Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ANNONA
2006
Copies of this handbook including a monograph on this species can be obtained by writing to the address below: Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops School of Civil Engineering and the Environment or University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom International Centre for Underutilised Crops International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 127, Sunil Mawatha Pelawatte Battaramulla Sri Lanka
ISBN: 0854328165 Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops (ICUC), 2006 Printed at RPM Print and Design, Chichester, England, UK Citation: SCUC (2006), Annona: Annona cherimola, A. muricata, A. reticulata, A. senegalensis and A. squamosa, Field Manual for Extension Workers and Farmers, Unitversity of Southampton, Southampton, UK . This manual was originally prepared by Dr A.C. de Q.Pinto and has been restructured to conform to an agreed format, by D. Jackson. Drawings by L. Jackson.
CONTENTS PART I
PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................... I 1. INTRODUCTION - THE ANNONAS ............................................................................................................1 2. WHY GROW ANNONA TREES?..................................................................................................................1 2.1 NUTRITIONAL VALUE ................................................................................................................................1 2.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC VALUE ......................................................................................................................... 2 2.3 MEDICINAL USE ...................................................................................................................................... 2 2.4 INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS ............................................................................................................................ 2 3. WHERE TO GROW ANNONA TREES ........................................................................................................ 3 4. WHAT TO GROW?.................................................................................................................................... 4 5. HOW TO GROW ANNONA...................................................................................................................... 4 5.1 SELECTION OF SCIONS AND ROOTSTOCKS .................................................................................................... 4 5.2 PROPAGATION ........................................................................................................................................ 5 5.2.1 Seed Propagation........................................................................................................................... 5 5.2.2 Vegetative Propagation ................................................................................................................. 5 5.2.3 Budding Method........................................................................................................................... 6 5.2.4 Grafting Method ........................................................................................................................... 6 5.2.5 Other methods.............................................................................................................................. 7 5.3 NURSERY ESTABLISHMENT ......................................................................................................................... 7 5.3.1 Type and Size of Nursery ............................................................................................................... 7 5.3.2 Pots and Seedling Media ............................................................................................................... 8 5.4 FIELD ESTABLISHMENT .............................................................................................................................. 8 5.4.1 Site Preparation ............................................................................................................................. 8 5.4.2 Time of Planting............................................................................................................................ 8 5.4.3 Direct Seeding into the Field.......................................................................................................... 8 5.4.4 Windbreaks................................................................................................................................... 9 5.4.5 Transplanting and Spacing ............................................................................................................. 9 5.5 FIELD MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................................... 9 5.5.1 Weeding........................................................................................................................................ 9 5.5.2 Irrigation......................................................................................................................................10 5.5.3 Fertilization.................................................................................................................................. 11 5.5.4 Pruning and Training.................................................................................................................... 11 5.5.5 Intercropping and Cover-cropping................................................................................................12 5.5.6 Pollination and Fruit Set ...............................................................................................................12 5.5.7 Pests and Diseases.........................................................................................................................13 6. HOW TO HARVEST ANNONA TREES ......................................................................................................14 6.1 TIME TO FIRST HARVESTING .....................................................................................................................14 6.2 RIPENESS AND YIELD................................................................................................................................14 6.3 HARVESTING TECHNIQUES .......................................................................................................................15 7. POST-HARVEST HANDLING AND PROCESSING .......................................................................................15 7.1 POST-HARVEST HANDLING .......................................................................................................................15 7.2 PROCESSING ..........................................................................................................................................16 8. MARKETING.............................................................................................................................................17 8.1 MARKETING POTENTIAL ...........................................................................................................................17 8.1.1 Constraints to international markets..............................................................................................17 8.1.2 Expected returns ..........................................................................................................................17
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................18 APPENDIX I MULTIPLE USES OF ANNONA............................................................................................... 20 APPENDIX IIA MAJOR PESTS OF ANNONA AND THEIR CONTROL .........................................................21 APPENDIX IIB MINOR PESTS OF ANNONA AND THEIR CONTROL ........................................................ 22 APPENDIX IIIA MAJOR DISEASES OF ANNONA AND THEIR CONTROL .................................................. 23 APPENDIX IIIB MINOR DISEASES OF ANNONA AND THEIR CONTROL .................................................. 24 APPENDIX IV - SUGGESTED FERTILISER RATES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES ................................................ 24 APPENDIX V - HEALTH AND SAFETY WHEN USING CHEMICALS ............................................................... 25 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................................... 26
PART II
Technical Note 1a Technical Note 1b Technical Note 2a Technical Note 2b Technical Note 3 Technical Note 4 Technical Note 5a Technical Note 5b Technical Note 6a Technical Note 6b Technical Note 7a Technical Note 7b Why Grow Annona Trees Where to Grow Annona Trees What to Grow How to Grow Annona - Parts of Annona used for Propagation How to Grow Annona - Propagation by Seed How to Grow Annona - Vegetative Propagation How to Grow Annona - Field Establishment Field Management Harvesting Post-harvest Handling and Storage Processing Marketing and Economics
PREFACE
Fruits for the Future is a programme implemented by the International Centre for Underutilised Crops (ICUC). It is funded by the Forestry Research Programme (FRP) of the UK Department for International Development. ICUC initially implemented this programme in collaboration with the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The goal of projects covered by the programme is to improve the livelihoods of the rural poor, particularly those with limited resources, by providing information on high yielding germplasm, high quality planting materials and appropriate technology for environmentally friendly, sustainable natural resources management. Project outputs aim to assist in increasing income from smallholder lands and thus contributing to livelihoods. Until specific projects were organized a major constraint was a lack of accessible practical information for those who advise fruit tree growers, not only on production but also with reference to products and local and regional marketing. This manual summarises important aspects of improved technology and also identifies products and opportunities to improve their marketing. Of course products and their marketing vary both locally and regionally. India, Sri Lanka and Thailand have developed products and marketing strategies for both the local and the international markets; other countries do not possess this framework. A number of people have been involved in the preparation of the manuscript. We would like to take this opportunity to thank them. Dr Alberto C. de Q. Pinto and colleagues prepared the original document. Dr Sue Azam-Ali and Dr Charles R. Clement helped in the editing, along with Angela Hughes of ICUC. David Jackson took responsibility to restructure the manual into an agreed userfriendly format, with illustrations by Ms Lucy Jackson. Any opinions expressed in this manual are those of the people involved in the preparation of the manuscript and not the sponsoring organizations. The techniques illustrated and explained in this manual may not be appropriate for all farmers since the goals and resources of each farmer are different. However, any concept underlying a technique is valid, but the specific techniques, products and market strategies may vary from farmer to farmer and from country to country. We would like to ask those who use this manual to do so creatively as the information to be used practically in the field can result in identifying further research opportunities. Comments and suggestions on the manual are always useful and we look forward to hearing from you. Lastly, we thank DFID-FRP or funding this project, which is part of the programme producing similar outputs on 9 other underutilized fruits. Editors 2005
cultivated, this manual gives special emphasis to the Latin American region, where much of the genetic diversity exists and where domestication of the first four species listed above took place. The manual is designed to help smallholders shift towards higher-income-generating products and to help those already producing more commercially to become more efficient. Annonas are economically important in many countries of Africa and Asia as well as in South, North and Central America. The name annona derives from the Latin annual harvest. In general, the annonas are shrubs or small trees, with height from 5.0 to 7.5 m; they are erect or somewhat spreading and possess grey-brown bark, often rough and corrugated. With few exceptions, annonas are deciduous, even the tropical species, and especially when cultivated in areas with dry or cool seasons and without irrigation. Annonas are not difficult to cultivate and require comparatively little care. Depending on the species, the commercial life of a healthy annona tree can span 15 years, with yields varying from 8 to 25 t/ha. Cherimoya is the only species that is well adapted to subtropical conditions or tropical highland areas. The other four species are mainly adapted to the tropical lowlands, although they are often grown in subtropical areas. The species with the strongest consumer demand and hence economic production are cherimoya, soursop and sugar apple. The fruits from these three species are delicate and are marketed mainly in local, regional or national trade, and only rarely internationally. Their fruit pulps are sold fresh or frozen, and are usually used as desserts or made into sherbets and ice cream. Although custard apple and wild soursop are less important economically, their fresh fruits are sold in the markets of developing countries.
