OLADOKUN SULAIMAN

SUSTAINABLE MAINTENACE OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL

ABSTRACT

Maritime industry is the cradle of all modes of transportation where port are
and ship are necessary to facilitate trading through marine transportation, and
recent time has proved that the are is continuous growth or need for larger and
sophisticated ship through increasing shipping activities and this has lead to
design and production of sophisticated state of art safety oriented marine
vehicle in term of size, speed and structure, albeit, the rate at of growth of ship
is out of phase with the condition of navigation channel, the channel due to
environmental pressure is subjects misplacement of allowance required to keep
the channel save to receive larger target vessel . Chanel operators rarely have a
simplified system to monitor and exercise balance for safe reception and
navigation of large ship in inland water which are always considered as
restricted water , due to exposure to accident that could to environmental
catastrophe . this project seek to apply various model to Port Tajun Pelapas
(PTP), wish thrust to deduce simplified model that will provide insight for port
operator for on sustainable way to maintain the channel .
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE

TITLE i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES viii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background
1.1.1 Shipping trend 2
1.1.2 The case 3
1.2 Objective of Study 2
1.3 Scope of Study
1.4 Chapters navigation
1.5 Expected outcome 2
1.6 Planning / execution 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 12

2.1 Overview 12
2.2 Navigation requirement 14
2.3 Present treat 16
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2.4 Pollution sources and impacts in port 18

2.4.1 Potential impacts 19
2.5 Channel Dimensioning 20
2.5.1 Vessel Requirement 21
2.5.2 Channel Requirement 26
2.6 Channel Maintenance 36
2.7 Dredgers vessels 41
2.8 Dredged materials 44
2.9 Sustainability 45
2.9.1 Legal Framework 51
2.5.2 Concept of uncertainty 52
2.5.2 Concept of risk assessment 54

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY 58

3.1 Overview 58
3.2 Application- maintaining the channel 61
3.3 Case Background 63
3.4 Previous Dredging work 65
3.5 Method 69
3.5.1 Method – Navigation Requirement 72
3.5.2 Method – Maintenance Dredging 73
3.6 Method Analysis 73

CHAPTER 4 The case – Channel Maintenance application 81

4.1 Pressure- Demand 81

4.2 State- Channel dimensioning 83
4.2.1 Vessel Requiring 83
4.2.2 Water Level and Depth of the water 84
4.23 Standards for Depth Calculation 86
4.24 Preliminary design guideline 88
4.3 State – Channel Depth Allowance 89
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4.3.1 Target Vessels Static Draft 89

4.3.2 Squat 90
4.3.3 Depth allowance for exposure 92
4.3.4 Fresh Water Adjustment 92
4.3.5 Bottom Material Allowance 92
4.3.6 Manoeuvring Margin 93
4.3.7 Over depth allowance 93
4.3.8 Depth Transition 93
4.3.9 Channel Bottom 92
4.3.10 Night tie transition and fog effects 94
4.3.11 Vessel speed 95
4.3.12 Shallow water effects 95
4.3.14 Dredging Tolerance 95
4.3.15 Dredging Tolerance 95
4.4 Other allowance 98
4.4.1 Side slope 98
4.4.2 Bends 99
4.4.3 Width 100
4.4.4 Bridge Clearance 101
4.5 Channel Maintenance 101
4.5.1 PTP Current Channel data’s 101
4.5.2 Total Depth Calculation 102
4.6 Channel Maintenance 104
4.6.1 Hydrographical work 104
4.6.2 Output capacity estimation 106
4.6.3 Volume calculation 108
4.7 Dredger selection 104
4.8 Costing 104
4.9 Optimization 118
4.10 EIA and Dredge disposal 118
4.10.1 Impact levels 119
4.10.2 EIA data standards 120
4.10.3 PTP EIA 121
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CHAPTER 5 SUSTAINABILITY 122

