In The Name Of

ALLAH,

The Most Beneficent,

The Most Merciful

Towards sustainable GREEN Ship
design
THE MAKING OF THE BEST ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
AND TECHNOLOGY FOR SHIPS

Presented by : Oladokun Sulaiman

University Technology Malaysia
 Presentation
Presentation navigation
navigation

• Introduction
• Environmental issues in ship design
– issue/problem
– human and environmental impacts
– Regulations buildup
– management options
• Environmental technology
• Ship design practice
• "It does not matter where on Earth you live, everyone
is utterly dependent on the existence of that lovely,
living saltwater soup. There’s plenty of water in the
universe without life, but nowhere is there life without
water. The living ocean drives planetary chemistry,
governs climate and weather, and otherwise provides
the cornerstone of the life-support system for all
creatures on our planet, from deep-sea starfish to
desert sagebrush. That’s why the ocean matters. If the
sea is sick, we’ll feel it. If it dies, we die. Our future
and the state of the oceans are one."
• Sea Change A Message of the Oceans
• Sylvia Earle, 1995.
•
Man,
Man, Technology
Technology and
and Environment
Environment

• Man
• Biosphere
• The techno sphere
• The ocean
• The port
 Main
Main treat
treat
• Freshwater supply and quality both surface and groundwater,
assessment of watersheds
• Risk and threats to human health due to collapse of ecosystem
health
• Pollution of the lower atmosphere due to combustion of fossil
fuels
and biomass burning
• Land/marine interaction (e.g., eutrophication)
• Environmental flashpoints/security; transboundary issues
• Nuclear waste issues
• Long-term and inter-annual climate change issues
• Habitat loss and forest fragmentation
• Endangered species and link with food security and economic
impacts
• Sanitation and waste due to urbanization
• Crosscutting issues of urbanization; i.e., related to megacities
• Quality of life (technologies to monitor, say, human health
impacts
from pollution in urban areas)
• Chemical and toxic substances
• Critical environmental zones; e.g., identification and early
warning of
problems like Aral Sea
 General
General impact
impact areas
areas
• The alteration and destruction of
• habitats and ecosystems;
• The effects of sewage on human health;
• Widespread and increasing
eutrophication;
• The decline of living resources, such as
fish stocks;
• Changes in sediment flows due to
hydrological changes;
• The impacts of climate change,
including rising sea levels (GESAMP,
2001b).
 High
High Probability
Probability and
and High-Impact
High-Impact Events
Events

• Loss of biodiversity
• Freshwater degradation
• Desertification and land degradation
• Deforestation and the unsustainable use of
forests
• Marine environment
• Resource degradation
• Damages due to disasters (the following
damages occur due to disasters):
• Loss of life, injury
• Destruction of property, resources and
heritage
• Disruption of supplies and services
• Cultural loss
• Environmental damages:
• Loss of biodiversity
• Depletion of natural resource bases
• Increased greenhouse gas emissions
• Constraints on meeting basic human needs of
adequate food, safe drinking water, energy, health
and security
 Global
Global climate
climate change
change

- Stratospheric ozone depletion

- Loss of biodiversity
- Freshwater degradation
- Desertification and land degradation
- Deforestation and the unsustainable
use of forests
- Marine environment and resource
degradation
- Persistent organic pollutants
 ENVIRONEMENTAL
ENVIRONEMENTAL ISSUES
ISSUES ASSOCIATED
ASSOCIATED WITH
WITH MARITIME
MARITIME
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITIES

• Sequel to the above we can deduce that these major effects

from ships environmental impacts are:
• Intentional and unintentional discharge (oil, garbage, antifouling
paint, air emission, on indigenous species from ballast water
• Environmental damage and pollution due to port activities
• Disturbance of marine environmental (collision and noise)
• Emission from scraping of ships at the end of their life cycle
• Risk associated with environmental issue n ship and in ship
designing is:

