Chapter 18 (an Formulation of suspensions---Microemulsions la ini) Questions: I. IDENTIFICATION 1-3. The materials used to produce flocculation in suspensions. 4.

It involves the change of emulsion type from o/w to w/o or vice versa. 5. This agent is frequently added in suspension to retard sedimentation of the flocs, like carboxymethylcellulose, Carbopol 934, Veegum, tragacanth, and bentonite. 6. This term refers to the relative volumes of water and oil in the emulsion. 7. It is seen to be a major factor in determining the rate of creaming. 8. Consist of large or swollen micelles containing the internal phase. 9.. The motion of the entire volume of emulsion in the field due to the exerted by the immersion objective on the cover glass, evaporation of the continuous phase, or convection currents resulting from the heating by the light source. 10. A dosage form that is thermodynamically unstable system consisting of at least two immiscible liquid phases, one of which is dispersed as globules (the dispersed phase) in the other liquid phase (the continuous phase), stabilized by the presence of an emulsifying agent. 11-13. The experimental problems involved in microscopic size determination. 14. The concentration of the internal phase above which the emulsifying agent cannot produce a stable emulsion of the desired type.

QUESTIONS I. Identification. Identify the following: __________ 1. An example of a rotational cone-and-plate viscometer. __________ 2. A type of cup-and-bob viscometer in which the cup is rotated. __________ 3. How many bob revolutions do we need before the time is recorded in the cup-and-bob viscometer? __________ 4. The vertical capillary tube. _______ & _______ 5 6. The two types of instruments used in the determination of rheologic properties. II. True or False. Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if it is WRONG. (2 points each)

II.

TRUE OR FALSE 1. The formation of a cake when the particles eventually settle is one of the disadvantages of flocculated system. 2. Breaking is irreversible, whereas creaming is a reversible process. 3. There is no universal theory of emulsification because emulsions can be prepared using several different types of emulsifying agents, each of which depends for its action on a different principle to achieve a stable product. 4. The preservative must be in an ionized state to penetrate the bacterial membrane. 5. The types of emulsion are water-in-water emulsion and oil-in-oil emulsion. 6. Most emulsions, except dilute ones, exhibit Newtonian flow. 7. Intravenously administered emulsions have found application as diagnostic agents in x-ray examinations. 8. A phase-volume ratio of 50:50 results in about the most stable emulsion. 9. The factor common to all three classes of emulsifying agent is the formation of a film. 10. The more viscous the external phase, the greater is the rate of creaming.

___ 1. Successful determination and evaluation of rheologic properties of any particular system depend on choosing the correct instrument method. ___ 2. Single-point instruments are capable of producing a complete rheogram for non-newtonian system. ___ 3. There are 4 types of cup-and-bob viscometer. ___ 4. There are 3 types of non-Newtonian systems. ___ 5. The bob is rotated in the Searle type of viscometer.

III. Problem-Solving. 1. (20-10) (a) The Ferranti-Shirley cone-plate viscometer was used to determine the viscosity of a newtonian oil at 30C. The torque reading, T, was found to be 120 at rpm of 55. The instrument constant, C, is 1.168 for a large cone used. Compute the viscosity. (b) An o/w mineral oil emulsion was found to show plastic flow when analyzed in the cone-plate viscometer. Calculate the plastic viscosity of the emulsion using the following data: torque, T = 110 at rpm = 200 and Tf = 25 at rpm = 0, C = 1.168. (c) Calculate the yield value f for the emulsion in part (b). The yield value is obtained by the use of the equation f = 0.122 Tf when the large cone is employed in the Ferranti-Shirley viscometer. (3 points each)

Answer key: 1-3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I. IDENTIFICATION Electrolytes, Surfactants, Polymers Phase inversion Suspending agent Phase-volume ratio Diameter of the globules Microemulsion Field flow Emulsion 11-13. Brownian motion, Creaming, Field flow. 14. Critical point II. TRUE OR FALSE 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. False 7. False 8. True 9. True 10. False

breakdown due to increasing shear rate. QUESTIONS: Ans. false I. Identification ___________3. Dilatant materials are often termed as shear-thickening systems. ___________1. The term which describe the flow of liquids and deformation of solids. Ans. true Ans. rheology ___________4. The viscosity of a pseudoplastic substances decreases with increasing rate of shear. ___________2. An expression of the resistance of a fluid to flow. Ans. true Ans. viscosity ___________5. Analogous to fluidity in Newtonian systems and its reciprocal is known as the ___________3. He was the first to study flow properties of liquids in a quantitative way. plastic viscosity. Ans. Newton Ans. true ___________4 -5. What are the two units of kinematic viscosity? ___________6. Plastic flow is associated with the presence of flocculated particles in concentrated Ans. Stroke(s) and centistroke(cs) suspensions. ___________6. The term used to describe the slope of the rheogram. Ans.true Ans. mobility ___________7. Kinematic viscosity is the absolute viscosity divided by the density of the liquid at ___________7. Typically exhibited by the polymers in the solution, in contrast to plastic systems, a specific temperature. which are composed of flocculated particles in suspension. Ans. true Ans. Pseudoplastic flow ___________8. The unit for viscosity is the poise. ___________8. Often termed as shear-thickening systems. Ans. true Ans. Dilatant materials ___________9. Centipoises is a term used to define the reciprocal of viscosity. ___________9. An isothermal and comparatively slow recovery , on standing of a material of a Ans. false consistency lost through shearing. __________10. Rate of shear should not be directly proportional to shearing stress. Ans. Thixotropy Ans. false __________10. A phenomenon in which a solid forms a gel more readily when gently shaken or III. Problem Solving otherwise sheared than when allowed to form the gel while the material is kept at rest. 1-5. The following data were collected when a sample of zinc oxide in liquid petrolatum was analyzed Ans. Rheopexy At 25 C in a Stormer viscometer : w= 1800 g , wf= 1420 g , v= 500 rpm(revolutions per min.), II. True or False Kv= 50. What is the plastic viscosity in poise of this sample? ___________1. Positive thixotropy represents an increase rather than a decrease in consistency on the down curve. Ans. false ___________2. The first approach used to estimate degree of thixotropy is to determine the structural