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STRUCTURE - extends from the nares to the openings into the pharynx - located between the roof of the mouth and the frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones
2. Pharynx
FUNCTION - serves as an entry passage of air - traps the debris from the air (filtering) - humidifies air by moisture from the mucous epithelium - warms air by blood flowing through the superficial capillary networks underlying the mucous epithelium (heating) - receives air from nasal cavity and receives air, food and drink from the oral cavity
a. Nasopharynx
- located behind the nose and above the soft palate - contains auditory tube and pharyngeal tonsils - located behind the mouth and below the nasopharynx - extends from the soft palate to the base of the tongue - located behind the larynx and extends from the base of tongue to the esophagus - located above the trachea, just below the throat at the base of the tongue to the esophagus - composed of several cartilages, vocal cords, glottis and epiglottis - extends from the larynx to the main bronchi - each extends to a lung - walls contain cartilaginous rings & covered with ciliated mucous lining - cone-shaped with its base resting on the diaphragm and its apex extending superiorly to a point about 2.5 cm above the clavicle - divide into smaller and respiratory bronchioles - has no cartilage
b. Oropharynx
- air passes through this to equalize air pressure between the atmosphere and the middle ears - helps defend the body against infection - used for breathing and swallowing
c. Laryngopharynx
- critical dividing point where solid foods and fluids are separated from air - regulates the passage of air into and out of the lower respiratory tract - primary source of sound production - prevents food from entering the trachea (aspiration) by closing over the glottis during swallowing - production of mucus which traps inhaled foreign particles - passageway of air from the trachea to the lungs
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Main Bronchi
6. Lungs
a. Bronchioles
b. Alveoli
- branch from
- principal organs of respiration - inflate with inspiration & deflate (but do not completely collapse) with expiration - communicate directly with clusters of alveoli - dependent on elastic recoil of the lung to remain open - do not participate in gas exchange - gas exchange between air
respiratory bronchioles & resemble a bunch of grapes - two types of cells form the alveolar wall: a. Type I Pneumocytes -- thin, squamous epithelial cells that form 90% of the alveolar surface b. Type II Pneumocytes -- round or cubeshaped secretory cells
- most gas exchange between alveolar air and blood takes place
- produces surfactant which makes it easier for the alveoli to expand during inspiration