A Seminar Report

on

GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER

Course Code

EEE-652
Submitted to

V.SOAMI SARAN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGNIEERING

Author

STUTI SINGH, EE 3rd yr 0800121095 Anand Engineering College

Keetham, Agra

CONTENT 1. Abstract 2. Gas insulated transformer 2.1. Introduction 2.2. History 2.3. Realization of gas insulated transformer 2.4. Features of gas insulated transformer 3. SF6 Gas insulated transformer 3.1. SF6 An overview 4. Gas insulated substation 4.1. The actual layout 4.2. Layout example of gas insulated substation 5. Internal structure 6. Advantage of gas insulated transformer 7. Standard capacity application of range 8. Cooling apparatus 8.1. Cooling type 9. Technical data- SF6 10.Applications of SF6 gas insulated transformer 11.Conclusions 12.References

1. Abstract
In 1960 the first gas insulated metal-enclosed switchgear went into service in the German 110 kV network. Today GIS technology is successfully used for voltages up to 800 kV. GIS is an attractive alternative to conventional air insulated substations (AIS) because of the increased availability, reliability and the reduced life cycle costs. This report discusses the following aspects of SF6 GIS: enclosures; circuit breakers; disconnectors and earthing switches; voltage and current transformers; connection modules; type testing. The high voltage GIS is highly reliable, three-phase encapsulated GIS equipment dedicated to 72.5 kV up to 145 kV applications. It can be assembled on site very quickly, and its compact and flexible design saves space as well as reduces civil work. Up to ratings of 170 kV, the three phases of GIS are generally in a common enclosure at higher voltages the phases are segregated. The encapsulation consists of nonmagnetic and corrosion-resistance cast aluminum or welded aluminum sheet. After general study and search this report represented the most aspects of GIS 145 kV Type respect to the Manufacturers Manual and International Standards.

2. Gas Insulated Transformer

2.1. Introduction:
A transformer is a device that transforms electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another electrical circuit through the medium of magnetic field and without a change in the frequency. Thus, transformer is an electromechanical energy conversion device. Transformer is the most widely used device in both low and high current circuits. Low power transformers are air cooled whereas large power transformers are immersed in oil for better cooling. In oil cooled transformers, the oil serves as a coolant and also as an insulating medium. In a gas insulated transformer, gas is used as an insulating as well as cooling agent. SF6 is an important gas used in these types of transformer. The main advantage of gas insulated transformers is that they are environment friendly in nature and can be recycled easily. These gases are non-flammable in nature and thus are able to remove firefighting equipment from the transformer room. And thus the liquid or oil purifying process is not used in the gas insulated transformers, the substation space is also minimized, gas abolishes the risk of oil leakage. Conventional substations requires, small installation size, protection against atmospheric pollution and moisture, noiseless operation, non-explosive and flame resistant, reduced maintenance, minimal radio interference, but totally enclosed substations using SF6 gas as insulation that are also known as GIS is now in widespread use in the electrical power industry .

2.2. History
Since the first delivery of SF6 gas-insulated transformers in 1967, TOSHIBA predicted immense future prospects for this type of transformer that utilizes the features of SF6 gas known for its non-flammability and coordinative ability with environmental conditions. Since then, coupled with incessantly continued research and development activities, TOSHIBA has accumulated abundant experience in delivering large-capacity gas-insulated transformers. SF6 gas-insulated transformers are characterized by their outstanding non-flammability, insulation effects and safety. Additionally, SF6 gasinsulated switchgear incorporates the most advanced SF6 gas application techniques.

Fully gas-insulated substations, adopting a combination of these transformers and switchgear, offer extra ease for safety assurance, accident prevention and ease of inspection/maintenance. Concurrently, substations of this type are ideal for applications involving the needs for prevention of environment pollution, or compactness of installation spaces. Such substations are expected to lead the future trend.

First gas insulated transformer supplied in Japan (66kV-3000kVA)

Medium or small capacity gas insulated transformer (154kV-68MVA)

Large capacity gas insulated transformer (275kV-300MVA)

2.3. Realization of gas insulated transformer:

Since heat capacity of SF6 gas is much smaller than that of insulating oil, the following measures are taken into account. 1. Raise the SF6 gas pressure to 0.5MPa. 2. Produce as large flow as possible by optimizing the layout of gas ducts in the windings. 3. Develop high capacity gas blower with high reliability. 4. Apply highly thermal-resistant insulating materials to raise the limit of winding temperature rises

2.4. FEATURES OF A GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER

1. Highly flame resistant and non explosive.

2. High resistance to moisture.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Reduced installation space. High reliability. Causes no pollution. Explosion proof tank. Easy inspection and maintenance work.

3. SF6 GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER

3.1. SF6-An overview:
SF6 is the main gas commercially used in gas insulated transformer. SF6 gas is used instead of conventional oil both as an insulating oil and as an cooling agent.
SF6 is Sulphur hexafluoride formed by chemical reaction of molten sulphur and

fluorine.
It is colourless, odourless, nonflammable, non-corrosive and chemically stable.