NOTE: ANNONA-BASED HERBAL REMEDIES SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR SELF-MEDICATION. THESE COMPOUNDS HAVE TOXIC PROPERTIES.
Annona is also used in the production of essential oils (esters of aliphatic acids) present in the seeds and the fruit pulp. These are used to improve the flavour of processed fruit products. Seeds of soursop can yield about 22% fatty oil for use in flavouring, but this is only about 7% in cherimoya. It is important to note that all extracts from pulp or seeds must be made with high quality control because of the presence of alkaloids and polyphenols, which can be very toxic when concentrated.
Cultivate soursop, custard apple and sugar apple in lowland tropical climates with a temperature between 21 and 30oC. Sugar apple does well when there is a mild winter and it can survive drought, but requires mild summers with evenly distributed moisture for growth and setting of fruits. Rainfall and high humidity during peak flowering season greatly enhances the fruit production of annonas.
The type of soil selected for growing annonas should be carefully considered. Table 2 Suitable habitats for annonas Cherimoya Sugar apple Soursop Soil Characteristics Best on medium soil. May require supplementary calcium and phosphorus. Best on deep soils with good aeration. No water logging. Best on deep well-drained, semi-dry soil. pH 6.57.6 6.0 6.06.5
Custard apple can be cultivated in soils of pH 58 and is tolerant of a range of soil types except for very alkaline soils; consequently, it is recommended as a rootstock for cherimoya and soursop. The selection of the orchard location is also influenced by the availability of local infrastructure and markets. Annona fruits are extremely perishable and cannot withstand transport on poor roads to distant markets unless appropriate packaging is available, such as straw in strong paper bags, woven baskets or cartons, although this extra cost may reduce income. Growers should therefore select a locality near a well made road and as close as possible to a large consumer market.
4. WHAT TO GROW?
See Technical Note 2a in Part II. Before deciding which annona fruit to plant, look at the commercial varieties (cultivars) available in the region because they usually command the best prices at market. There are wide differences among the annona species and cultivars with respect to foliage and fruit yield, as well as size, shape, colour, quality and number of seeds in the fruit. Because of this there exist several cultivars of each annona species.
The most important commercial cultivars for cherimoya, soursop and sugar apple are: Table 3 Important commercial cultivars of annonas Species Cherimoya Commercial Variety Whaley, Pinks Mammoth and Mosman (Australia), Concha Lisa, Bronceada (Chile), Fino de Jete (Spain), White, Bays, Golden Russet, Libby and Lisa (USA), Funchal and Mateus I (Portugal), Burtons Wonder and Reretai (New Zealand), Kabri and Malalai (Israel). Morada, Lisa, Blanca (Colombia), Giant of Alagoas, Selection of Ibimirim, Cerradina (Brazil). Red Sugar Apple (USA), Noi (Thailand), Molate and Lobo (Philippines), IPA Selections (Brazil), Cuban Seedless (Cuba), Barbados and British Guinea (local selections widely propagated), Balanagar, Red Sitaphal (India).
A. cherimola
Soursop
A. muricata
Sugar apple
A. squamosa
5.2 Propagation
There are two ways to propagate annona trees: by seed (sexual) and by vegetative (asexual) propagation. Seedlings can be used either as rootstock or as plant material for production. Vegetative propagation involves grafting or budding rootstocks with the desired cultivar to produce trees of uniform genetic characteristics. Seedling trees live longer (about 15 years) than grafted trees (maximum 10 years).
Sow seeds either in seedbeds or pots. Prepare raised seedbeds 1.2 m by 4 m, above soil level to ensure good drainage. Spacing: 13 cm between seeds and 10 cm between rows. For pots, sow 2 seeds per pot about 12 cm deep, then cover with a fine soil layer. Compact gently and water to saturation. Water once a day during the dry season and every 23 days during the wet season if necessary, to keep the seed-bed moist but not saturated. Remove weeds as they appear. Monitor pests and diseases daily, and control when numbers are low and use a minimum of pesticide. Ensure there is free movement of air to reduce damping off disease. Foliar fertilizer containing 5 g of urea and 15 g triple superphosphate per litre of water should start on 90-day-old seedlings. Repeat spraying monthly, before and after grafting, until planting out in the field. Keep seedlings in a nursery until their stems reach approximately 1 cm in diameter, when they can be grafted.
Budding and grafting are the two most commonly recommended methods of vegetative propagation. Both methods take a high quality or desirable scion and attach it to a compatible seedling rootstock. Carry out budding and grafting in the spring, or the periods in equatorial climates corresponding with the start of sap flow. The exception is sugar apple, for which budding is recommended prior to leaf abscission, during the dry season. Use a sharp knife and polythene tape (1.5 cm wide, 25 cm long).
NOTE: TO INCREASE PERCENTAGE TAKE, REMOVE LEAVES FROM THE GRAFT-WOOD ONE WEEK BEFORE GRAFTING
Root suckers Wild soursop, which has few known varieties, can be propagated by separating root suckers of desirable trees.
Example calculation for the establishment of custard apple rootstock trees to be grafted with soursop scions: A 5 ha soursop orchard with spacing of 7 x 7 m (204 trees/ha), needs 1020 grafted trees. Sow 55% more seeds than calculated, to produce the number of grafted plants needed. Good seeds for rootstock establishment have a germination success of about 70%. Bud or graft take is about 80% successful, and field losses after transplanting are about 5%. Therefore, the number of seeds sown should be 1581 (1020 plus 561 seeds). When rounding off, always round up. For sowing 1600 seeds (sown directly into 20 cm diameter plastic nursery bags), a nursery should have a covered area of 110 m2.
When mixing seedling medium, be aware of the following: Seedling medium should be composed of fine river sand, or a mixture of two parts of fine sand and one part of top soil. To avoid nematodes and fungal attack on young seedling roots, use a cheap and efficient technique called solarization, for soil sterilization. This requires a seedling bed with a low wall 30 cm in height, made of wood or brick and cement, about 2 m wide and 10 m long, depending on the amount of seedling medium needed. Put seedling medium in this structure and cover with transparent plastic for a minimum of 3 days of full sun. The action of sunlight increases the soil temperature to above 50C which kills most infectious soil micro-organisms.
5.4.4 Windbreaks
Annonas have shallow rooting systems, leaving them susceptible to wind damage. In exposed areas, establish windbreaks prior to transplanting into the field. Casuarina and Glyricidia can be used as windbreaks. Other species may prove useful locally.
Spacing depends upon the Annona species: Cherimoya 8 m x 6 m to 6 m x 4 m Soursop 8 m x 8 m to 4 m x 4 m Sugar apple 5 m x 5 m to 3 m x 3 m Custard apple 8 m x 8 m to 6 m x 6 m Wild soursop 5 m x 5 m Grafted and budded plants generally need the closer spacing, and seedling plants the wider spacing, as given above. The distance for planting on poorer soil can be 4 m apart, e.g. rain-fed wastelands.
