man

man command man ps

Manual Pages - Help with any UNIX command Help on the UNIX ps command

clear

clear

To clear the screen

pwd

pwd

Present / Current Working Directory

cd

cd [directoryname]

Change directory, without argument will change your working directory to your home directory. Change working directory to "work" Change working directory to parent directory (.. is parent and . is current directory)

cd work cd ..

ls

ls [-options] [names]

List files. [names] if omitted, will list all files and subdirectories in the directory. Wild cards can be specified. List files with date and permissions -rw-rw-r-- 1 oracle dba 706 Sep 23 17:26 storparms.sql -rwxrwx--- 1 oracle dba 377 Aug 28 15:00 sysdelstat.sql drwxrwxr-- 2 oracle dba 2048 Oct 22 16:12 work [column1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Column1 - Permissions of the file or directory; r-read, wwrite, x-execute Position 1 indicates if it is a directory Positions 2-4 is the permission for owner Positions 5-7 is the

ls -l

permission for group Positions 8-10 is the permission for others Column2 - Owner of the file/directory Column3 - Group which the owner belogs to Column4 - Size of the file in bytes Column5 - Last Modified Date Column6 - Last Modified Time Column7 - Name of the file/directory ls -al List files with date and permissions including hidden files List files with date, sorted in the date modified List files with date, sorted in the date modified, oldest first, with filenames starting with bt

ls -lt ls -ltr bt*

Wildcards

* ? []

Any character, any number of positions Any character, one position A set of characters which match a single character position. To specify a range within [] List all files which contains an x in any position of the name. List all files which start with x List all files which contain T0 followed by 1,2 or 3 followed by ZZ. The following files match this condition: analyzeall.AAAT01ZZ dbaoc_err.AAAT03ZZ dbstart_log.AAAT03ZZ calerterr.AAAT01ZZ dbaoc_log.AAAT01ZZ List files which start with job followed by any single

ls *x*

ls x* ls *T0[1-3]ZZ

ls job?.sql

character followed by .sql Example: jobd.sql jobr.sql ls alert*.???[0-1,9] alert_AAAT01ZZ.1019 alert_AAAD00ZZ.1020 alert_AAAI09ZZ.1021

touch -

touch filename

Create a 0 byte file or to change the timestamp of file to current time (wild cards as above can be used with the file names)

mkdir

mkdir directoryname mkdir -p directorypath

Create Directory Create directory down many levels in single pass mkdir -p /home/biju/work/yday/tday

rmdir

rmdir directoryname

Remove directory

rm

rm filename rm -rf directoryname

Remove file Remove directory with files. Important - There is no way to undelete a file or directory in UNIX. So be careful in deleting files and directories. It is always good to have rm -i filename for deletes

cp

cp filename newfilename cp -r * newloc

Copy a file To copy all files and subdirectories to a new location, use -r, the recursive flag.

mv

mv filename newfilename mv filename directoryname

Rename (Move) a file. Rename filename to newfilename. Move filename under directoryname with the same file name.

mv filename directoryname/newfilename mv * destination

Move filename to directoryname as newfilename. If you use a wildcard in the filename, mv catenates all files to one sigle file, unless the destination is a directory. Use the -i flag with rm, mv and cp to confirm before destroying a file.

cp -i file1 file2 mv -i file1 file2 rm -i file*

file

file filename

To see what kind of file, whether editable. Executable files are binary and you should not open them. dbshut: ascii text dbsnmp: PA-RISC1.1 shared executable dynamically linked -not stripped dbstart: ascii text dbv: PA-RISC1.1 shared executable dynamically linked -not stripped demobld: commands text demodrop: commands text

file d*

vi

vi filename

Edit a text file. Vi is a very powerful and "difficult to understand" editor. But once you start using, you'll love it! All you want to know about vi are here. More vi tricks later!!

cat

cat filename

See contents of a text file. cat (catenate) will list the whole file contents. Cat is mostly used to catenate two or more files to one file using the redirection operator. Catenate the contents of file1, file2 and file3 to a single file called files. If you do not use the redirection, the result will be shown on the standard output, i.e., screen.

cat file1 file2 file3 > files

more page

more filename page filename

Show the contents of the file, one page at a time. In more/page, use space to see next page and ENTER to see next line. If you wish to edit the file (using vi), press v; to quit press q.

tail

tail -n filename

To see the specified number of lines from the end of the file.

head

head -n filename

To see the specified number of lines from the top of the file.

pg

pg filename

To show the contents of the file, page by page. In pg, you go up and down the pages with + and - and numbers. 1 First Page of the file $ Last Page of the file +5 Skip 5 pages -6 Go back 6 pages ENTER Next page - Previous Page q Quit /string Search for string

env

env To set an environment variable:

To see value of all environment variables. In ksh or sh "export VARIABLENAME=value", Note there is no space between =. In csh "setenv VARIABLENAME value" See value of an environment variable

echo $VARIABLENAME

echo

echo string echo "Oracle SID is

To print the string to standard output Will display "Oracle SID is

$ORACLE_SID"

