Trigonometric functions

Bridging course in mathematics

Lesson 5

Bridging course

Trigonometric functions

Lesson 5

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Outline

Angles Trigonometric functions symmetries formulas Trigonometric equations Triangle geometry

Bridging course

Trigonometric functions

Lesson 5

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Angles
Consider the two half-lines r , s emanating from a point O on the plane s (r , s) is an ordered pair counter-clockwise rotations O r is a convex angle is a concave angle

Special congurations
if r = s = = 0 if r s = = 90 if s = r = = ie, r and s are orthogonal 180

Bridging course

Trigonometric functions

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Radians
In the Cartesian frame system with origin 0 r = positive x -semi-axis C (0, R) = circle with centre 0 and radius R > 0 P = C (0, R) s AP = length of arc from A to P

C (0, R) P R 0 r A = (R, 0) = AP/R s

Measure in radians of the angle (r , s):

Basic angles
degrees radians 0 0 30
6

45
4

60
3

90
2

180

270
3 2

360 2

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Trigonometric functions

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Trigonometric functions : y = sin x

P C (0, 1) unit circle (R = 1) 0 P = (cos x , sin x ) x r

The sine function

dom(f ) = R, im(f ) = [1, 1] periodic T = 2 sin(0) = sin() = 0 sin
2

1
3 2

/2 /2 1 x

= 1 and sin

= 1

sin(x ) = sin(x ) (odd)

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Trigonometric functions

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Trigonometric functions : f (x) = cos x

P C (0, 1) unit circle (R = 1) 0 P = (cos x , sin x ) x r

The cosine function

dom(f ) = R, im(f ) = [1, 1] periodic T = 2 cos
2

1
3 2

= cos

=0

/2 1 /2

cos(0) = 1 and cos() = 1 cos(x ) = cos(x ) (even)

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Trigonometric functions

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Trigonometric functions : f (x) = tan x

P C (0, 1) unit circle (R = 1) 0 P = (cos x , sin x ) x r

The tangent function

y = tan x = sin x cos x
2

dom(f ) = R \ im(f ) = R periodic T = tan(0) = 0

+ k , k Z

/2 /2

tan(x ) = tan(x )
Bridging course

(odd)
Trigonometric functions Lesson 5 7 / 21

Fundamental identity
P C (0, 1) unit circle (R = 1) 0 P = (cos x, sin x) sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 x r

Basic angles and values

sin cos tan
6 6 6

= = =

1 2 3 2 3 3

sin cos tan

3 3 3

3 2

sin cos tan

4 4 4

= =

=1 2 = 3

2 2 2 2

=1

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Trigonometric functions

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Angles and symmetries I

P C (0, 1) unit circle (R = 1) 0 P = (cos x, sin x) P1 P1 = (cos(x + ), sin(x + )) = ( cos x, sin x) x r

shift
sin( + x) = sin(x) tan( + x) = tan(x) cos( + x) = cos(x)

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Trigonometric functions

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Angles and symmetries II

P C (0, 1) unit circle (R = 1) 0 P = (cos x, sin x) P1 P2 = (cos(2 x), sin(2 x)) = (cos x, sin x) x r

reection
sin(2 x) = sin(x) = sin(x) cos(2 x) = cos(x) = cos(x) tan(2 x) = tan(x) = tan(x)
Bridging course Trigonometric functions Lesson 5 10 / 21

Angles and symmetries III

C (0, 1) unit circle (R = 1) P3 P x 0 P = (cos x, sin x) r

P3 = (cos( x), sin( x)) = ( cos x, sin x)

reection 2

sin( x) = sin(x)

cos( x) = cos(x) tan( x) = tan(x)

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Trigonometric functions

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Angles and symmetries IV

P C (0, 1) unit circle (R = 1) P4 0 P = (cos x, sin x) + x , sin +x 2 2 x r

P4 = cos
shift 2

= ( sin x, cos x)

sin cos tan

2 +x 2 +x 2 +x

= cos x = cot x = sin x

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Trigonometric functions

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Angles and symmetries V

P C (0, 1) unit circle (R = 1) 0 P = (cos x, sin x) x , sin x 2 2 P5 r

P5 = cos
reection 4 sin x 2 cos x 2 tan 2 x
Bridging course

= (sin x, cos x)

= cos x = sin x = cot x

Trigonometric functions Lesson 5 13 / 21

Addition formulas
Addition
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + sin y cos x cos(x + y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y tan(x + y) = tan x + tan y 1 tan x tan y

Subtraction: write x y = x + (y ), use symmetries to get sin(x y ) = sin x cos y sin y cos x

Duplication: write 2x = x + x to get sin(2x ) = cos(2x ) =

2 sin x cos x cos2 x sin2 x

Lesson 5 14 / 21

Bridging course

Trigonometric functions

Addition formulas revisited

Product-to-sum sin x cos y sin x sin y cos x cos y = = =
1 2 (sin(x 1 2 (cos(x 1 2 (cos(x

+ y ) + sin(x y )) y ) cos(x + y )) + y ) + cos(x y ))

Sum-to-product sin x sin y cos x + cos y cos x cos y = = = 2 sin xy cos xy 2 2 2 cos x+y cos xy 2 2 2 sin x+y sin xy 2 2

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Trigonometric functions

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Basic equations I
Look for x R: sin(x) = c

if |c| > 1 = no solution if |c| 1 = innitely many solutions of the form , , + 2k 1 1 2 2 = , + 2k

2 1 2

1 1 2 3 x

c1 1 1 2 2 3 x

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Trigonometric functions

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Basic equations II
Look for x R: cos(x) = c

if |c| > 1 = no solution if |c| 1 = innitely many solutions of the form [0, ] , 1 + 2k 1 = 2 , + 2k
2 1 2

1 1 2 3 x

1 2 1 1 2 3 x

Bridging course

Trigonometric functions

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Linear equations in sin and cos

Given a, b, c, R, look for x R: Set t = sin(x), and solve in t and s s = cos(x) a sin(x) + b cos(x) = c

If ( s) are solutions, nd x R : t,

at + bs = c t 2 + s2 = 1 sin(x) = t cos(x) = s

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Trigonometric functions

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Homogeneous eqn.s of degree 2

Given a, b, c, R, look for x R : a sin2 (x ) + b cos2 (x ) + c sin(x ) cos(x ) = d

a=d a=d
d = d(cos2 (x ) + sin2 (x )) solve cos(x ) [( b d) cos x + c sin x ] = 0 (a d)t 2 + ct + (b d) = 0 nd solutions x R to tan(x ) = t t d = d(cos2 (x ) + sin2 (x )) divide by cos2 (x ) solve

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Trigonometric functions

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Trigonometric equations and inequalities

Broad indications
write all trigonometric functions using only sine and cosine express everything in terms of the same angle in absence of constant summands, factorize the equation examine the admissible values carefully, when performing algebraic operations such as dividing by a function sketch a picture interpret geometrically on the unit circle

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Properties of triangles
C b A c a B

Sine rule
a b c = = sin sin sin

Cosine rule
a2 = b2 + c 2 2bc cos b2 = a2 + c 2 2ac cos c 2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos

Case:

b = a sin = a cos c = a sin = a cos b = c tan c = b tan

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Trigonometric functions

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