5.5.1 Weeding
In small annona orchards, eliminate weeds by using tools such as hoes or mattocks. Mulch during the first years after planting; to reduce weed infestation, reduce evaporation losses from soil, and avoid crust formation of the soil. Dried grass or husks of rice can be used for mulching. In an irrigated orchard mulch may be used only during the first year after transplanting. Herbicide spraying with paraquat or glyphosate can be considered when reduction of the cost of hand labour for orchard maintenance is involved. 9
Do not spray under windy conditions as spray drift can harm the trees.
NOTE: WHEN MULCHING WITH DRIED PLANT MATERIALS TO PROTECT SOIL EROSION, BE VIGILANT AGAINST FIRE DURING THE DRY SEASON.
5.5.2 Irrigation
Young trees require water in the nursery and during establishment in the field. The need for water depends on the species, soil type and local climate. Adult annona trees may grow and produce poorly without irrigation. When planting in the field at the beginning of the rainy season, ensure the trees are watered if dry spells occur so that the soil does not dry out, but be careful not to saturate soil. The first dry season is the most critical period when the young tree can die for lack of water before the roots become well established. Apply 7 10 l water to the basin every 10 15 days. If the leaves hang down and appear wilted, increase the amount of water at each irrigation, or reduce the number of days between each irrigation. During the second wet season no irrigation is likely to be needed unless a dry period occurs. In the second and third dry seasons apply 12 15 l water to the basins every 12 15 days depending on the temperature, winds and soil type. Watch the trees carefully for signs of water stress and apply water as needed.
The best time to apply water is in the early morning or late afternoon. Try to avoid midday as this can stress the tree. For small scale plantings: Construct a basin around the tree and fill with water every 7-10 days during the dry season. Or, two unglazed 5 litre earthenware pots sunk into the ground near the tree filled with water may be used.
For larger scale plantings: The aim is to ensure the trees do not become stressed through lack of water during the flowering and fruiting period. During the dry season irrigation should be withheld for 8-10 weeks to ensure dormancy and flower bud initiation. If plenty of water is available from a borehole, well or stream, furrow or basin irrigation can be considered. This is one of the cheapest methods, but uses more water. If water is in short supply, drag line or micro-sprinkler irrigation can be used although it costs more to install. Two micro-sprinklers per tree are preferred, with 180 of water distribution. The micro-sprinklers should not moisten the tree trunk, to avoid fungal or bacterial diseases. An adult bearing annona tree requires approximately 150 litres of water every two days (2 microsprinklers of 25 litres/h each, for 3 hours) during the dry season.
Drip irrigation methods are also suitable. Sugar apple is often a rain-fed crop. The fruits benefit from rainfall received during the fruiting season but one or two irrigations can be beneficial and bring on early bearing. Wild soursop grows in areas of relative humidity (RH) as low as 66% at noon, but requires 6001200 mm annual rainfall. Neither sugar apple nor wild soursop can tolerate waterlogging.
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5.5.3 Fertilization
Fertilizer rates vary among annona species and with tree age. Soil analysis is highly recommended as a guide to correct fertilizer applications. See Appendix IV for examples. For small-scale plantings: Regular applications of inorganic fertilizers may be too costly for small scale producers. In the absence of fertilizers, apply compost or farm yard manure at 1012 kg per tree at the beginning of the rainy season. If yellowing of leaves becomes evident during the wet season, apply 250 g nitrogen as a top dressing. Smallholders may also use N:P:K at 250:125:125 g per tree per year or locally available materials such as bonemeal and castorcake. For larger scale plantings: In the absence of soil analysis, the following guidelines are given, but these may vary form location to location. Consult the local research station or extension department to obtain a recommendation. Farmyard manure (510 kg), lime (200300 g) and phosphorus (800 g of triple superphosphate) are commonly used in the planting holes of annona trees. Note: lime may be omitted for sugar apple and wild soursop. Ninety days after planting, apply 100 g of ammonium sulphate and 60 g of potassium chloride as a top dressing to all annona trees. Adult trees (bearing plants) should be fertilized with 3 kg of ammonium sulphate, 660 g of triple superphosphate and 500 g of potassium chloride, applied in three equal portions during the year, preferably at the beginning of, in the middle of, and late in the rainy season. The fertilizer should be lightly incorporated into the soils around the tree. Wild soursop is known to respond to occasional application of magnesium fertilizer. Fertilization by foliar spraying is potentially important to supplement short-term nutrient requirements for annona trees, especially for micronutrients. Apply boron at 2.0 g/m2 and broadcast over the ground area under the canopy. Boron and calcium sprays during flowering and early fruit set are beneficial in reducing internal fruit browning. Spraying of 0.1% zinc sulphate, at monthly intervals, will correct zinc deficiency, identified by yellowing of leaves between the veins.
Pruning for vegetative growth and shape Pruning for vegetative growth and shape has several objectives: Development of good tree architecture to support future yield. Good aeration and light penetration of canopy. Ease of application of cultural practices, e.g. hand pollination, pesticide spraying and harvesting. Removal of lower limbs touching the ground and branches rubbing against each other.
This type of pruning should start in the first year and continue until the fourth year after planting out, but this depends on the annona species. 11
Training cherimoya trees should begin in the nursery. Sugar apple and soursop trees do not require much training. Sugar apple budded plants are very lightly pruned about every 2 years, but in arid regions do not require any pruning.
How to prune First year, in the spring, cut the single trunk to 80 cm above the ground, to stimulate production of primary branches. Second year, in the spring, cut the primary branches to a length of 40 cm, to stimulate production of secondary branches. Third and fourth years, prune the secondary and tertiary branches, at 30 cm and 20 cm lengths respectively. The new branches should be spaced 1525 cm above each other in different directions to develop a good scaffold by the fourth year after planting. At this age, the plant is about 2 m in height, after which it can be left to grow naturally.
NOTE: INTERCROPPING WITH CLIMBING ANNUAL SPECIES, SUCH AS CLIMBING BEANS, MAY BE HARMFUL IF THE CREEPING LEGUME COVERS THE ANNONA TREE AND REDUCES AVAILABLE LIGHT. INTERCROPS AND COVER-CROPS ALSO REQUIRE MANAGEMENT.
The hand-pollination technique has the following steps: Collect mature donor flowers (source of pollen) in the afternoon from the terminal portion of the branch and place them in a small paper bag. Keep this paper bag in a cool and dry environment. In the morning of the next day, remove the petals and put all the stamens into a cylindrical plastic container (a film canister, for instance) to facilitate carrying. Select flowers that have already started opening, and remove their petals. Apply the pollen onto the pistils using a brush, with back and forth strokes.
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The stigmas are only receptive for a short time and not when the pollen is shed. Collection of pollen is thus essential the day before the stigmas become receptive. Some trees shed pollen in the morning and others in the afternoon; watch for this to aid collection. NOTE: COLLECT FLOWERS FOR HAND POLLINATION FROM THE TERMINAL PORTION OF BRANCHES, SINCE THEY GENERALLY PRESENT LOW FRUIT SET ANYWAY.
Fruit thinning is necessary to regulate crop load and to maintain fruit size. The thinning operation involves removal of misshapen fruit and the reduction of fruit clusters to improve fruit quality and size.
Most important annona pests The trunk borer (a Coleoptera beetle). The fruit borer (a Lepidoptera moth). The seed borer or wasp. Fruit-flies are important pests attacking most annonas, except for soursop.