5.1 Overview 122

5.2 Demand and need for Dredging 123
5.3 Environmental sustainability 123
5.4 Economics sustainability 124
5.5 Ecological sustainability 125
5.6 Navigation sustainability 128
5.7 Environmental Impact 133
5.8 Dredge Contaminants 134
5.9 Nature of Organic Pollutants 135
5.10 Risk of Pollution 136
5.11 Regulation and poly regime 138
5.12 Environmental Mitigation and Remediation 139
5.13 Mitigation through Dredging Technology 142
5.14 Sustainable risk assessment 138
5.14.1 Hazard and Risk 145
5.14.2 Risk Benefit Cost Analysis 146
5.15 Concept of uncertainty 150

90

CHAPTER 7 Discussion 155

7.1 Economic of large scale- Vessel and Channel 155

7.2 Channel Maintenance 156
7.3 Concept of sustainability 157
7.4 Recommendation 163

CHAPTER 8 Conclusion 167

8.1 Way forward 170

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List of Figure

Figure 1.1 Project Flowchart 93

1.2 Project Timeline 94

2.1 Benefit of sea to mankind 15

2.2 Growing size of vessels 13
2.3 Straight of Malacca Channel 16
2.4 Risk in the straight of Malacca 17
2.5 Global sediment loading 18
2.6 Causes of coastal environmental degradation 20
2.7 Vessel Description 21
2.8 Vessel block coefficient l 23
2.9 Channel Cross section 27
2.10 Effect of wave on ship motion 28
2.11 vessel motion in wave 29
2.12 Channel definition 32
2.13 Shoaling 37
2.14 Hydrography measurement 38
2.15 Hydraulic cutter edger dredger 42
2.16 Hopper dredger 43
2.17 air lift pump 23
2.18 Importance of ocean 45
2.19 Coastline under treat 48

3.1 PTP 64
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3.2 PTP channel initial work 58

3.3 Method at a glance 71
3.4 Components of method stages 72
3.5 Navigation parameter 72
3.6 Navigation depth parameter 73
3.7 Maintenance dredging method 74
3.8 Sustainability method 23
3.9 Economics evaluation method 74
3.10 Frame work for cost risk benefit assessment 75
3.11 Squat calculation example 76
3.12 Maintenance operations 80

4.1 Demand 81
4.2 Fairway analysis 82
4.3 Hourly cost of ship 82
5.4 Estimated time saving due to deepening 83
4.5 Trends in ship calling port 84
4.6 Vessel /Channel depth allowance 85
4.7 Squat 90
4.8 Squat calculation 91
4.9 Seabed sediment site characteristics 98
4.10 Dredgers working at PTP 104
4.11 Pre dredge survey 105
4.12 Post dredge survey 105
4.13 Bathymetry 106
4.18 Volume calculation 109
4.14 Dredger vessel types 114
4.17 Dredgers vessel particulars 114
4.19 quantity calculation 115
4.20 payment allowance 116
4.21 Dredge disposal 118

5.1 Ecology 126

5.2 PTP existing vegetation 127
5.3 Ecology chart datum 129
5.4 Bio diversification 145
5.6 Risk 147
5.7 framework for risk assessment 147
4.8 PTP existing drainage 153
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List of tables

Table 2.1 Safety Clearance 31

3.1 Baseline data 77

4.1 Japanese standard 86

4.2 Depth availability 87

4.3 Squat calculation 91

4.4 Additional depth for exposure 92
4.5 Additional depth for bottom material 94
4.6 Additional depth for T/D 94
4.7 Additional width for bottom material 94
4.8 Side slope 98
4. 9 Radius 102

4.5 Transition 100

4.6 Environmental criteria 102
4.7 Channel depth calculation 102
4.8 Output calculation 107
4. 9 Dredger selection 113
4. 9 cost 117
4.10 EIA 120

5.1 Dredge disposal 31

5.1 Risk matrix 31