ORCL" if the value of ORACLE_SID is ORCL.

lp

lp filename

To print a file to system default printer.

chmod

chmod permission filename

Change the permissions on a file - As explained under ls -l, the permissions are read, write, execute for owner, group and others. You can change permissions by using numbers or the characters r,w,x. Basically, you arrive at numbers using the binary format. Examples: rwx = 111 rw_ = 110 r__ = 100 r_x = 101

= = = =

7 6 4 5

chmod +rwx filename chmod 777 filename chmod u+rwx,g+rx,o-rwx filename chmod 750 filename

Give all permissions to everyone on filename Read, write, execute for owner, read and execute for group and no permission for others

chown

chown newuser filename

Change owner of a file

chgrp

chgrp newgroup filename chown newuser:newgroup filename

Change group of a file Change owner and group of file

compress

compress filename

Compress a file - compressed files have extention .Z. To compress file you need to have enough space to hold the temporary file.

uncompress

uncompress filename

Uncompress a file

Df(To check mount point and file system)

df [options] [moutpoint]

Freespace available on the system (Disk Free); without arguments will list all the mount points. Freespace available on /ora0 in Kilobytes. On HP-UX, you can use "bdf /ora0". If you're not sure of the mount point name, go to the directory where you want to see the freespace and issue this command, where "." indicates current directory.

To

df -k /ora0

df -k .

du

du [-s] [directoryname]

Disk used; gives operating system blocks used by each subdirectory. To convert to KB, for 512K OS blocks, divide the number by 2. gives the summary, no listing for subdirectories

du -s

find

Find files.

find is a very useful command, searches recursively through the directory tree looking for files that match a logical expression. It has may options and is very powerful. Simple use of find - to list all files whose name end in log under /ora0/admin and its subdirectories to delete files whose name end in log. If you do not use the "-print" flag, the file names will not be listed on the screen.

find /ora0/admin -name "*log" -print

find . -name "*log" -print -exec rm {} \;

grep

Global regular expression print

to search for an expression in a file or group of files. grep has two flavours egrep (extented - expands wild card characters in the expression) and frep (fixed-string - does not expand wild card

characters). This is a very useful command, especially to use in scripts. grep oracle /etc/passwd to display the lines containing "oracle" from /etc/passwd file. to display only the file names (-l option) which contains the string EMP_TAB, ignore case for the string (i option), in all files with sql extention. display only the lines in /etc/oratab where the lines do not (-v option; negation) start with # character (^ is a special character indicating beginning of line, similarly $ is end of line).

grep -i -l EMP_TAB *.sql

grep -v '^#' /etc/oratab

ftp

ftp [hostname]
ftp AAAd01hp Connected to AAAd01hp.com. 220 AAAd01hp.com FTP server (Version 1.1.214.2 Mon May 11 12:21:14 GMT 1998) ready. Name (AAAd01hp:oracle): BIJU 331 Password required for BIJU. Password: 230 User BIJU logged in. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> ascii 200 Type set to A. ftp> binary

File Transfer Protocol - to copy file from one computer to another invoke ftp, connect to server AAAd01hp. program prompts for user name, enter the login name to AAAd01hp.

enter password - will not be echoed. Specifying to use ASCII mode to transfer files. This is used to transfer text files.

Specifying to use binary mode to transfer files. This is used for program and your export dump files. To see the files in the remote computer. transfer the file check.sql from the remote computer to

200 Type set to I. ftp> ls 200 PORT command successful.

150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /usr/bin/ls. total 8 -rw-rw-rw- 1 b2t dba 43 Sep 22 16:01 afiedt.buf drwxrwxrwx 2 b2t dba 96 Jul 9 08:47 app drwxrwxrwx 2 b2t dba 96 Jul 9 08:49 bin -rw-rw-rw- 1 b2t dba 187 Jul 30 14:44 check.sql 226 Transfer complete. ftp> get check.sql 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for check.sql (187 bytes). 226 Transfer complete. 187 bytes received in 0.02 seconds (7.79 Kbytes/s) ftp> !ls AAAP02SN a4m08.txt tom3.txt a4m01.txt ftp> put a4m01.txt /tmp/test.txt

the local computer. The file will be copied to the present directory with the same name. You can optionally specify a new name and directory location.