Other pests Control The removal of affected branches (for trunk borer) or attacked fruit (for moth and wasp attacks) is the first recommended method of control. Use a plastic bottle as a fruit-fly trap to monitor the infestation level of fruit-flies in the orchard. o Make four or five small windows (4 x 5 cm) around the middle part of the bottle to allow insect entrance. Mealy bugs, various species of scales or cochineals, and spider mites cause damage on plants and fruits. Aphids, fruit-spotting bugs and other hemipterous bugs (stink bugs), leaf hoppers, leaf miner larvae, root grubs and ants can damage annona trees or fruits, making them unmarketable. Sucking insect pests may be important economically, when they attack young growing fruits.
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o o o o
Place 100 ml of an attractant poison mixture inside the bottle. A stock of this mixture can be prepared with water (10 litres), sugar cane syrup (0.7 kg) and the insecticide fenthion (10 ml). Use 4 bottles for a one-hectare orchard or 2 bottles per hectare for orchards between 2 and 5 hectares in area. When one fruit-fly is found inside one or more bottles start fruit-fly control in the orchard. Control by applying the attractrant poison mixture in 1 m2 of canopy of trees, in a ring form around those trees where fruit-flies were found in the bottles. Wet a paintbrush with the mixture, then spray the mixture onto the canopy with a flicking motion of the brush.
Diseases Several diseases attack either seedlings in the nursery or adult annona trees and their fruits in the field and post-harvest. See Appendix 3A for the major diseases common names, causal agents and their controls. Major annona diseases Damping-off, black root rot, bacterial wilt, anthracnose, black canker, diplodia rot, purple blotch, brown rot and fruit rots. Ensure good ventilation and free draining soil medium in the nursery to reduce damping-off and other seedling diseases. For fruiting trees, remove infected fruits and spray with copper oxychloride 0.2% or benomyl at 0.1%.
Minor diseases Burning string, zoned spot, blight, black scab, fumagina, rubelose, cercosporiose, armillaria root rot and nematodes. Normally these diseases do not justify the cost of spraying. If possible remove infected plant parts and burn to reduce the spread of disease.
Wild soursop is ripe when the white specks on the skin become orange-yellow.
Skin colour index A skin colour index to guide harvest depends on the market place. For local market, harvest annona fruits with 20 to 40% yellowish skin, which will ripen between 4 to 6 days later. For sugar apple, there is a very short time (maximum 3 days) from harvest point to consumption point. For export markets 10% to 20% yellow is satisfactory. Fruits harvested with more than 75% yellowish skin ripen within 3 days. Those harvested with less than 5% do not ripen completely. The most suitable time of day to harvest is after overnight dew has evaporated, when fruits are dry and fungal rot contamination is less likely.
The yield of an annona tree varies depending on region, species or cultivar, cultural practices and climatic conditions. Cherimoya cv. Fino de Jete, at 7 years old, yields an average of 43 kg of fruit per tree. Soursop, beginning to bear when 3 years old, yields 24 fruits per tree, and when 7 years old reaches its maximum yield of 100 kg per tree. Sugar apple, 6 years old, can yield 5060 fruits per tree. In semi-arid tropical climates an irrigated sugar apple tree can produce two harvests: a main harvest during the rainy season, with a higher yield (60 fruits per tree), with a second harvest with a lower yield occurring during the dry season (< 30 fruits per tree). Custard apple can produce up to 150 fruits per tree.
15
Inspect the fruits daily to evaluate their state of ripeness. Custard apple and wild soursop have very short shelf-lives, and treatments to extend them are too costly. It is possible to pick slightly under-ripe fruit, but even then keeping time is probably only about 4 days.
After harvesting, annonas may be stored on racks if ambient temperatures are suitable or cooling facilities are available. Cherimoya should be stored at about 1112C and will remain in good condition for 21 days. Sugar apple should be stored at 1516C and relative humidity of 85%. At this temperature, 7 days of storage is possible with minimum change in fruit quality. Soursop is stored at 20C in the shade.
Post-harvest control of fungi to increase storage life: Immerse in fungicide (thiabendazole 8g/l) and keep in polythene packaging with ethylene absorber. Ethylene absorber is made from one 6 cm3 clay brick, wet with 8 ml of aqueous solution of potassium permanganate. After storage, fruits are ready for pulp extraction or can be sold for fresh consumption.
7.2 Processing
See Technical Note 7a in Part II. Most annonas, except soursop, are sold as fresh fruits, although they can be processed as juice, frozen pulp, jelly and ice cream. Cherimoya and sugar apple are mainly consumed as dessert fruits. However, mixing pulp with milk results in a delicious drink or ice cream when frozen. Annona pulp is sweet, with moderate acidity, and its texture and flavour are excellent. Soursop is more suitable for processing because its pulp does not oxidize as easily as sugar apple and cherimoya.
Soursop concentrate is processed by following these steps: Fruit should be selected, rinsed, and hand peeled, and the seeds removed. Heat pulp to 80C for 1 minute then cool and determine soluble solids content (a measure of the sugars), using a refractometer or hydrometer. Add 10 g of sodium benzoate per 10 kg of pulp, blend for 10 minutes, then sieve. Add sugar and eliminate the air inside the pulp by compression, then concentrate it at 100oC for a few minutes. Place pulp into a storage container, cover, then cool, label and store it. Soursop should be hand-peeled and cored, as fruits have fragile skin, irregular shape and soft pulp, all of which limit machine processing. Soursop pulp processed below 93oC and frozen into polythene bags offers a high quality product with no loss of taste or smell. After processing, the pulp, sweetened or not, can be transformed into numerous other products. Puree can be used to prepare ice cream, drinks, sherbets and gelatin. To obtain nectar for juices, marmalade and jams, mix in 10 litres of water, 1.7 kg of pulp, 1 kg of sugar, 2 g of sodium benzoate and 2 g of sodium metabisulphite. This mixture should be heated at 100oC for 15 minutes.
Oxidation is a very common problem with processed annona pulp. To avoid oxidation, the pulp can be heated at 70oC for 20 minutes, and 0.5% of ascorbic acid can then be added. This preparation can be stored in polythene bags for one month at 5oC in a refrigerator. Frozen pulp should be kept at -18C. 16
8. MARKETING
8.1 Marketing Potential
See Technical Note 7b in Part II. Marketing involves the processes from the time the fruit is picked to when it reaches its final destination. This may be the consumer for fresh fruit, or through the different stages of processing to an end user. Marketing is often the weakest link in the production to consumption chain and one in which annona producers must participate in order to sell their products. Annona fruits are mainly traded within the country of production in local or urban markets, or sent to factories for processing. Cherimoya has well-established international marketing channels, with Spain and Chile as the main producers and exporters.