• Accidental risk – marine

accident that could result to oil
spills which then, end up
degrading our environment
GESAMP reported that 400-
300 thousands of oil entered
the world ocean (GEASMP,
1993), collision with marine
mammal, which then cause
propeller injuries
•Accidental-socio economic
impacts to marine ecology,
habitat, and coastal
infrastructures are affected
though operational activities
that result to oil spill, emission,
ballast water, garbage,
contamination, antifouling and
dredging activities.
 Impact
Impact -vessel,
-vessel, channel
channel and
and maneuverability-
maneuverability-

in the context of ship design the impacts areas are: Shipping

Trends, Channel Design Criteria, Ship Maneuverability,
Ship Controllability, and Use of Simulators in Channel
Studies. Since world II many nations built port but forget
about maintaining them while shipyard continues to build
larger ships. Physical dimension and ratio of ships to
channel has got impact in today’s ship controllability
design are:
• Ships’ increase ship beam expansion where as channel width
is not, Length/beam (L/B) ratio
• Radius of turns and turning areas-Radius of turns is directly
related to navigation safety and protection of the marine
environment, large rudder angles are needed to navigate small
radius turns Rudder size;
• Power/tonnage ratio;
• Minimum bare steerage speed; and Windage
 Marine
Marine risks
risks
Accidental risks Operational risk
areas
• Grounding OIL SPILLS CARGO &
• Stranding BUNKERING FUEL
Emmsion)Sox,Nox,CFC
• Loss of oil &VoC
• Hazardous cargo Antifouling toxins
Ballast water discharges
• Noxious liquid Noise
• collision with Watse disposal at sea
Dredging @dispersal of
marine mammals soil
 High
High Probability
Probability and
and Slow-Impact
Slow-Impact Events
Events

• Global climate change

• Stratospheric ozone depletion
• Persistent organic pollutants
 High
High Probability
Probability and
and High-Impact
High-Impact Events
Events

• Most of the environmental problems falling

into this category come through the cumulative
effects. Cumulative effects arise from a large
number of small human activities in a given
region or from disturbance in the environment
from a single repeated activity. Hence, a long-
term observing system and trend analysis needs
to be carried out for identification of emerging
issues.
• Environmental agencies need to play a leading
operational role in this type of long-term early
warning of significant environmental problems
which could result in environmental disasters or
potential conflicts requiring international action.
 Thrust
Thrust area
area for
for environmental
environmental agencies
agencies
• Foster communication between different groups
so people could talk intelligently
• Develop infrastructure of network, ideas, people,
and tools
• Revitalize and expand the international
freshwater monitoring programmed such as
GEMS/Water
• Enhance public education and information about
the priority issue of water
• Develop integrated framework for information for
linking physical and social system
• Identify new conventions and support existing
international conventions
• Develop methodologies for assessing carbon
stock; issues connected to carbon policing
• Direct implementation synthesizing, integrating
data from multiple sources establishing
international
 standards
standards international
international assessments
assessments

• Galvanize the scientific community

• - set up panel's)/collaborating scientists
- use existing scientific bodies and
research centers
- use global observing systems
- develop better links to scientific
associations
• Tap on informal sources of information
related to early warning
Agenda
Agenda 21-UN
21-UN agency
agency get
get serious
serious on
on water
water problem
problem and
and
environmental
environmental sustainability
sustainability

• The integrated management and sustainable

development of coastal areas, including exclusive
economic zones;
• Marine environmental protection;
• The sustainable use and conservation of living
marine resources of the high seas;
• The sustainable use and conservation of living
marine resources under national jurisdiction;
• The addressing of critical uncertainties for the
management of the marine environment and climate
change;
• The strengthening of regional and international
cooperation and coordination;
• The sustainable development of small islands
 Global
Global immersion
immersion -UN
-UN AGENCIES
AGENCIES

• Sharing of sensitive data among countries is a

growing problem
• Human capacity; i.e., ability to deal with issues at the
ground level is a serious challenge
• Addressing emerging environmental threats rather
than the implementation of operational systems as
other UN agencies have operational responsibility
• Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information
compilation, discussion, and dissemination
• Better climate forecasting models for El Nino
LEGAL
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTS AND
AND REGULATION
REGULATION CLUSTER-
CLUSTER-
UNEP
UNEP

• (Oil Spills Protocol) Protocol

Concerning Specially Protected Areas
and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) Protocol
Concerning
• Pollution from Land-based Sources and
Activities (LBS Protocol)
• Agenda 21
 ISSUES
ISSUES

