Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
alaasadik@squ.edu.om
technologies has focused on production and distribution of instruction using audio-and video
to reach a wide range of learners. This development began with no or minimum interaction,
less possibility to access instruction and low cost, allowing it to be more accessible (e.g.,
radio and television, audio- and video-cassettes). Accordingly, technologies were developed
interaction between the tutor and students and, for the first time, between the learner and
others on the course. More recently, a dramatic development in computing and networking
has occurred. This development in computing and networking technology has shaped a
models: the correspondence model, the tele-learning model and the information and
networking model.
This is the earliest model of distance education and used to package and deliver
instruction for isolated students. Basically, ‘correspondence study has meant the exchange of
lessons by mail. […] however, there are many new approaches to course work and although
the mails are still the prime means of exchanging lessons, technological advances are being
model does not mean simply delivering textbooks with other media. Perraton (1982) indicated
1
TECH4101: Distance Education & the Internet [Document #6]
different media, its structure and its system for feedback. In this model, ‘two-way
communication between students and teachers separated by distance only became practicable
with the advent or railways, and a relatively fast and efficient postal service ’ (Powell et al.,
1999, p. 86). Mail was used by students to send their questions and assignments and receive
feedback and comments from the tutor. Due to the low speed of interaction, particularly for
students at a long distance, interaction between the tutor and students was scarified in many
cases.
In the correspondence model, the aim is to make instruction easily accessible in a low-
cost and efficient manner. However, distance education is ‘more than an efficient method of
making information available to learners’ (Garrison, 1989, p. 64). Therefore, the tele-learning
model aims to distribute on-campus instruction using one-way media (e.g., broadcasting radio
teleconferencing). Radio was the first technology that characterised this model.
the availability of satellite has increased accessibility and reached far locations in a cost-
countries (Keegan, 1988), the most important problem of broadcasting, as realised by the
Planning Committee of the British Open University, is that ‘the amount of learning materials
required to meet the needs of a full range of degree courses would be too great to cover by
broadcasting alone’ (Bates, 1988, p. 228). The real development in this model occurred when
communication, as the ‘second element’ of distance education, was enhanced by using audio
2
TECH4101: Distance Education & the Internet [Document #6]
The lack of convenient and effective interaction for independent learners has always
been a weakness of the tele-learning model of distance education (Bates, 1991) while access
the model (Kirkwood, 1998). The potential of information and networking technologies is that
they combine media (e.g., text, hypertext, images, video, etc.) and technologies (e.g.,
interactive CD-ROMs and the WWW) to represent knowledge and facilitate interaction
effectively between the learner and the content and with others (Westera, 1999).
This model implies ‘a more generic approach to teaching and learning, in contrast to
the largely one-way flow of packaged knowledge and instruction from teachers to learners’
(Kirkwood, 1998, p. 231). For example, interactive CD-ROMs have the power to
individualise learning as they allow the learner to explore, search and interact with the content
and user-interface effectively. Moreover, the Internet provides access to a vast amount of up-
to-date information, offers the ultimate interactive learning experience and encourages
The WWW, specifically, has become the most popular and easy to use service of the
Internet and provides access to most Internet services (e.g., e-mail, desk-top conferencing,
FTP, etc) and resources (e.g., text databases, multimedia and hypermedia archives, etc.) with
no limit to the number of students. Currently, the WWW is increasingly used in distance
models, it can be said that many key features have been driven the development and
success of media and technologies. These features are categorised into five categories with
their contribution to distance education (see the table below).
3
TECH4101: Distance Education & the Internet [Document #6]
Applying the above model to evaluate radio, for example, shows that radio:
1. Supports synchronous learning only since students have to attend the class at a
specific time to listen to the programme.
machine interaction.
3. Is not suitable for group-based learning.
8. Is not a stand-alone medium and should be used with other media (e.g., print and
post).
9. Is not student-centred and students have no control over the transmission of the
programme.
receiver.
This evaluation shows that radio gets 6 points out of 17. This means radio fulfils only
35 per cent of the features that should characterise distance education technology. In addition,
the majority of media (11 out of the 15 revised) meet less than 50% of the features. However,
print and post as traditional media get a relatively high score (53%) in comparison with recent
media. Lastly, this framework shows that the Internet and the WWW meet all the criteria that
should be available in distance education media and technology to be used successfully at a
distance.
This simple analysis reflects that the majority of technologies used in distance
education do not satisfy many of the criteria of distance education technologies, as reflected in
the literature. These media and their characterises are graphed below.
5
TECH4101: Distance Education & the Internet [Document #6]
18
Features of DE technologies
16
14
12
10
2
CYCLOPS
Computer
Print and post
Telephon
Radio
Interactive radio
Television
Teletext
Interactive TV
Video-ca
Audio-conferencing
Video-conferencing
Audio-cassettes
Media used in DE
fulfil the requirements of distance education. This development is not time-based but
2. Although most of the recent media may seem to be perfect solutions for distance
education or ‘third generation’ technologies, they do not possess most of the
At the same time, approaches that are considered as traditional (e.g., print and post)
can be used successfully, since they fulfil more than 50% of these criteria.
3. There is no one medium better than other; every medium and its technology has its
own features and these media should be selected and used according to the need of the
programme, tutors and students (e.g., the needed type of interaction, costs, etc.).
between the learners and others, is suitable for group-based and collaborative learning and
fast in sending and receiving feedback, it does not facilitate student-content and student-
technology interaction, is not easy to be used by all tutors and students, is not easily to
6
TECH4101: Distance Education & the Internet [Document #6]
accessed at any time and from any place, needs to be supported by other types of media and is
centred, self-paced and sophisticated multimedial solutions for learners using flexible storage
solutions, a common drawback is the isolation of learners from human tutoring. Therefore, an
important breakthrough in computing has been shaped by the networking and computer-
yielded a wide range of powerful and wide networks and has led to the world-wide
remarkable breakthrough in the Internet was the World Wide Web protocol. The World Wide
Web has evolved new channels of delivery that have encouraged educators to present
materials in ways that did not exist a few years ago. In addition, it has offered many tools to
conduct asynchronous/synchronous interaction between the tutor and learners and among
learners themselves.