Establishment/Maintenance (US$)
(see Pinto et al. 2005) Based on 204 plants/ha, and estimated gross and net incomes. A great advantage of soursop is that value can easily be added to its production, since it can readily be sold as a fresh or a processed fruit. It is very important that small annona farmers consider implementing their own processing to add value to their raw product in order to increase income. 17
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Agustn J. A. and Alviter A. R. (1996) El Cultivo de la Chirimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) en el Estado de Michoacn. [Spanish] Universidad Autonoma Chapingo (UAC), Chapingo, Mxico : 61 pp. Alves R. E., Filgueiras H. A. C. and Mosca J. L. (1997) Colheita e Ps-colheita de Anonceas. [Spanish] In: Anonceas: Produo e Mercado (Pinha, Graviola, Atemia de Cherimlia). Edited by A. R. So Jos, Vilas Boas I. and Rebouas T. N. H. Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Depto de Fitotecnia e Zootenia. Vitria da Conauista, Bahia, Brasil : pp. 240-256. Anderson P. and Richardson A. (1990) Which Cherimoya Cultivar is Best? The Orchadist, Keri Keri Research Report. December. : pp. 17-19. Anderson P. and Richardson A. (1992) Cherimoya Pruning Essential for High Quality Fruit. The Orchadist of New Zealand, : 32-34. Babu K. H., Zaheeruddin Md., Prasad P. K., (1990) Studies on Postharvest Storage of Custard Apple. Acta Horticulturae, 269 : 299. Bezerra J. E. F. and Lederman I. E (1997) Propagao Vegetativa de Anonceas por Enxertia. [Portuguese] In: Anonceas, Produo e Mercado. Edited by A. R. So Jos, Souza I. V. B., Morais O. M. and Rebouas T. N. H. Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitria da Conauista, Bahia, Brasil : pp. 61-67. Bonaventure L. (1999 a) The Cultivation of the Cherimoya and of its Hybrid Atemoya in Brazil. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Cherimoya. Edited by V. Van Damme, Van Damme P. and Scheldeman X. Evangraf, Porto Alegre. Acta Horticulturae, 497 : 143-146. Bonaventure L. (1999 c) Dicas Gerais e Receitas com Cherimia e Atemia. [Portuguese] In: A Cultura da Cherimia e de seu Hbrido a Atemia. Edited by Nobel. So Paulo. Chapter 24 : pp. 160-182. Bourke D. O. D. (1976) Annona spp. The Propagation of Tropical Fruit Trees. Edited by R. J. Garner and Chaudhri S. A. Horticultural Review N. 4. Commonwealth Bureau of Horticulture and Plantation Crops, East Malling, Kent, UK : pp. 223-248. Broughton W. J. and Tan G. (1979) Storage Conditions and Ripening of the Custard Apple Annona squamosa. Scientia Horticulturae, 10 : 73-82. Bucks D. A. and Davis S. (1986) Introduction to Historical Development. In: Trickle Irrigation for Crop Production: Design, Operation and Management. Edited by F. S. Nakayama and Bucks D. A. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands : pp. 1-21. Castillo Alcopar P., Muno Perez R. B., Rubi Arriaga M. and Cruz Castillo J. G. (1997) Metodos de Propagacion del Chirimoyo (Annona cherimola Mill.) en Catepec Harinas, Mxico. [Spanish] In: Memorias del Congreso Internacional de Anonaceas Universidad Autonoma Chapingo (UAC), Chapingo, Mxico : pp. 195-203. Cogez X. and Lyannaz J. P. (1996) Manual Pollination of Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa L.). Tropical Fruits Newsletter, 19 : 5-6. Crane J. H. and Campbell C. W. (1990) Origin and Distribution of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. In: Fruits of Tropical and Subtropical Origin. FSS, Florida, USA : pp.1-65. Duarte O. and Escobar O. (1998) Improving Fruit Set of Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) cv. Cumbe, by Autogamous and Allogamous Hand Pollination. Proceedings of the Interamerican Society for Tropical Horticulture, 41 : 162-165. FAO (1988) Traditional Food Plants - A Resource Book for Promoting the Exploitation and Consumption of Food Plants in Arid, Semi-Arid and Sub-Humid Lands of Eastern Africa. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, 42. Freire F. de C. O. and Cardoso J. E. (1997) Doenas das Anonceas. [Portuguese] In: Proceedings of I Brazilian Symposium on Annonceous. Edited by A. R. So Jos, Souza I. V. B., Morais O. M. and Rebouas T. N. H. Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitria da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil : pp. 196-213. Fuentes L. J. (1999) Production of Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) in Ecuador. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Cherimoya. Edited by V. Van Damme, Van Damme P. and Scheldeman X. ISHS, Loja, Ecuador. Acta Horticulturae, 497 : 59-63. George A. P. and Nissen R. J. (1992) Edible Fruits and Nuts: Annona cherimola Mill. and Annona squamosa L. In: Plant Resources of South-East Asia, 2. Edited by E. W. M. Verheij and Coronel R. E. Prosea, Bogor, Indonesia. : pp. 71-75. George A. P., Nissen R. J. and Brown B. I. (1987) The Custard Apple. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 113 (5) : 287297. Geurts F. (1981) Annonaceous Fruits. Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.: 16 pp. Guirado E. (1999) El Chirimoyo en Espaa: Histria, Produccin Comercial, Tcnicas de Cultivo, Investigacin en Marcha. [Spanish] In: II Congreso International de Anonceas. Universad de Ciencias y Artes del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutirrez, Chiapas, Mxico: pp. 43-57. Hernndez D. C. M., Rios M. J. A., Vidal-Lezama E. and Marroquin A. L. M. (1999) Efectos de Giberelinas y Sustrato Sobre la Germinacin de Semillas de Chincuya (Annona purpurea Moc & Sesse). [Spanish] In: Memorias del II Congreso Internacional de Anonceas. Universad de Ciencias y Artes del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutirrez, Chiapas, Mxico : pp. 81-82. Herrera A. L. (1999) Biodiversidad, Bioseguridad y Propriedad Intelectual de los Recursos Geneticos. [Spanish] In: Memrias del II Congresso Internacional de Anonceas. Universad de Ciencias y Artes del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutirrez, Chiapas, Mxico : pp. 31-42.
18
INIA (1997) El Cultivo del Chirimoyo. Instituto Nacional de Investigacin Agraria. Boletim Tcnico 11, Lima, Peru. : 28 pp. Lahoz J. M., Gutierrez M., Sola M. M., Salto R., Pascual L., Martinez-Cayuela M. and Vargas A. M. (1993) Ethylene in Cherimoya Fruit (Annona cherimola Mill.) Under Different Storage Conditions. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 41 (5) : 721-23. Leal F. (1990) Sugar Apple. In: Fruits of Tropical and Subtropical Origin Composition, Properties and Uses. Edited by S. Nagy, Shaw P. E. and Wardowski W. F. Florida Science Source, Inc., Lake Alfred, Fla. : pp. 149-158. Lizana L. A. and Reginato G. (1990) Cherimoya In: Fruits of Tropical and Subtropical Origin: Composition, Properties and Uses. Edited by S. Nagy, Shaw P. E. and Wardowski W. F. Florida Science Source, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA : pp. 131-148. Moreno Andrade R., Luna Cazres L. and Gonzlez Esquinca A. R. (1999) Estudios Sobre la Germinacin de Annona lutescens. [Spanish] In: Memorias del II Congreso Internacional de Anonceas. Universad de Ciencias y Artes del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutirrez, Chiapas, Mxico : 82 pp. Moror R. C., Freire E. S. and Sacramento C. K. (1997) Processamento da Graviola para Obteno de Polpa. [Portuguese] In: Anonceas: Poduoo e Mercado (Pinha, Graviola, Atemia e Cherimlia). Edited by A. R. So Jos Boas I. V., Morais O. M. and Rebouas T. N. H. Universidade Estadula do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitria da Conquista, Brasil : pp. 263-274. Nakasone H. Y. and Paull R. E. (1998) Annonas. In: Tropical Fruits. Edited by H. Y. Nakasone and Paull R. E. CAB International, London,UK. : pp. 45-75. Pareek O. P. (1985) Fruit Crops. In: Efficient Management of Dryland Crops. Research Institute for Dryland Agriculature, Hyderbad, India. : pp. 293-408. Pinto A. C. de Q., Cordeiro, M. C. R., de Andrade, S. R. M., Ferreira, F. R., de C. Filgueiras, H. A., Alves, R. E. and Kinpara, D. I. (2005) Annona species, Internaitonal Centre for Underutlised Crops, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. Pinto A. C. de Q. and Ramos V. H. V. (1997 a) Melhoramento Gentico da Graviola. [Portuguese] In: Proceedings of the I Brazilian Symposium on Annonaceous. Edited by A. R. So Jos, Souza I. V. B., Morais O. M. and Rebouas T. N. H. UESB, Vitria da Conquista, Brazil : pp.55-60. Pinto A. C. de Q. and Ramos V. H. V. (1997 b) Graviola: Formao do Pomar e Tratos Culturais. Anonceas, Produo e Mercado. In: Anonceas, Produo e Mercado. [Portuguese] Edited by A. R. So Jos, Souza I. V. B., Morais O. M. and Rebouas T. N. H. Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitria da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil : pp. 94-104. Pinto A. C. de Q. and Silva E. M. (1994) Graviola para Exportao: Aspectos Tcnico da Produo [Portuguese] FRUPEX, Min. Agricultura, do Abastecimento e da Reforma Agrria, Sec. de Desenvolvimento Rural SDR, Prog. De Apoio Prod. E Export. De Frutas, Hortalias, Flores e Plantas Ornamentais. : 41 pp. Pinto E. T. (1991) Recomendaciones Tecnicas para el Cultivo del Guanabano en las Region Altantica de Costa Rica. [Portuguese] Ministerio da Agricultura y Ganadeira, Siquirres. : 22 pp. Popenoe W. (1974 a) The Anonaceous Fruits; The Cherimoya. In: Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Facsmile of the 1920 ed. Hafner Press, a Division of Macmillan Publishing Co, Inc., New York, Collier-Macmillan Publishers, London, Chapter 5 : 161-189. Popenoe W. (1974 b) The Anonaceous Fruits; The Soursop. In: Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Facsmile of the 1920 ed. Hafner Press, a Division of Macmillan Publishing Co, Inc., New York, Collier-Macmillan Publishers, London, Chapter 5 : 182-186. Purohit A. (1995) Annonaceous Fruits. In: Handbook of Fruit Science and Technology: Production, Composition, Storage and Processing. Edited by D. K. Salunkle and Kadam S. S. M. Dekker, New York, USA : pp. 377-385. Rao V. G., Desai M. K. and Kulkarni N. B. (1962) A New Phytophthora Fruit Rot of Annona senegalensis from India. Plant Disease Reporter, 46 : 874-876. Rungsimanop C., Suksri A. and Srinukul S. (1987) Some Irrigation Methods which Influence the Growth of Custard Apple and Papaya when Intercropped in Northeast Thailand. Phytochemistry, 30 (10) : 3335-3338. Sadhu M. K. and Ghosh S. K. (1976) Effects of Different Levels of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Growth, Flowering, Fruiting and Tissue Composition of Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.). Indian Agricultural, 20 (4) : 297-301. Sanewski G. M. (1991) Custard apple - Cultivation and Crop Protection. Information Sries QI90031. Queensland Department of Primary Industry, Brisbane, Australia Santos C. R. (1997) Irrigao em Anonceas. [Portuguese] In: Proceedings of the I Brazilian Symposium on Annonaceous. Edited by A. R. So Jos, Souza I. V. B., Morais O. M. and Rebouas T. N. H. UESB, Vitria da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil : pp. 105-117. Tijero R. F. (1992) El Cultivo del Chirimoyo en el Peru. [Spanish] Ediciones Fundeagro, Lima, Peru. .108 pp. Yang C. S. (1998) Application of Plant Growth Regulators on Annona culture. In: The Application of Plant Growth Regulators on Horticultural Crops, Symposium Proceedings. Edited by H. S. Lin, Chang L. R. and Lin J. H. Changhua, Taiwan : pp. 305-320 (Special Publication, 12).
19
Seed
Leaf
Root
20
NATURE OF ATTACK Larvae bore into tree trunk and branches causing sap exudation and tree death.
Talponia batesi Bephratelloides maculicollis Bephratelloides cubensis Anastrepha obliqua Ceratitis capitata Dacus dorsalis Batcrocera tryoni Planococcus spp., Dysmicoccus spp. Ferrisia virgata
Bores into fruit destroying the seeds completely. Larvae bore into fruit destroying its pulp completely.
Removal of attacked fruit from the ground; use of braconid insects (Apanteles spp.) to parasite larvae; bagging the fruits. Removal of attacked fruit from the ground; bagging the fruits. Removal of attacked fruit from the ground; bagging the fruits.
CHEMICAL CONTROL Painting trunk and branches with solution of 12 litres of water, 4 kg of quicklime, 100 g of sulfur, 1 kg of copper sulphate, 100 g of sodium chloride, 220 ml of diazinon, 600 ml of surfactant. Spray with fenthion 0.1% or thriclorphon 0.2% straight to young fruit, every 15 days until 15 days before harvest. Spray with decametrin 0.05% or thriclorphon 0.2% straight to young fruit, every 15 days until 15 days before harvest. The same control used for fruit borer moth (above). Spray solution of dimethoate at 0.05% plus mineral oil 0.5%.
Fruit flies
Mealy bugs
Saissetia coffeae Ceroplastes spp. Pinnaspis spp. Oligonychus annonae Brevipalpus spp.
Sucks the sap of leaflets, mature and Removal of attacked twigs. tender shoots, and leaf petiole, causing leaf and leaf stalk chlorosis, causing dropping of young fruits. Spoils fruits by remaining in sunken areas. Sucks the sap of tender shoots. Removal of attacked parts in initial stages. Sucks and scratch adult leaves at dorsal part. No known bio-control.
Same control used for mealy bugs (above). Spray with propargite 0.15%.
21
Empoasca fabae Membracis foliata Aethalion spp. Thecla ortignus Aphis gossipii Toxoptera aurantii Leptoglossus zonatus Antiteuchus tripterus Crimissa spp. Amblyphelta nitida Gonodonta nutrix Cocytius antaeus Pseudodirphia spp. Leucoptera spp. Phyllocnistis Trigona spinipes Anomala spp. Atta spp Acromyrmex spp.
spp.
NATURE OF ATTACK Sucks leaves and shoots transmitting some virosis. Larvae destroy leaves, flowers and shoots. Sucks sap of leaflets, young fruits and flowers causing the dropping. Leaflets become distorted. Sucks young fruit causing spots in its skin and further dropping. Destroy flower petals mainly from internal verticil. Sucks young fruit causing spots in its skin like canker. Destroy leaves and shoots. Mines leaflets and leaves causing the yellowing of them. Destroy leaflets and young flowers. Destroy tree roots. Destroy leaves completely.
BIO-CONTROL No known bio-control. Remove larvae by hand and kill them. Larvae of some Coccinelidae insects eat adult aphids. No known bio-control. Remove insects by hand in initial attack and kill them. No known bio-control.
CHEMICAL CONTROL Spray with malathion 0.2%. Spray with malathion 0.2%. Spray with malathion 0.2% when strong attacks occur. Spray on young fruits with decametrin 0.10%.
Spray with malathion 0.2% straight on flowers. Spray on young fruits with malathion 0.2%. Collection and destruction of Spray with trichlorphon 0.2% larvae by hand. or malathion 0.2% when attack occurs. No known bio-control. Spray with dimethoate 0.15% when attacks occur. Search and destroy the wild bee No effective control by nests. chemical spraying. No known bio-control. Application of aldicarb solution 0.2% around tree. Conical protector or chemical wet Organophosphate chemical to cotton around the trunk. control ants in the field.
22
Rhizoctonia solana, Phytophthora spp. Cylindrocladium clavatum Sclerotium rolfsii Pseudomonas solanacearum Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
BIO-CONTROL Treat potting media with solarization (see section 5.2 Nursery Establishment). Avoid excessive watering in seedbed; treat potting media with solarization. No known bio-control. Removal and burning of affected branches and fruits.