High dielectric strength. Quenches arc effectively and has excellent cooling properties. Good thermal conductivity and excellent thermal stability.
Its not poisonous and eco-friendly. It can be recycled.

Rising demand for electric power in large cities has encouraged large-scale substations to be tucked away underground in overpopulated urban areas, leading to strong demand for incombustible and non-explosive, large-capacity gas insulated transformers from the view point of accident prevention and compactness of equipment. In line with this requirement, several types of large capacity gas insulated transform. The gasforced cooling type was considered to be available for up to approximately 60MVA, while all other gas insulated transformer with higher ratings are liquid cooled. But the liquid cooling type has the disadvantage of a complex structure for liquid coolinger have been developed.

3.

GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION

4.1. THE ACTUAL LAYOUT

4.2. Layout example of gas insulated substation

Since gas insulated transformer does not need the conservator, the height of transformer room can be reduced. In addition, its non-flammability and non tankexplosion characteristics can remove the firefighting equipment from transformer room. As a result, gas insulated transformer, gas insulated shunt reactor and GIS control panels can be installed in the same room. With such arrangement, a fully SF6 gas insulated substation can be recognized.

SF6 gas-insulated transformers are characterized by their outstanding nonflammability, insulation effects and safety. Concurrently, substations of this type are ideal for applications involving the needs for prevention of environment pollution, or compactness of installation spaces. Such substations are expected to lead the future trend.

4. INTERNAL STRUCTURE

6. ADVANTAGE OF GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER

1. Non-flammability Gas insulated transformers, using incombustible SF6 gas as an insulating and cooling medium, enable to remove firefighting equipment from transformer room.

2. Tank-explosion Prevention Pressure tank enables to withstand the pressure rise in case of internal fault. 3. Compactness By directly coupling with gas-insulated switchgear, substation space can be minimized as the result of compact facilities. Thus it acquires less space area. 4. Easy installation Oil or liquid purifying process is not necessary in case of gas insulated transformer making the installation process easier.. 5. Easy inspection and maintenance work Only SF6 gas pressure shall be basically monitored during periodically inspection. 6. Environmentally Friendly The use of SF6 gas abolishes the risk of oil leakage. And also these gases can be recycled easily.

7.Standard capacity application range

1. Quality specification The following specifications are provided to ensure safe operation of gasinsulated transformers. 2. Withstand voltage during zero gas gauge pressure

No problem is caused by operation under normal operating voltage. 3. Permissible load under zero gas gauge pressure No problem is caused by 50% load continuous operation. 4. Permissible load under 1-series operation when 2-series coolers are provided No problem is caused by 75% load continuous operation.

8. COOLING APPARATUS
Employs a cooling medium in liquid phase such as a Refrigerant R113 otherwise known as Trifluorotrichloroethane or C2F3Cl3. Thus SF6 is used as a second cooling medium.

8.1. COOLING TYPE

High Voltage by b2

Relation between capacity and voltage Different types of cooling processes can be classified as: 1. Forced gas circulated natural-air cooled type 2. Forced gas circulated forced-air cooled type 3. Natural-cooled type

9. Technical Data - SF6

TABLE 9.1.

SF6 Industry Standards Component Sulfurhexafluoride (by wt.) Water (vol. %) Dew Point ASTM 2472 D IEC 376 99.8% 8 ppmv -62C 99.8% 15 ppmv -40C 1.0 ppmw ASG TYPICAL 99.9% 5 ppmv -65C 0.3 ppmw

Hydrolyzable Fluorides (HF) 0.3 ppmw Air (wt. %) Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4) (wt. %) 500 ppmw 500 ppmw

500 ppmw 200 ppmw 500 ppmw 200 ppmw

Water content, maximum dew point, 62C

SF6 Specifications Standard (Guaranteed Minimum Standards)

TABLE 9.2.

1. Mass Content of Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) (%) 2. Oxygen (O2)

99.95% <100 ppm vol.

3. Nitrogen (N2) 4. Water (H2O) 5. Hydrolyzable fluoride, expressed as HF 6. Carbon Tetrafluoride 7. Toxicity

<250 ppm vol. <5 ppm vol. <0.3 ppm vol. <100 ppm vol. None

10. APPLICATIONS OF SF6 GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER

Hospitals, underground shopping centers, substations where a high level of fire safety is required. Water treatment plants and hydroelectric power plants where waterways must be kept unpolluted. Thermal power plants, chemical plants, public works facilities etc where high reliability is required.

11.

CONCLUSION
Incessant research and continuous developments have made construction

of large capacity gas insulated transformer possible. With the eco-friendly aspects of SF6 gas and considering the huge advantages of the gas, long strides can be made in this regard to further utilize it and increase the efficiency of the transformer and making the power system more reliable and safer.

11.References
www.seminarprojects.com www.wikipedia.com
www.metering.com www.scribd.com