Issues related to ship building , operations and

design
– air pollution – landbased water pollution
–dredge disposal and – landscaping/beautification
contaminated seds. – oil pollution
– endangered and – regulatory compliance
threatened species
– ship/port generated
– habitat
waste
– partnerships
 Pollution
Pollution Pressures-
Pressures- SHIPBOARD
SHIPBOARD

Direct Discharges
Direct discharges are defined here to include
releases from vessels, discharges of municipal and Indirect discharge
industrial wastewater via pipelines, and dumping One to two-thirds of pollutants contributing to
of waste materials, such as dredged material, into the degradation of coastal and marine waters are
ocean waters from indirect sources, and include sediments,
nutrients, pathogens, and toxic compounds.
Pollutants from agricultural and pasture lands
• Oil pollution include sediments, fertilizers, pesticides,
• Chemical pollution herbicides, and animal wastes which contain
• Harmful substances in bacteria and nutrients
package form
• Sewage
• Ballast water
• Garbage
• emission Accidental Releases
• Dumping of wastes liquid, Because industrialized society depends on petroleum
solid) products to maintain its accustomed standard of living,
large volumes of petroleum are transported each day in
the coastal and marine environment.. Spills and leaks
cause the formation of tar balls, oil slicks, and tar mats,
and can impact the micro-layer, the benthos, the coast,
and marine life.
 IMO
IMO get
get serious
serious -strategies
-strategies

• to address greenhouse gas emissions from

ships, with a view to adoption by the IMO
Assembly in late 2003;
• to address problems associated with the
transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in
ships' ballast water, with a view to adoption
of a final text at an IMO Diplomatic
Conference in 2004;
• to support the International Convention on
the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems
on Ships 2001, likely to enter into force
internationally within the next few years; and
• to address the ongoing implementation of
the International Convention on Oil Pollution
LEGAL
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTS AND
AND REGULATION
REGULATION CLUSTER
CLUSTER
-IMO
-IMO
• International convention for the prevention of
pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973, It covers
accidental and operational oil pollution as well as
pollution by chemicals, goods in packaged form,
sewage, garbage and air pollution I was modified
by the protocol on of 1978 relating thereto
(MARPOL 73/78), MARPOL cover:
• Annex I- oil
• Annex II-noxious liquid chemicals
• Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
• Annex III-sewage
• Annex IV- emission and air pollution (Sox, Nox
and green house gas, emission of ozone
depletion gas (ODG))
 IMO
IMO
• New coming annex to MARPOL –Talk is going on
passing new annex that will cover:
• Control and management of ballast water to
minimize
transfer of harmful foreign species
• Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling coating
0- phase out scheduled for 2008
• Marine environmental protection committee
(MEPC) –
IMO technical committee forming subcommittee
On specific issue to implement regulation towards
necessary mitigation
• International convention on oil pollution,
Response
and cooperation (OPRC)- 1990 – policy to
combating
major incidents or threats of state control to prevent
mitigates or eliminates danger marine pollution
through
port to its coastline from a maritime casualty. Annex
protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol)
covers
 Impacts
Impacts of
of non
non indigenous
indigenous species
species

The introduction of non-indigenous species often results in unexpected

ecological, economic, and social impacts to the coastal and marine
environment. Predation and competition by non-indigenous species has
resulted in the eradication of some native populations and the drastic
reduction of others, thereby altering local food webs. This process is
often compounded by the exploitation of commercial fish.
Overpopulation of some non-indigenous species has resulted in the
degradation and loss of wetland vegetation and other submerged
aquatic vegetation as a result of overgrazing .
Other impacts are

– the introduction of pathogens to coastal waters

– alteration of water tables
– modification of nutrient cycles or soil fertility
– increased erosion
– interference with navigation
– a reduction in sport and commercial fishing yields
– negative impacts on recreational boating and beach use
Feasibility
Feasibility of
of aa Global
Global Marine
Marine Assessment
Assessment

• At its 21st session in February 2001, the UNEP Governing

Council
(GC) adopted a decision to investigate the feasibility of a "Global
Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment“
• (UNEP GC Decision 21/13).During two subsequent
consultative
meetings, it was recognized that a global marine assessment
GMA)
was needed and feasible. The scope of an assessment process
was
outlined and it was agreed that GMA activities should include
socio-
economic considerations, together with the relevant work,
approaches and experience of national, regional and global
organizations.
• The global assessment component of the GMA process will
guide
the timing and facilitate the development of regional or thematic
assessments on specific issues.
These recommendations and other suggestions, including
institutional mechanisms and operational arrangements, will be
presented and discussed at the UNEP Governing Council in
February 2003.
• The first step in the GMA process will be to evaluate existing
• assessments of the state of the marine environment, and to
identify the scope, status and timing of forthcoming assessment
activities.
Marine
Marine causality
causality in
in straight
straight of
of malacca(1975-
malacca(1975-
1995)
1995)