! runs commands on the local machine.

transfer file from local machine to remote machine, under /tmp directory with name test.txt.

mail

mail "xyz@abc.com" < message.log

Mail a file to internet/intranet address. mail the contents of message.log file to xyz@abc.com mail the contents of message.log to xyz and abc with a subject.

mail -s "Messages from Me" "xyz@abc.com" "abc@xyz.com" < message.log

who

who [options] who -T who -r

to see who is logged in to the computer. Shows the IP address of each connection Shows when the computer was last rebooted, run-level.

ps

ps

process status - to list the process id, parent process, status etc. ps without any arguments will list current sessions processes.

ps -f

ull listing of my processes, with time, terminal id, parent id, etc. as above for all the processes on the server.

ps -ef

kill

kill [-flag] processid

to kill a process - process id is obtained from the ps command or using the v$process table in oracle. Kill the process with id 12345 To force termination of process id 12345

kill 12345 kill -9 12345

script

script logfilename

to record all your commands and output to a file. Mostly useful if you want to log what you did, and sent to customer support for them to debug. start logging to the logfilename. The logging is stopped when you do "exit".

hostname

hostname

displays the name of the computer.

uname

uname -a

to see the name of the computer along with Operating system version and license info.

date

date date "+%m%d%Y"

displays the current date and time. displays date in MM/DD/YYYY format

cal

cal cal 01 1991

displays calender of current month Displays January 1991 Calender

telnet

telnet [hostname]

to open a connection to another computer in the network. Provide the alias name or IP address of the computer.

&

command &

add & to the end of the command to run in background

nohup command &

no hangup - do not terminate the background job even if the shell terminates.
to bring a background job to foreground

fg

fg

bg

bg

to take a job to the background. Before issuing this command, press ^Z, to suspend the process and then use bg, to put it in the background.

jobs

jobs

to list the current jobs in the shell.

rcp

rcp [-r] sourcehost:filename destinationhost:filename

Remote copy. Copy files from one coputer to another. To set up the computer for remote copy and remote login (rlogin) will be discussed later. Copy file from host1 to host2. If the computer name is omitted, the hostname is assumed.

rcp host1:/ora0/file1.txt host2:/ora0/temp/file1.txt

DO YOU KNOW....
You can identify the semaphore id of an Oracle SGA (this gives semaphores, shared memory sizes also) from Server Manager using the command "oradebug ipc"

svrmgrl SVRMGRL> connect internal SVRMGRL> oradebug ipc

To see errors from Alert log file cd alertlogdirectory; grep ORA- alertSID.log To see the name of a user from his unix id (Provided your UNIX admin keeps them!) grep userid /etc/passwd To see if port number 1521 is reserved for Oracle grep 1521 /etc/services To see the latest 20 lines in the Alert log file: tail -20 alertSID.log To see the first 20 lines in the Alert log file: head -20 alertSID.log To find a file named "whereare.you" under all sub-directories of /usr/oracle find /usr/oracle -name whereare.you -print To remove all the files under /usr/oracle which end with .tmp find /usr/oracle -name "*.tmp" -print -exec rm -f {} \; To list all files under /usr/oracle which are older than a week. find /usr/oracle -mtime +7 -print To list all files under /usr/oracle which are modified within a week. find /usr/oracle -mtime -7 -print

To compress all files which end with .dmp and are more than 1 MB. find /usr/oracle -size +1048576c -name "*.dmp" -print -exec compress {} \; To see the shared memory segment sizes ipcs -mb To see the space used and available on /oracle mount point df -k /oracle To see the users logged in to the server and their IP address who -T To change passwd of oracle user passwd oracle To convert the contents of a text file to UPPERCASE tr "[a-z]" "[A-Z]" < filename > newfilename To convert the contents of a text file to lowercase. tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]" < filename > newfilename To kill a process from Unix. kill unixid OR kill -9 unixid To see the oracle processes ps -ef | grep SIDNAME To see the number of lines in a text file (can be used to find the number of records while loading data from text file).

wc -l filename To change all occurrences of SCOTT with TIGER in a file sed 's/SCOTT/TIGER/g' filename > newfilename To see lines 100 to 120 of a file head -120 filename | tail -20 To truncate a file (for example listener.log file) rm filename; touch filename To see if SQL*Net connection is OK. tnsping SIDNAME To see if the server is up. ping servername OR ping IPADDRESS To see the versions of all Oracle products installed on the server. $ORACLE_HOME/orainst/inspdver

You can give permissions for all users to read the trace files generated by Oracle7 (in USER_DUMP_DEST directory) by including the parameter _TRACE_FILES_PUBLIC = TRUE in init.ora file and cycle the database (note the parameter starts with "_" )
$ df -TOutput: Filesystem /dev/hdb1 tmpfs Type ext3 tmpfs 1K-blocks 19228276 383960 Used Available Use% Mounted on 14737848 3513680 81% / 4 383956 1% /dev/shm

DO YOU KNOW....

df command report filesystem disk space usage and if you pass -T option it will report filesystem type. As you see second command displays file system type (ext3). Type, mount command as

follows at shell prompt: $ mountOutput:

/dev/hdb1 on / type ext3 (rw,errors=remount-ro) /dev/hdb2 on /home type ext3 (rw,errors=remount-ro) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw) usbfs on /proc/bus/usb type usbfs (rw) automount(pid3558) on /data type autofs (rw,fd=4,pgrp=3558,minproto=2,maxproto=4)

As you can see, second last column displays the file system type. For example first line [/dev/hdb1 on / type ext3 (rw,errors=remount-ro)] can be interpreted as follows:

/dev/hdb1 : Partition / : File system ext3 : File system type (rw,errors=remount-ro) : Mount options