Black canker Diplodia rot Purple blotch Brown rot and fruit rots
Phomopsis spp.* Botryodiplodia theobromae Phytophthora palmivora Rhizopus stolonifer Glioclacium roseum
Cut and burn dried branches of internal part of canopy. Removal and burning of affected branches and fruits. Removal and burning of affected fruits. Same control for Phytophthora as indicated above.
CHEMICAL CONTROL Watering of pots or seedbed with PCNB solution of 0.2%. Same treatment used for Damping-off (above). Spray with anti-bacterial chemical. Spray with copper oxychloride 0.2% intercalating with benomyl 0.1%, every 21 days until 21 days before harvest. Spray with Benolate 0.050 at 20-day intervals. Spray or paint trunk and branches with solution of benomyl 0.2% or copper oxychloride 0.5%. Spray with copper oxychloride 0.2% or paint the affected part with methyl tiophanate 1.2% plus surfactant. Same treatment used for anthracnose (above). No efficient treatment with chemicals is known.
23
Pellicularia koleroga Sclerotium coffeicolum Fusarium spp. Stigmella spp. Phakopsora cherimolae Corticum salmonicolor Cercospora annonae Phoma spp. Armillaria leuteobubalina Helicotylenchus spp. Meloidogyne spp.
Removal of affected tree parts. pH correction helps control. No known bio-control. Avoid excessive wet condition to young Same control used for Damping off (Rhizoctonia seedling. solani, Appendix 3). Rotation of planting and use of Aldicarb 10 g per tree. attractive plants like Crotalaria.
Source: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/ Cherimoya Soursop In Colombia this rate of fertiliser is used. In Hawaii this rate is used. At 6 months Apply N-P-K (10-8-6) lb (227 g) per tree. 6 months later: Apply N-P-K (10-8-6) 1 lb (454 g) Yr 2: N-P-K (6-10-8) 1 kg Yr 3: N-P-K (6-10-8) 1.5 kg Yr 4: N-P-K (6-10-8) 2 kg Yr 5 onwards N-P-K (6-10-8) 5 kg
Yr1: Quarterly applications of N-P-K (10-10-10) 227 g per tree. Yr 2: N-P-K (10-10-10) 0.5 kg Yr 3: N-P-K (10-10-10) 1.5 kg Yr 4 onwards: N-P-K (10-10-10) 1.5 kg
24
25
GLOSSARY
Abscission Air-layering The process by which plant parts, such as leaves, are shed. A vegetative method of propagation in which a twig or shoot attached to the parent plant is wrapped in moist sphagnum moss and polyethylene plastic so that it will form roots, and can later be removed and planted. Period during which a flower opens or the act of flower opening. Seed produced by an unfertilized female cell or from somatic cells often in a way that mimics sexual reproduction. A vegetative method of propagation in which a bud from a parent plant is inserted in the stem of another plant (rootstock) to form a new plant. Fruits that show increased respiratory activity and release of ethylene during the ripening period, especially when stored in unsuitable temperatures. A system in which some crops (e.g. beans) are used to cover the ground and protect the main crop against erosion or to enrich the soil via nitrogen fixation. A vegetative method of propagation by which a portion of stem, root, or leaf is cut from the parent or stock plant and induced to form roots and shoots by chemical, mechanical, and/or environmental manipulation. A tree that sheds or loses foliages at the end of the growing season. The way in which someone causes the leaves of a tree to fall off by the use of chemical spray or dust. Male and female reproductive organs become receptive at different times within the same flower, to ensure cross- pollination. To blanch or whiten a plant part or a plant by excluding sunlight. The genetic makeup of an individual. A vegetative method of propagation in which a plant part, usually a shoot (graft-wood), is joined to another (rootstock) so that they grow together into a single plant. A farm operation done with use of an instrument called a harrow, which serves to break up and level soil or land. The action of gathering a crop (picking fruits during their season). Treatment given to a plant part (seed, stem, shoot) to enhance growth and development, such as a higher percentage of germination or root on cuttings. Growing two or more crops together in the same field. A ground cover system in which dry plant parts (e.g. grass) are used around the newly transplanted tree to protect soil and land against erosion and to retain soil humidity. Toxic to nerves or nervous system. A place to protect and grow plants for sale, transplanting or experimentation. A type of propagation through which small pieces of plant (explants) are propagated vegetatively in artificial culture medium in lab conditions. The male gametophyte, originating from a microspore, which fertilises the ovule to form the egg or zygote, and finally the seed. The process of breaking up and turning over the soil or land surface, or cutting furrows in preparation for sowing. Part of the mother plant (graft, bud, stem or shoot), which will be used for vegetative propagation. The process of cutting off or removing dead or living branches of a plant in order to improve shape or growth. A seedling used as the root system and lower portion of a woody plant to which the graft or bud of a more desirable plant is attached. 26
Cutting
Sap Scarification Scion Seedbed Seedling medium Seed propagation Fruit thinning Top dressing fertilization Transplanting Vegetative propagation Windbreak
The watery fluid that circulates through a plant, carrying food and other substances to the tissues. The process of cutting or eliminating the seed coat to enhance germination. A bud containing part from the upper portion of a plant, which is grafted onto another plant used as rootstock. Place where seed is sown. The medium (substrate) used for sowing seeds. A process through which a new plant is produced by sowing a seed. The process of eliminating deformed or small fruits to enhance growth and size of the other fruits in the panicles or branches. Application of fertiliser to the surface of the soil around a tree. The act of transferring a plant, usually a young plant, to another place, or the uprooting and replanting of a growing tree. A process of producing a new plant by vegetative means, involving the rooting, grafting, and budding of pieces of plant. A system in which a row of trees is used to break the force of the wind and avoid problems to the main crop, such as the falling of fruit.
27
1. Nutritional value
Fruit: Fruit pulp eaten as desert. Pulp processed into frozen juice, sherbet, ice cream.
Annona fruit
2. Socio-economic value
Leaves: Used to stuff pillows. Fruit: Fresh fruit sold in markets. Pulp mixed with wine, milk or yoghurt. Soursop: Flavouring for ice cream. Essential oils help flavouring processed fruit products. Bark: Fibres used for rope. Bark for yellow-brown dye.
Leaf
3. Medicinal value
Leaves: Contain substances with mosquito insecticide properties. Used to treat sleeping sickness. Used to control lice in hen coops. Fruit: Fruit pulp contains vitamin C. Good for teeth, bones, skin and muscle. Flower: Has been used to treat eye inflammation. Seed: Crushed seeds have insecticidal properties against fruit flies and lice. Paste of seed powder used to treat head lice. Used in cancer treatment. Bark: Extracts used to treat skin diseases and control intestinal worms. Root: Extracts used to treat cancerous tumours.
Annona twig
B E N E F I T S
Annona flower
Annona seed
Annona roots
1a
F I E L D E S T A B L I S H M E N T 1b
Annonas grow in most parts of the tropics, Central and South America, the Caribbean, Africa, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and many countries of South East Asia.
1.
Climate requirements
Rainfall
mm Cherimoya range
Cherimoya: Best Average: 10001500 mm per year. 1500 Sugar apple and soursop: can survive from 300 500mm per year. Cannot survive below 300 mm. Annonas require a initiation. Temperature Cherimoya: best average in summer 1725C. In winter 518C frost will kill it. Sugar apple and soursop: 2030C. Cannot survive low temperature.
1000 Sugar apple & soursop range Cannot survive Rainfall Co 30 Sugar apple & soursop Cherimoya range range
2. Altitude
Cherimoya: 900 to 2500 m. Sugar apple and Soursop: sea level to 1000 m.
