/ coiled in the helical structure - -pleated is for padding and cushion - both structures may be present in a protein Tertiary structure: - depends on disulfide bridge/ bonds - hydrophobic interaction/ bond, ionic bond and van der waals effect - forming globular structure/ protein conformation/ folding - 3-dimensional structure gives/ determines biological activity - protein denaturation occurs when tertiary structure is broken/ destroyed