Marine causality in straight of malaca(1975-1995) according

to age limit

•Source marine department , Malaysia

Marine
Marine causality
causality –– straight
straight of
of malacca
malacca
Collision
Collision statistics
statistics in
in the
the straight
straight Malacca
Malacca (1975-1995)
(1975-1995)
 Straight
Straight of
of Malacca
Malacca

Risk areas in the straight of Malacca Malaysia VTS radar coverage

12000
Cox
10000
NOx
8000
CHX
6000
HFC-134a
4000
HFC-227ea
2000 HFC-c-23a
0 CF
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Collision
Collision statistics
statistics in
in the
the straight
straight Malacca
Malacca (1975-
(1975-
1995)
1995)

Collision Contacts
 Impact-
Impact- Bio-diversification
Bio-diversification
• The Marine Species Population Index provides an
assessment of the average change over time in the
populations of 217 species of marine mammals, birds,
reptiles, and fish. The index represents the average
value of six regional ocean indices. More pronounced
declines are seen in the southern oceans, which is
attributed to the fact that major losses and degradation
of marine ecosystems in the industrialized world took
place prior to
1970.
• Marine species are generally more difficult to monitor
than terrestrial ones. Assessments are therefore based
primarily on fishery catches, and the monitoring of
land breeding species (e.g. turtles, birds and seals).
However, these species are over-represented in the
index, which should have a far greater proportion of
invertebrate species.
 IMO-
IMO- safety
safety is
is linked
linked to
to protection
protection

• the design limit for trim by the stern for a tanker is 0.015L in
accordance with Regulation 13 of MARPOL 73/78, Annex I. This
information, which is based on tests conducted in deepwater,
includes a turning circle diagram as well as tables showing time
and distance to stop the vessel from full and half-speed.
• IMO Resolution A601 (15), which was adopted in 1987,
contains recommendations for ensuring maneuvering
information is available on board ship.
• The 1995 Seafarers’ Training, Certification and Watch keeping
Code, Section A-VIII/2 part 3-1, and article 49 require the master
and pilot to “exchange information regarding navigation
procedures, local conditions and the ship’s characteristics.”
• A Marine Board study assessed the use of numerical simulation
technology to train mariners and concluded that while modeling
accuracy is sufficient for deep-water operations; modeling
requires refinement to provide the accuracy needed for shallow
and restricted water operations.
 Sustainability
Sustainability and
and maritime
maritime

MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD

CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING , EFFICIENCY
OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT ,
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT
MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT
GENERATION WITHOUT
COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF
FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
 Advantages
Advantages of
of maintaining
maintaining quality
quality
• Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal
and marine ecosystems20, commercial and recreational
fisheries,
and economic growth in coastal communities. It is also an
important means of providing natural protection against
rising sea
levels and storm damage. The health of coastal and marine
ecosystems is affected by water quality, and in turn, water
qualit
is dependent upon ecosystem health. If one is impaired, the
other is threatened. Despite their value and the programs
designed to protect them, many coastal waters are being
degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this , other
advantages are :
• Compliance with all applicable environmental laws and
regulations;
• No significant adverse environmental impacts;
• Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent
practicable;
• No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for
waste off-load and disposal;
• Minimal energy consumption;
 Regulation
Regulation build
build -- up
up

– innovation/uncommon – significance and breadth

– transferable of benefits
– response to EPA or – effectiveness and results
government initiative – acknowledgement by
– degree of complexity others
– port size and capacity – regulatory approvals
– importance of problem
MARITIME
MARITIME INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL

Advantage of marine transportation

• THE MOST COST EFFECTIVE
• CLEAN
• FUEL EFFICIENT
• SAFETS WAY TO TRANSPORT CARGO

Marine Pollution I •Habitat Destruction (overview)