20 10 0
3. Soils
Will grow on a wide range of soils from sandy to heavy loams, pH 6.0 7.6 . Must be good waterlogging. drainage. Cannot tolerate
What To Grow?
Before deciding what kind of Annona fruit should be planted, a grower should know what commercial varieties (cultivars) are available in the region, because they usually command the best prices at market.
1. Characteristics
Differences among the Annona species and cultivars determine the vegetative characteristics e.g. foliage and fruit yield, size, shape, colour, quality and number of seeds in the fruit. Because of this there exist several cultivars of each annona species. The most important commercial cultivars are the following: Cherimoya: Whaley, Pinks Mammoth and Mosman (Australia), Concha Lisa, Bronceada (Chile), Fino de Jete (Spain), White, Bays, Golden Russet, Libby and Lisa (USA), Funchal and Mateus I (Portugal), Burtons Wonder and Reretai (New Zealand), Kabri and Malalai (Israel). Soursop: Morada, Lisa, Blanca (Colombia), Giant of Alagoas, Selection of Ibimirim, Cerradina (Brazil). Sugar apple: Red Sugar Apple (USA), Noi (Thailand), Molate and Lobo (Philippines), IPA Selections (Brazil); Cuban Seedless (Cuba), Barbados and British Guinea (local selections widely propagated), Balanagar, Red Sitaphal (India).
Sugar apple
Cherimoya
Soursop
S E L E C T I O N
2a
2006 Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops, UK
P R O P A G A T I O N
Use seeds to grow rootstocks prior to grafting. Collect seeds when fruit is mature from strongly growing trees with desired characteristics.
2. Mature trees
Used for collecting scions (bud or grafting sticks). Good characteristics:
Big crown Good harvest of fruit with good shape, hard skin, high quality flesh.
No pests or disease
Strong trunk
2b
2006 Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops, UK
How To Grow The Annona Tree? - Propagation by Seed Trees from seed usually produce inferior fruit.
S E E D P R O P A G A T I O N
Wash seeds Sow seeds within one week of collecting Air dry seeds
2. Seed treatment
Sow seeds within one week after removal from fruit for better germination. Before sowing, Soak cherimoya seeds in water for 4872 hours, or Heat seeds in water at 92C for 1015 minutes. Improve germination by up to 30% for sugar apple and soursop seeds by soaking in 1000 ppm gibberellic acid solution for 24 hours.
Soak seeds
Heat seeds
3. Seeding medium
2 parts fine river sand to 1 part topsoil.
4. Sowing seed
Sow 12 seeds in plastic bags, clay pots or tins.
Clay pot Plastic bag
3a
S E E D P R O P A G A T I O N
1.
Seedbed
Transplant when seedlings are 1015 cm tall. Spacing: 20 cm between plants, 40 cm between rows.
Water seeds daily during dry season and every 23 days in wet season. Remove weeds weekly. Apply foliar fertiliser: 5 g urea + 15 g triple super phosphate in 1 litre water. Repeat monthly from 90 days after germination.
2. New seedling
Grow seedlings in nursery until stems are 1 cm thick. It may take 1520 months to reach this stage. They are now ready for grafting.
A young seedling
3b
2006 Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops, UK
How To Grow The Annona Tree - Vegetative Propagation Vegetative propagation: The process of joining high quality plant material (the
scion) to a rooted seedling (rootstock) adapted to a specific soil and climate.
V E G E T A T I V E P R O P A G A T I O N 4a
2. Equipment required
Secateurs to cut bud sticks Clean sharp knife Plastic tape
Secateurs Clean, sharp knife Plastic tape
V E G E T A T I V E P R O P A G A T I O N 4b
E) and F) insertion of the bud into the rootstock stem. G) wrapping of the bud.
.
2. Splice-grafting method
(Up to 90% success rate) A) Annona rootstock. B) Preparing rootstock. C) Joining scion to rootstock. D) Binding scion to rootstock with plastic bag protection. E) New grafted plant.
F I E L D E S T A B L I S H M E N T 5a
2. Plant spacing
Spacing varies greatly in commercial orchards. Seedling trees have wider spacing. Budded and grafted trees have closer spacing. Cherimoya 6 x 4 m to 8 x 6 m Soursop 4 x 4 m to 8 x 8 m Sugar apple 3 x 3 m to 5 x 5 m On poor rainfed wastelands can plant 4 m apart.
60cm
A
60 cm
3. Time of planting
At beginning of rains. If irrigation is available, it is possible to plant anytime. Transplant from nursery when plants are 3046 cm high or when 46 leaves have matured. (Cherimoya may be planted at 1 m tall.)
F I E L D M A N A G E M E N T
2. Annona pests
Remove affected branches or fruit
3. Pruning
6. Fertiliser 4. Weeding
Keep area under tree free of weeds. Mulch with grass or rice husks (beware of fire). Apply in planting hole: Farmyard manure 510 kg Lime 200300 g Phosphorus 800 g Fruit bearing trees (rate per tree): 3 kg ammonium sulphate 660 g triple super phosphate 500 g potassium chloride Apply in 3 equal amounts at beginning, middle and end of rains.
5. Irrigation
12 l water per day during establishment and dry season.
7. Intercropping
Pearl millet, beans or vegetables. Perennial legumes or grass cover crops can reduce erosion of soil and improve its physical structure.
8. Windbreaks
5b
Harvesting
1. Time to first harvest
Annonas usually begin to bear fruit at between 36 years old depending on propagation method, cultural practices and climate.
2. Harvest point
Determined by skin colour Cherimoya from greyish green to yellowish green Sugar apple from greyish green to yellowish green Soursop from dark green to yellowish green
4. Picking fruit
Use ladder to reach high up fruit (Be careful to lean against strong branches). or Use a picking pole. Clip stalk 1 cm from fruit to reduce spoilage.
H A R V E S T I N G
6a
2006 Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops, UK
P O S T H A R V E S T H A N D L I N G 6b
Place box under shade for better keeping. Store on racks in a shed. Cherimoya: 1112oC Sugar apple: 1516oC Soursop: 1620oC
Control fungus infections. Immerse in fungicide (thiobendazole 8 g/l). Dry fruit. Place in polythene packaging with ethylene absorber (clay brick wetted with potassium permanganate solution).
- Preparation of Soursop PulpMost annonas are sold as fresh fruits, but they can be processed as juice, frozen pulp, jelly and ice cream. Soursop is good for processing because its pulp does not oxidise easily.
Processing
Preparation of pulp
Rinse fruit
Hand peel
Remove seeds
Heat pulp for 1 minute at 80oC Add 10g sodium benzoate per 10kg pulp Blend for 10 minutes
Sterilisation of jars
Wash jars
P P R R O O C C E E S S S S II N N G G
Concentrate at 60oC
Put jars in a pan with water Boil jars for 10 minutes Remove jars
Label
7a 7a
2006 Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops, UK 2005 International Centre for Underutilised Crops, UK
M A R K E T I N G
&
2. International market
Due to the perishable nature of annona fruits, most is sold in local and national markets. There is a growing demand for fresh cherimoya fruits in USA, Japan and Argentina. Most international trade is through processed fruit products such as juice, flavouring for ice cream and sherberts.
3. Income potential
Mean costs to establish and maintain 1 hectare soursop with 204 plants/ha.
Year Establishment/ Maintenance (US$) 2,486 716 675 923 996 1,184 1,212 Average yield (tonnes fruit/ ha) 2 4 5 7 9 10 Gross income (US$) 0 1,360 2,720 3,400 4,760 6,120 6,800 Annual Net income (US$) -2,486 644 2,045 2,477 3,764 4,936 5,588
1st 2
nd rd th
5th 6 7
th th
E C O N O M I C S 7b