Oil Pollution •Loss of Wetlands
•Tourism and Recreation
Toxic •Deforestation
Contaminants •Fresh Water Alterations
Marine Debris •Fishing Issues (overview)
Impacts ` •Over fishing
Mining and
•Ecosystem Changes
Dumping •Bombs, Poison, Scrapes
Marine Pollution II •By catch
Nonpoint Pollution •Global Change Climate Change
•Ozone Depletion
Sewage •Coastal Development
Alien Species •Population
Watershed
Issues
 AIR
AIR QUALITY
QUALITY

• Low exhaust emission diesel engine

achieves a 25% reduction in air
emissions
• Expected to result in reduced
maintenance, better engine performance,
and decreased fuel consumption
• Hull of boat was coated with a Teflon-
based coat that contains no toxic
chemicals
 Navigation
Navigation Improvement
Improvement

• Surface sediments contaminated with

metals, PAHs, PCB, and other organics
• Channels were over-dredged by 20 ft.
• Contaminated material was placed on
barge and deposited into over-dredged
in-channel disposal cells and covered
with 3 ft. clean material
• All clean material desposited in Mass
Ba Disposal Site
 MITIGATION
MITIGATION
• Shipboard and waste emission outline –
treatment and elimination - Pollution
Prevention (P2) or Pollution Control-this is
backbone of the thrust in achieving clean
ship. Pollution Prevention Use fewer
environmentally harmful substances and
generate less waste on board. Pollution
Control: Increase treatment, processing, or
destruction of wastes on board.
• The basic P2 principles follow:
• Eliminating the use of environmentally
harmful chemicals, such as ozone-depleting
substance (ODSs), toxic antifoulant hull
coatings, and other hazardous materials, may
be the best approach for some potential
problems.
 Mitigation
SHIP COLISION
Air
Air emission
emission CONTROL
Most accident are attributed
• Sulfur reduction in to a flagrant controllability
bunker fuel problem and the remain the
• Nitrogen reduction
to choice of classic impetus necessary to
propulsion system make improvements to safety
• On board
Cataleptics system and environmental
like charlatanic protection, and we e need to
converter, water
injection, emulsion do more to ensure adequate
• Operationally sped vessel maneuverability
reduction and use of
shore power perhaps better matching of
connection has been
implemented vessel, channel, and
operational practices.
 ship
ship demolition
demolition

• Converted 2 former landfills in

Southeast Chicago to 458-acre
Harborside International Golf Center
• Used locally available material to shape
the terrain and clever soil mixing to
optimize soil chemistry
• Water from adjacent lake used for
irrigation
• Concrete found on the site was recycled
Mitigation
ANTIFOULING
ANTIFOULING
TOXINS
TOXINS
»
• Toxic approach uses other
metals such copper and zinc,
or agrochemicals e.g.
triazines
• Fouling release approach use
physical properties of low
surface energy coating cause
the very weak attachment of
fouling organisms. E.g.
silicone based coating
• Fouling deterrence –marine
organism not know for fouling
like corals are use
• Mobile hull cleaning is also
being use operationally
BALLLAST WATER
DISCHARGES
• On board treatment –
chemical
(chlorination), physical
treatment (Ultra violet
light, heat treatment),
filtration and cyclonic
separation, shore
base treatment is
sometime being used
but not common.
• Operational mitigation
based on information
of biological difference
between coastal
ocean water where
ballast and ballasting
is done accordingly.
 Mitigation
Mitigation
NOISE

• Ship maneuverability as major iterative element of design spiral-ship

maneuverability is not considered particularly important during the design
process, because Owners generally do not include maneuverability
requirements as part of the design specification; Firm deep- and
shallow/restricted-water maneuvering standards that can be applied during
the design process should be established.
• Modeling and simulation -Collection of data using dual frequency DGPS
receivers and proper analysis needs to be supported to enable unlocking our
understanding of restricted water operations.
 Beneficial
Beneficial disposal
disposal of
of dredge
dredge materials
materials

• Dredge material processing plant

• Man made highland
• Thorough hydraulic test
• Risk and cost benefit analysis for best
option
Technology
Technology
 environmental
environmental technology
technology update
update

• Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air-Conditioning Plant

Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been
successfully converted to the ozone-friendly refrigerant HFC-
236fa conversion kit has been established by NSWCCD.
• Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the
large pulper) is the machine into which you dump tremendous
quantities of paper, cardboard, or food waste. The waste mixes
with seawater to form slurry, which is then discharged
overboard. Studies show an immediate 100,000-to-1 dilution
when discharged into the wake of a ship. Ships equipped with a
pulper can dispose of their paper, cardboard, and food waste
just about anywhere and at anytime—at sea including MARPOL
areas.
• Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers: Many bilge
cleaners the Navy uses today contain long-lasting emulsifying
agents, which produce stable oil-in-water emulsions that
shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process.
 Recent
Recent development
development in
in coalition
coalition control
control work
work

• A number of promising developments that exist today are:

• Kutsuro Kijima [29] showed a modeling approach that permitted
analysis of passing situations that would help set procedural
standards for safe passing.
• IanDand [5] reported on the development of models for
shipsquat that have shown very good accuracy over the years.
• Larry Daggett [30] described the advent of dual frequency
DGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale ship trial
data. In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracy of the
normalDGPS receiver, these receivers provide vertical location
with an accuracy measured in centimeters.
 SHIP
SHIP DESIGN
DESIGN for
for safety
safety and
and environmental
environmental
protection
protection

• IMO approved circular MSC/Circ.389 in 1985 establish

interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability –
Rudder size and effectiveness, Ability to transit at
slow forward speed, Propulsion and propeller
characteristics, Number of available engine reversals,
Adequate horsepower for control, Extra reserve rudder
angle needed to allow for ship crabbing from wind forces
or moored ship suction, Visibility from bridge and bridge
arrangement, Hull form squat (trim and sink age)
characteristics and effect of bank forces on moorings and
passing ships, Air draft, Emergency anchoring ability,
Amount of tow line leads and line access.
 Environmental
Environmental Risk
Risk

• RISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure

(an
• estimate on probability that certain
toxicity
• will be realized)
UNCERTAINTY
UNCERTAINTY
 Acceptability
Acceptability of
of Risk
Risk

For example:
• Use of X rays has a high AQ (High
benefit, low
• risk)
• Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ
(Small benefit,
• high risk)
• Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No
benefit,
 Risk
Risk Management
Management

• Risk management is the evaluation of

alternative risk reduction measures and
the
implementation of those that appear cost
effective
• IT MUST BE REMEMBERED THAT:
• Zero discharge = zero risk, but the
challenge
is to bring the risk to acceptable level
 Cost
Cost Benefit
Benefit Analysis
Analysis (CBA)
(CBA)

• CBA estimates and totals up the

equivalent
money value of the benefits and cost to
the
community of projects to demonstrate
that
the project is worthwhile
• Common unit of measurement ($) for
both
 CBA
CBA

Cost Benefit Analysis Cost Benefit Analysis:

Maximizing both economic Maximizing both economic
return and environmental return and environmental
protection
• "... [M]an’s fingerprint is found everywhere in the
oceans. Chemical contamination and litter can be
observed from the poles to the tropics and from
beaches to abyssal depths...But conditions in the
marine environment vary widely. The open sea is still
relatively clean...In contrast to the open ocean, the
margins of the sea are affected by man almost
everywhere, and encroachment on coastal areas
continues worldwide...If unchecked, this trend will lead
to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of
the marine environment."
• The State of the Marine Environment, 1989;
• Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine
Poll
Port of Houston:Balast
Oyster and
Balast and HABITAT
HABITAT
Reef Construction invation
invation

• Reef construction used coal combustion

by-products as cultch material
• More cost effective than using natural
oyster shell cultch
• Found also to be extremely biologically
productive substrate producing market-
sized oysters in less than 8 months
• Within 2 years, the habitat was
representati e of a reef clima
Port of San Diego: Heavy
CONTAMINATED
CONTAMINATED
Metal Treatment Alternative
SEDIMENTS
SEDIMENTS

• Developed onsite system to treat copper

contaminated marine sediments
• Pilot study dredged, treated, and
disposed of 100 tons of contaminated
sediment
• Full-scale project cleaned up 21,000
cubic yards of contaminated sediment
• Saved $1.5 million in cleanup costs over
 Towards sustainable GREEN Ship design
•THE MAKING OF THE BEST ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
•AND TECHNOLOGY FOR SHIPS

Thank

Peace and God bless